Landscape Photography,Geographic Education,and Nation‐Building In Democratic Kampuchea, 1975–1979

On April 17, 1975, Phnom Penh, the capital of Cambodia, fell to the armed forces of the Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK). Cambodia, however, was not primed for revolution. This is significant in that it contributed to specific postconflict policies and programs initiated by the CPK, including the promotion of geographic education and the use of propaganda photographs. In this article we examine six photographs produced during the Khmer Rouge era. Our main thesis is that when viewing these photographs, we are witnessing the photographic production of a nationalist landscape. As geographers have argued, photographs are inauthentic from the standpoint of “truthful” representations. However, the photographs produced by the CPK are authentic simulacra in their “truthful” representation of how the CPK envisioned both the revolution and subsequent administration of Democratic Kampuchea. In so doing, our research is positioned within a longer tradition of cultural‐political geography that has examined the use of landscape photographs as political instruments used in nation‐building.     

Bridging theory and implementation – Testing an abstract classification system for practical mapping by field survey and 3D aerial photographic interpretation

ABSTRACT

The abstract classification system Nature in Norway (NiN) has detailed ecological definitions of a high number of ecosystem units, but its applicability in practical vegetation mapping is unknown because it was not designed with a specific mapping method in mind. To investigate this further, two methods for mapping – 3D aerial photographic interpretation of colour infrared photos and field survey – were used to map comparable neighbouring sites of 1 km² in Hvaler Municipality, south-eastern Norway. The classification accuracy of each method was evaluated using a consensus classification of 160 randomly distributed plots within the study sites. The results showed an overall classification accuracy of 62.5% for 3D aerial photographic interpretation and 82.5% for field survey. However, the accuracy varied for the ecosystem units mapped. The classification accuracy of ecosystem units in acidic, dry and open terrain was similar for both methods, whereas classification accuracy of calcareous units was highest using field survey. The mapping progress using 3D aerial photographic interpretation was more than two times faster than that of field survey. Based on the results, the authors recommend a method combining 3D aerial photographic interpretation and field survey to achieve effectively accurate mapping in practical applications of the NiN system.     

Changes in post world war ii distribution and status of monsoon rainforests in the Darwin area

Monsoon rainforests in the Darwin area occur as isolated patches ranging in size from 2 to 112 ha. Aerial photographic records over a 45 year period indicate a 60 per cent reduction in the cover of pre‐1945 rainforest. Urban development, cyclone damage, weed invasion and wildfire were identified as the major causes of this contraction. Urban development contributed 40 per cent of the total rainforest loss during this period. Rainforests occurring on dry substrates have been most affected by urban development. Cyclonic storm damage and indirect human affects such as weed invasion and anthropogenic fires continue to disturb the remaining rainforest patches. Although the largest expanses of rainforest presently occur within parks and reserves, providing adequate protection from further urban encroachment, smaller remnants occurring on vacant crown land are vulnerable to changes in land use. As well as the introduction of appropriate legislation, the control of fire and weeds should be given the highest priority by land managers to ensure the stability and long‐term maintenance of this remnant vegetation.     

HUMANATURE'S RIVER*

ABSTRACT. Although the canal project on the Kissimmee River in central Florida facilitated navigation and more effective flood control, it clearly resulted in ecological degradation of the Kissimmee habitat. Since 1984 the Kissimmee River has been the focus of an intensive restoration program. The managers now responsible for creating a functioning river and floodplain are attempting to restore sections of the Kissimmee to some semblance of “nature.” This, the first nationwide attempt to restore a river of such size and ecological importance, is examined in a photographic essay.     

蒙自喀斯特断陷盆地边坡与盆缘的露石差异性

喀斯特露石常常占据一定比例的地表面积,且具有许多已知或未知的水文—生态功能,对于喀斯特地区的植被恢复和环境改善发挥着重要的作用。本实验运用样线法和拍照法识别喀斯特断陷盆地不同位置(盆缘和盆地边坡)露石的数量特征和外部形态特征,同时比较了两种方法测量样地岩石裸露率的精准度。结果发现:盆地边坡与盆缘的露石数量和外部特征存在显著差异,盆缘露石分布密度(0.54个·m-2)>盆地边坡(0.39个·m-2);但盆地边坡露石的长宽比大于盆缘,单体占地面积为盆缘露石的两倍,接近40%的盆地边坡露石与山体等高线平行。样线法和拍照法测量样地岩石裸露率的结果存有差异,但并不显著,且这种差异呈现出随着岩石裸露率的增加而逐渐增加的趋势,拍照测量结果具有较小的变异系数。这些结果说明了研究区露石具有较强的空间异质性,对解释地表水土运移规律和植物分布提供重要参考。拍照法能准确地测量岩石裸露率,并提供露石外部形态特征的精准数据,可以作为喀斯特样地露石调查的新方法加以推广。     

Small unmanned aerial vehicles for aeromagnetic surveys and their flights in the South Shetland Islands,Antarctica

We developed small computer-controlled unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs, Ant-Plane) using parts and technology designed for model airplanes. These UAVs have a maximum flight range of 300–500 km. We planned aeromagnetic and aerial photographic surveys using the UAVs around Bransfield Basin, Antarctica, beginning from King George Island. However, we were unable to complete these flights due to unsuitable weather conditions and flight restrictions. Successful flights were subsequently conducted from Livingston Island to Deception Island in December 2011. This flight covered 302.4 km in 3:07:08, providing aeromagnetic and aerial photographic data from an altitude of 780 m over an area of 9 × 18 km around the northern region of Deception Island. The resulting magnetic anomaly map of Deception Island displayed higher resolution than the marine anomaly maps published already. The flight to South Bay in Livingston Island successfully captured aerial photographs that could be used for assessment of glacial and sea-ice conditions. It is unclear whether the cost-effectiveness of the airborne survey by UAV is superior to that of manned flight. Nonetheless, Ant-Plane 6-3 proved to be highly cost-effective for the Deception Island flight, considering the long downtime of the airplane in the Antarctic storm zone.     

An illustrated guide of subfossil Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera) from waterbodies of Central America and the Yucatan Peninsula

Journal of Paleolimnology - We provide a photographic guide and taxonomic diagnosis of Chironomidae larval remains obtained from surface sediments and short cores of 92 waterbodies situated on the...     

Photographic Postcards and Visual Urban Landscape

Picture postcards are visual data that have great utility in urban research. This Research Note examines the use and application of photographic postcards to urban landscape analysis through a case study in Agua Prieta, Sonora, Mexico on the U.S. border directly across from Douglas, Arizona. Postcards are especially valuable for visualizing landscape change in cities. Arranged and analyzed systematically, picture postcards permit the researcher to visualize a serial view of people and place, thereby enhancing our understanding of landscape change. Serial visual imagery presents a quality to seeing urban landscape that is difficult to achieve with more conventional historic photographs or from land use data like maps and archival records alone.     

NEW APPROACH TO ESTIMATING SOLAR RADIATION FROM SATELLITE IMAGERY*

A significantly less expensive but comparatively accurate means of estimating solar radiation from satellite imagery is demonstrated. Opaque cloud cover is visually extracted from nondigitized, photographic forms of GOES satellite imagery and solar radiation is estimated using this information as input into a relatively simple solar model. Daily root mean square, mean absolute and mean bias errors were 13.2, 8.6 and 1.1 percent, respectively. Maps of the spatial distribution of solar radiation for Arizona are included.     

Human-Environment Patterns of Metropolitan Spatial Restructuring:Atlanta,Georgia and Shanghai,PRC,1950-2000

1　ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＭｏｄｅｌｓｏｆｍｅｔｒｏｐｏｌｉｔａｎｓｐａｔｉａｌｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｌａｒｇｅｌｙｄｅｒｉｖｅｆｒｏｍｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅｓｕｎｄｅｒａｍａｒｋｅｔｅｃｏｎｏｍｙ .Ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｉｎｇｗｏｒｌｄ ｐａｔｔｅｒｎｓｉｎｍｏｒｅ ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ＿ｄｉｒｅｃｔｅｄｓｙｓｔｅｍｓｒｅｍａｉｎｕｎｄｅｒ＿ｅｘａｍｉｎｅｄ.Ｔｈｉｓ ｐａｐｅｒｃｏｍｐａｒｅｓｔｈｅｕｒｂａｎｓｐａｔｉａｌｐａｔｔｅｒｎｓａｎｄｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆｅｘｐｌｏｓｉｖｅｍ…     

THE PHOTOGRAPHIC CONSTRUCTION OF TOURIST SPACE IN VICTORIAN AMERICA*

ABSTRACT. Tensions and contradictions surround photographic representations of landscape—and the practices that created those representations—during the medium's so-called golden age in the late nineteenth century. These are examined by focusing on the landscape views of H. H. Bennett, a photographer of considerable renown whose stereographs and oversized panoramas of the Wisconsin Dells transformed a working river into a picturesque landscape. Such a construction of genteel tourist space in Victorian America suggests a post-frontier aesthetic in which nature is valued less as an opportunity for progress or an occasion for terror than as pleasing scenery.     

莱州湾南岸平原古湖泊的形成与演变

运用查阅历史文献，地层剖面分析、地名考证，卫片译等多种方法确证了莱州湾南岸古湖泊的存在，同时研究了它的形成与演变过程，莱州湾南岸有巨淀湖，黑冢泊，别画湖等古湖泊，它们形成于距今约6000年以前，系由河口湾泻湖演变而成，该区古湖泊经历了中全新世全盛期和晚全新世收缩期两个阶段，湖泊消亡的原因是气候变干，河道迁移，人类活动影响等，其中河道迁移是是主要原因。     

A spatial approach to forest‐management optimization: linking GIS and multiple objective genetic algorithms

Forest‐management decision‐support systems are largely monolithic structures. Spatial details are left out during the optimization process and are elaborated during the operational planning. This might produce misleading results and plans that are impossible to implement. In this paper, a forest‐management spatial decision‐support systems is presented, in which spatial formulation needed for wildlife models is included during the optimization process. To this end, a multiple‐objective genetic algorithm is combined with a geographical information system. An online spatial evaluation of the objective functions is made possible. This is illustrated by a pilot study in Kirkhill forest, Aberdeen.     

Generating Surface Models of Population Using Dasymetric Mapping*

Aggregated demographic datasets are associated with analytical and cartographic problems due to the arbitrary nature of areal unit partitioning. This article describes a methodology for generating a surface‐based representation of population that mitigates these problems. This methodology uses dasymetric mapping and incorporates areal weighting and empirical sampling techniques to assess the relationship between categorical ancillary data and population distribution. As a demonstration, a 100‐meter‐resolution population surface is generated from U.S. Census block group data for the southeast Pennsylvania region. Remote‐sensing‐derived urban land‐cover data serve as ancillary data in the dasymetric mapping.     

Forest‐Cover Change from Labor‐ and Capital‐Intensive Commercial Logging in the Southern Chocó Rainforests*

This article examines two key aspects of land‐cover change in the south of the Chocó region. First, it assesses and compares the local impact on forest condition of labor‐intensive and capital‐intensive commercial logging. Second, it assesses the regional significance and permanency of these changes. Studies of land‐cover change associated with commercial logging have focused almost exclusively on capital‐intensive extraction and have assumed that after logging, degraded forests are transformed into agricultural cover. This study shows that both capital‐ and labor‐intensive logging result in similar land‐cover changes (i.e., forest degradation) if the timber sought is the same. However, labor‐intensive loggers also seek timber species not sought by capital‐intensive loggers, and this impact is statistically different from the impact of the extraction of the first group of species. Results also show that only a small fraction (20–30 percent) of the area logged is later converted to agricultural cover types. The persistence of logged forests means that up to 20 percent of the remaining forest cover could correspond to forests with significant and lasting levels of degradation. Furthermore, the different production requirements for each group of species also mean that there is a spatial differentiation in the impact of logging in the region. Logged forests are arranged into two consecutive corridors on each side of access routes (e.g., rivers). The first corridor corresponds to a narrow (approximately 1‐km) band of high‐intensity degradation. The second, broader (approximately 2‐km) forest band, with lower levels of degradation, extends inland along first‐tier corridors. A key factor determining the permanency of this land‐cover pattern is the strong control local communities have over the land in the region. This limits the spread of patterns observed in other frontier areas, especially the conversion of logged forests into agricultural cover.     

Structural evolution of the Gediz Graben,SW Turkey: temporal and spatial variation of the graben basin

The structural evolution of the Miocene to Recent Gediz Graben is intimately related to the evolution of its southern margin. This margin is shaped by a time‐transgressive, composite structure that possesses flat‐ramp geometry with three separate dip domains: a low‐angle shallow segment; a steeper middle segment; and a low‐angle deeper segment. This geometry was probably produced by one of two mechanisms, which operated perpendicular to the general trend of the graben, resulting in gradual back‐rotation followed by abandonment of the shallow segment as it was dissected by the high‐angle normal fault(s). The geometry of the southern margin structure is not simple along‐strike. It includes broad undulations and discrete fault segments, developed by large‐scale fault growth processes through segment linkage. The along‐strike growth of the southern margin‐bounding structure is responsible for the composite character of the Gediz Graben and controls the observed stratigraphic variability. Two sub‐basins aligned with the major segments of the southern graben margin structure have been investigated. The Salihli and Ala?ehir sub‐basins comprising 3000 m sedimentary thickness are separated by an intervening basement high, that is covered by a thin veneer of post‐Miocene sediments. The two sub‐basins, which evolved as isolated basins during most of the graben history, amalgamated during post‐Miocene time to form the composite configuration of the graben. There is a general east to west trend of growth for the Gediz Graben.     

Ad hoc shared‐ride trip planning by mobile geosensor networks

Recent developments in miniaturization of computing devices, in location‐sensing technology and in ubiquitous short‐range wireless networks enable new types of social behaviour. This paper investigates one novel application of these technologies, ad hoc inner‐urban shared‐ride trip planning: Transportation clients such as pedestrians are seeking ad hoc shared rides from transportation hosts such as private automobiles, buses, taxi cabs or trains. While centralized trip planners are challenged by assigning clients and hosts in an ad hoc manner, in particular for non‐scheduled hosts, we consider the transportation network as a mobile geosensor network of agents that interact locally by short‐range communication and heuristic wayfinding strategies. This approach is not only fully scalable; we can also demonstrate that with short‐range communication, and hence, incomplete transportation network knowledge a system still can deliver near‐to‐optimal trips.     

Tectonic evolution of an intraplate basin: the Lower Tagus Cenozoic Basin,Portugal

This article focuses on the reinterpretation of well, seismic reflection, magnetic, gravimetric, surface wave and geological surface data, together with the acquisition of seismic noise data to study the Lower Tagus Cenozoic Basin tectono‐sedimentary evolution. For the first time, the structure of the base of the basin in its distal and intermediate sectors is unravelled, which was previously only known in the areas covered by seismic reflection data (distal and small part of intermediate sectors). A complex geometry was found, with three subbasins delimited by NNE‐SSW faults and separated by WNW‐ESE to NW‐SE oriented horsts. In the area covered by seismic reflection data, four horizons were studied: top of the Upper Miocene, Lower to Middle Miocene top, the top of the Palaeogene and the base of Cenozoic. Seismic data show that the major filling of the basin occurred during Upper Miocene. The fault pattern affecting Neogene and Palaeogene units derived here points to that of a polyphasic basin. In the Palaeogene, the Vila Franca de Xira (VFX) and a NNE‐SSW trending previously unknown structure (ABC fault zone) probably acted as the major strike‐slip fault zones of the releasing bend of a pull‐apart basin, which produced a WNW‐ESE to NW‐SE fault system with transtensional kinematic. During the Neogene, as the stress regime rotated anticlockwise to the present NW‐SE to WNW‐ESE orientation, the VFX and Azambuja fault zones acted as the major transpressive fault zones and Mesozoic rocks overthrusted Miocene sediments. The reactivation of WNW‐ESE to NW‐SE fault systems with a dextral strike‐slip component generated a series of horsts and grabens and the partitioning of the basin into several subbasins. Therefore, we propose a polyphasic model for the area, with the formation of an early pull‐apart basin during the Palaeogene caused by an Iberia–Eurasia plates collision that later evolved into an incipient foreland basin along the Neogene due to a NW‐SE to WNE‐ESE oriented Iberia–Nubia convergence. This convergence is producing uplift in the area since the Quaternary except for the Tagus estuary subbasin around the VFX fault, where subsidence is observed. This may be due to the locking or the development of a larger component of strike‐slip movement of the NNE‐SSW to N‐S thrust fault system with the exception of the VFX fault, which is more favourably oriented to the maximum compressive stress.     

Major erosion at the end of the Messinian Salinity Crisis: evidence from the Levant Basin, Eastern Mediterranean

This paper presents a detailed analysis of the top of the Messinian evaporites (Horizon M) in the Levant region, offshore Israel, based on the integration of three‐dimensional (3D)/2D seismic and well data. 3D mapping of a series of intra‐evaporite horizons and their termination against Horizon M provides new insights into the depositional setting and structural evolution of this saline giant system. New evidence of a discordant relationship between the intra‐evaporite horizons and the top of the Messinian evaporites (Horizon M) is given by the seismic stratigraphic analysis. This confirms that the top of the Messinian evaporites represents an erosional unconformity of semiregional extent in the Levant region. The truncation of the folded and faulted intra‐evaporite horizons indicates for the first time a Messinian phase of evaporite deformation, i.e. pre‐dating the well‐documented Plio‐Pleistocene thin‐skinned tectonic phase in the region. This major erosional unconformity is interpreted as subaerial in origin, documenting the exposure of the evaporitic system at the end of the Messinian Salinity Crisis. These results give new evidence for the understanding of the events occurring during the last stages of the Messinian Salinity Crisis in the region.