A comparison of scenario-based hybrid bilevel and multi-objective location-allocation models for earthquake emergency shelters: a case study in the central area of Beijing,China

The accurate location and allocation of disaster emergency shelters are key components of effective urban planning and emergency management. Various models have been developed to solve the location-allocation problem, but gaps remain with regard to model realism and associated applicability. For the available location and allocation models of earthquake emergency shelters, uncertainty with respect to earthquake hazard, population exposure, rate of damage to buildings and the effects of evacuee behavior are often neglected or oversimplified. Moreover, modifying the models can be an alternative means of improving the solution quality when the optimization algorithm has difficulty coping with a complex, high-dimensional problem. This article develops a scenario-based hybrid bilevel model that addresses the concerns related to high-dimensional complexity and provides a higher degree of realism by incorporating the uncertainties of population dynamics and earthquake damage scenarios into location-allocation problems for earthquake emergency shelters. A modified particle swarm optimization algorithm combined with a simulated annealing algorithm was applied to derive solutions using the hybrid bilevel model and a conventional multi-objective model, and the solutions obtained using the two models were then compared. The novel features of the study include the hybrid bilevel model that considers the dynamic number of evacuees and its implementation for earthquake emergency shelter location and allocation. The results show that the solutions significantly differ between daytime and nighttime. When applied to the multi-objective model, the optimization algorithm is time consuming and may only find the local optima and provide suboptimal solutions in the considered scenarios with more evacuees. By contrast, the hybrid bilevel model shows more desirable performance because it significantly reduces the dimensionality of the location-allocation problem based on a two-step-to-reach approach. The proposed hybrid bilevel model is proven to be useful for optimal shelter allocation, and the presented results can be used as a reference for balancing the interests of the government and residents during the planning of shelters in Beijing.     

Locating a Community Recycling Center within a Residential Area: A Belgian Case Study

This article demonstrates the operation of a simple optimal location-allocation technique for solving the problem of locating one or several community recycling center(s) within a residential area. The article attempts to measure both transportation and externality costs in comparable units, and to incorporate them into the model. A sensitivity analysis of the results at the level of the nuisance provides further insight into the operation of the model and the relative importance of the quantification of pollution in applied location-allocation problems.     

The temporal hierarchy of shelters: a hierarchical location model for earthquake-shelter planning

The problem of emergency facility location is a critical component in evacuation planning. The emergence of geographic information systems (GIS) has provided a useful operational platform to assist this issue. A previously overlooked facet is the consideration of a hierarchical structure in the placement of emergency shelters. Due to the fact that survivors' needs change over time during post-disaster evacuations, shelters have now been categorized on a temporal scale based on their functions at different evacuation phases. This article proposes a three-level hierarchical location model for optimizing the placement of earthquake shelters by taking into account this temporal variance. The article not only scrutinizes the modeling procedure but also implements the model in a planning area with many real-world details. Based on the optimization results derived from a GIS context, we have found that the quality of the earthquake response procedure is not only dependent on the placement strategy of shelters, but more importantly on the financial constraints imposed on the planning and construction of these shelters. A discussion has been proposed to balance the trade-off between budget planning and evacuation efficiency. As the first attempt to model the hierarchical configuration of emergency shelters with specific focus on evacuees' escalating sheltering demands, this article will be of great significance in helping policy makers consider both the spatial and financial aspects of the strategic placement of emergency shelters.     

芜湖市城市居住区位研究

运用评价模型对芜湖市各个片区的居住区位进行了评价,利用问卷调查方式所获取的资料对芜湖市居民的居住满意度和择居意向进行了分析,并探讨了居住区位优势度对商品房价格的空间分异、居民居住满意度、居民择居偏好区位的影响。结果表明,处于芜湖市中心的城中片区在居住区位方面的优势最高;其次是镜湖北片区;再次是城南片区、城东片区、开发区片区;三山片区最次。可见对一个拥有中等规模,新区刚刚开发的城市而言,发展历程越久的片区,其区位优势越强,且商品房价格越高,居民的居住满意度越高,更成为居民理想的择居区位。     

Labor Location and Agricultural Land Use in Jilin,China

Conventional agricultural land‐use theory overlooks labor location and its effects on land use. This paper argues that in labor‐intensive commercial agriculture where labor concentrates in large labor centers (villages), the distance from the labor center is more important than the distance from market in determining land use and land rent and is important at both the microscale and larger scales. Both qualitative observations and quantitative field level land‐use research in Jilin, China, support this approach. A new model is developed to incorporate labor location into the conventional land‐use model. It regards agriculture as an industry using localized gross inputs.     

利用排序多元Logit模型研究城市居民的 居住区位选择

本文将北京、上海、广州、武汉和重庆五城市的居住区位调查数据,利用排序多元Logit模型研究城市居民对居住区位的选择行为进行了实证分析。影响区位选择的因素可归纳为家庭层面和城市层面两部分,前者包括收入、工作地点、对环境的偏好等,后者则包括住房价格、城市扩张程度、郊区市政设施便利程度等,实证结果表明这些因素的影响都是显著的,且符合理论预期。收入较高的群体仍喜好选择距离城市中心偏近的居住区位,郊区基础设施和公共服务设施的不完善是制约其向郊区转移的主要因素。这些实证结论能够对城市发展布局和居住用地的规划开发起到决策支持作用。     

基于加权破产博弈模型的跨境流域水资源分配研究

基于公平合理利用视角,将多准则决策模型与破产理论相结合探讨跨境水资源分配问题.通过梳理国际水法,设计了跨境流域水资源公平合理分配的指标体系,采用投影法解决这一多准则决策问题,并依此加权调整流域国用水需求.在加权调整用水需求和考虑议价能力的基础上,基于破产博弈模型探讨跨境流域水资源分配问题,以提高分配方案的公平合理性和可...     

战略性区位理论及其发展

从构成上来说，区位理论包括非战略性区位理论和战略性区域理论两大体系。与非战略性区位理论不同，战略性区位理论将其分析置于区位主体的战略互动行为的基础之上。战略性区位理论的发展源于霍特林对策模型。多年以来，围绕霍特林模型的各种讨论和对该模型的诸多修正，促使战略性区位理论逐步发展成为一个较为完备的理论体系。对于城市经济现象，战略性区位分析可以得到更有说服力的理论解释。     

Resolving Location Conflict with Standardized Space‐Cost Curves

Location analysis is concerned with the siting of facilities according to various cost criteria. Accessibility‐based cost criteria typically generate different optimal solutions (least‐cost location configurations) and location conflict arises. This paper outlines a new way to resolve such conflict–for single facilities sited in one‐dimensional space. Piecewise‐linear space‐cost curves for two well known criteria, efficiency and equality, are first transformed into standardized (Z‐score) curves. A family of hybrid space‐cost curves is then generated, where each member of the family reflects different fractional weights, w and 1‐w, being placed on efficiency and equality. Decision‐makers or users can assign these weights directly to the two criteria, thereby determining the most appropriate hybrid space‐cost curve used in resolving location conflict. This hybrid curve provides standardized, two‐criteria cost information for all possible facility locations.     

新重力P中值模型及其在城市综合医院区位决策中的实证检验——以无锡市为例

区位—分配模型是实现公共服务设施最适配置的有效方法之一。传统的P中值模型以效率作为导向,采用“邻近分配”规则,不考虑设施容量(规模),难以适应城市综合医院供需之间相互作用规律下适度均衡、居民随机概率式选择和区位与规模同步求解的布局要求。本文尝试以P中值模型为基础框架,在对P中值模型来源及其适用性进行分析的基础上,构建出基于供需双方(居民—综合医院)空间相互作用的重力P中值模型。新模型通过纳入“邻近就医”最大出行成本因子,确保居民至少邻近1所综合医院(保障空间公平);通过追求总加权出行成本最小化,确保设施空间配置效率;通过纳入设施容量规模因子实现设施区位和规模同时求解;通过纳入最小规模因子,保障设施规模效率和服务质量公平。进一步通过无锡市区综合医院空间配置进行实证检验发现：采用新模型优化后,综合医院空间配置更加公平、居民邻近就医更加便捷,且能够实现与社区卫生设施协同布局,使整个医疗设施体系空间布局更加合理。本文构建的新重力P中值模型(模型的变量参数可作适当调整)可用于竞争型公共设施区位决策,为相关设施布局调整或者规划提供决策依据。     

A Manifesto on Mobile Computing in Geographic Education*

Mobile, location‐aware computing technology is widely available. In this article we sketch out a manifesto on mobile computing in geographic education (MoGeo) for consideration and debate within the geographic community. At the core of our argument is the idea that emerging mobile computing technologies will allow teachers to bring the classroom and pedagogic materials into the field, and that the resulting in situ educational experience will enhance learning by contextualizing the complex and abstract concepts that we teach. We provide a set of key principles that can guide the development of field experiences for students using these new technologies.     

韦伯型设施区位的可计算模型及其应用

设施布局是城市规划中的热点问题,其中具有代表性的韦伯型设施区位应用广泛,能够于离散的空间点区位中配置设施的最佳位置,可解决诸多类型设施的选址问题。以多设施重心模型、最大福利模型和p-中心模型为例,从地计算的角度出发研究其模型及可计算方法。运用可视化开发工具Delphi 7.0作为开发平台,使用建立在OCX技术基础上的专业GIS控件MapObjects进行集成二次开发,建立设施区位分析系统,实现模型的计算及地理分析功能,并以上海市松江区新桥镇社会事业发展规划为例,运用该系统解决其社会事业发展对应设施选址问题。结果表明具有合理性,能够作为设施规划布局的辅助决策依据。     

基于改进层次分析法的GIS公共服务设施选址

已有的公共服务设施选址模型较复杂且应用范围受限,无法作为通用模型出现。层次分析法可作为选址的通用模型,但单独使用层次分析法在空间分析方面仍有欠缺,单纯的GIS在复杂指标权重的处理方面存在很大不合理性。该文对层次分析法进行了改进,使之更适用于GIS的数据结构,将改进的层次分析法与GIS技术结合,成为公共服务设施选址更合理的选址模型和方法。以河北省黄骅市中学选址为例验证模型和方法的可用性。     

STLP-GSM: a method to predict future locations of individuals based on geotagged social media data

ABSTRACT

An increasing number of social media users are becoming used to disseminate activities through geotagged posts. The massive available geotagged posts enable collections of users’ footprints over time and offer effective opportunities for mobility prediction. Using geotagged posts for spatio-temporal prediction of future location, however, is challenging. Previous studies either focus on next-place prediction or rely on dense data sources such as GPS data. Introduced in this article is a novel method for future location prediction of individuals based on geotagged social media data. This method employs the hierarchical density-based clustering algorithm with adaptive parameter selection to identify the regions frequently visited by a social media user. A multi-feature weighted Bayesian model is then developed to forecast users’ spatio-temporal locations by combining multiple factors affecting human mobility patterns. Further, an updating strategy is designed to efficiently adjust, over time, the proposed model to the dynamics in users’ mobility patterns. Based on two real-life datasets, the proposed approach outperforms a state-of-the-art method in prediction accuracy by up to 5.34% and 3.30%. Tests show prediction reliability is high with quality predictions, but low in the identification of erroneous locations.     

Highlighting–Disintegrating Laos

Abstract

This article examines the spatial implications of farm lot shape, a function of the survey system, for the rural landscape. Three aspects of farmstead location within the lot are investigated: the location of the house, the location of the barn, and the distance and direction relationships between the barn and the house. Our findings show that efficiency and lot shape affect farmstead location, in particular that barns are more concentrated behind the house and to the left in rectangular lots than in square lots. Suggestions for classroom and field applications of this methodology in other areas are included.     

An efficient method for single-facility location and path-connecting problems in a cell map

This article presents an efficient method for simultaneously finding both the Weber cell and optimal connective paths in a grid. As numerous barriers of arbitrary shape and weighted regions are distributed in the cell map of this research, the problem scenario is similar to working out a real-life facility location selection and path-routing problems in a geographical map. In this study, the Weber problem of finding a single-facility location from an accumulation cost table is generated by a grid wave propagation method (higher-geometry maze router). After finding the Weber point (cell), optimal connective paths with minimum total weighted cost are backtracked between the Weber location cell and the demand cells. This new computation algorithm with linear time and space complexity can be integrated as a spatial analytical function within GIS.     

基于地理区位的区域发展分析——以重庆市为例

文章在对比分析区位与地理区位的基础上,提出了区域地理区位分析的双层次模式,认为区域发展所需分析的地理区位可分为一级,二级地理区位两个层次,对区域地理区位的总体认识可以通过对二级地理区位的具体分析来实现,其中,自然地理区位,人文地理区位和经济地理区位构成一级地理区位,农业,工业,商贸,交通通信,工程,资源,环境,旅游,城市和政治等地理区位共同构成二级地理区位,同时,以该双层次模式对重庆市的地理区位进行个案研究,具体分析了重庆市二级地理区位的优劣势,并据此提出重庆市在“西部大开发”中,基于地理区位条件的若干区域发展对策建议。     

影响首都选址的区位因子研究

首都区位的选择对于任何国家或政权都是至关重要的。过去尚未有人对影响首都区位的因子作过综合分析和系统研究。本文首先阐述了5种主要的首都区位类型;在此基础上,对世界首都的区位类型分布特征进行统计分析,得出世界首都区位类型的分布规律;最后,根据上述首都区位的时空演变规律,从自然-社会-历史-经济-政治-军事6个方面,对影响首都区位的因子进行了全面的剖析。     

关于老工业基地淄博市工业区位变化的地理学思考

在经济全球化和技术飞速进步的影响下,改革开放以来,在我国老工业基地内部出现了新的工业区位并形成了新的产业集聚区。引起变化的因素是多方面的。以淄博实地调研为基础,分析了这种变化产生的动因。淄博市新工业区域的形成从一个侧面说明老工业基地的发展潜力。在改革开放以后,国有企业自主权扩大以及大量非公有制的企业繁衍成为淄博工业发展的内动力,引起工业地理格局的变化。自然资源对工业区位的吸引力下降,专业市场区位的重要性上升,在淄博市的工业空间动态中反映也很显著。此外,政府因素和交通区位仍然起重要作用。企业在新工业区位的繁衍和集聚是老工业基地的活力所在,需要特别予以关注。     

“A Newcomer” versus “First Mover”: Retail Location Strategy for Differentiation

In a competitive business environment, retailers brand themselves using unique location strategies. New retailers, especially, use their location strategy to construct a different brand concept from that of the first mover. Therefore, retail chains in the same industry show different location patterns. This article aims to investigate how a new retailer uses its location strategy to differentiate itself from the first mover by comparing the location patterns of two coffee chains. The location patterns of Starbucks Coffee (a “first mover” that employs a premium brand concept) and Ediya Coffee (a “new retail chain” that promotes an economical brand concept) are analyzed for the study. We use a Bayesian spatial model to explore the two retailers' location patterns in Seoul, Korea. Considerable differences are found in the spatial distribution patterns of the two coffee franchises. Starbucks has formed store groupings in prime areas such as the city center based on its cluster location strategy, reflecting its premium brand concept. Conversely, many Ediya Coffee shops have been located in less desirable areas such as fringe areas with low land prices, reflecting their economical brand concept and differentiating the company from Starbucks. These findings lead to a useful marketing implication for a retail startup formulating its location strategy for differentiation. Furthermore, this study's company-level analysis of retail location patterns provides a better understanding of complex retail geography.