陕北地区层状云系催化的物理效应分析

１９８０、１９８９和１９９１年飞机人工增雨作业结果表明。对展状云系催化后含水量、云雨滴浓度、云雨滴分布、粒子增长、谱型特征和地面降水分布等物理效应均有明显效果，起到增雨作用．     

黄河上游地区降水雨滴谱特征分析

利用黄河上游地区不同降水云系31次降水的激光雨滴谱仪观测资料,对不同云系降水雨滴物理参量特征及滴谱的演变特征进行统计分析。结果表明:在黄河上游地区,层状云系降水和混合云系降水雨滴粒子呈单峰型分布,对流云系降水雨滴粒子呈双峰型分布。层状云系降水雨滴粒径峰值出现在0.4 mm,粒径范围较窄,雨滴数密度最大;对流云系降水雨滴粒径峰值出现在0.8 mm,粒径分布范围较宽,雨滴数密度最小;混合云系降水雨滴粒径峰值和粒径分布范围介于两者之间。雨滴各微物理参量(平均直径、均方根直径、平均体积直径、中值直径和体积中值直径)由大到小排序依次为对流云降水、混合云降水和层状云降水。降雨强度和雨滴数密度变化趋势一致,对流云和混合云降水强度和雨滴粒子数浓度有较好的相关性。通过雨滴谱特征的研究,有利于认识该地区降水微物理特性及成雨机制,为实施科学人工增雨提供一定的科学依据。     

利用催化剂的成核率剂量和雨滴质量推算人工增雨量

利用云物理基础理论，据催化剂成核效率、剂量和收集的雨滴重量（半径）的实测平均值，计算人工增雨作业的增雨量，此方法可以解决基层人工增雨效果估算的问題。     

黄河上游地区雷达测量降水与雨滴谱的对比分析

本利用1999年7月4日～7月16日期间，由青海省人影办和有关科研单位的人员在黄河上游地区开展地面人工增雨试验获取的711数字化雷达资料、雨滴谱资料和地面降水自记资料，对黄河上游地区云层降水的微物理特征和雷达定量测量降水进行了初步的分析和研究。分析研究表明：黄河上河上游地区其雨滴谱分布以多峰型为主，降水的滴谱较宽，对实施人工增雨催化作业较有利，同时拟合出黄河上游地区层状云降水的Z-I关系，可以作为雷达定量测量层状云降水的参考。     

武汉一次对流云火箭人工增雨作业的综合观测分析

为了收集整理对流云人工增雨效果的相关证据,利用雨滴谱、GPS/MET水汽、多普勒雷达和地面分钟雨量观测资料,对2014年9月28~29日武汉一次对流云火箭人工增雨作业过程进行效果分析检验。结果表明:(1)对流层中低层上干下湿结构有利于对流发生,作业前水汽向武汉附近集中,雷达回波顶高为10 km左右,且作业目标云处于新生或发展阶段,具有较好的作业条件;(2)通过催化目标云与对比云的对比分析发现,催化后对流单体的最大反射率因子、回波顶高、垂直液态水含量和强回波面积等物理参量均出现不同程度增长,整个生命史延长30 min以上,其中F1对流单体经催化后在00:33~00:51经过武汉观测站,形成的降水粒子在1.85 mm粒径处出现峰值,且粒径和数浓度快速增长至最大;(3)3个目标云此次催化后的增雨率均超过36%。     

东北冷涡天气系统的雨滴谱特征

为了对东北冷涡天气下的人工增雨作业和效果评估提供背景资料,采用GBPP-100型地面雨滴谱仪在辽宁对2002年7—8月和2003年7—8月几次冷涡降雨过程进行了观测。利用观测资料,分析了东北冷涡天气系统下层状云、积层混合云和积雨云降雨的微物理特征、各微物理参数随时间的变化以及各参量间的相关性。用Г分布函数拟合了这三类云降雨的平均雨滴谱,分析了Г分布函数中各拟合参数随时间的变化以及各拟合参数与雨滴各微物理参量间的相互关系。     

祁连山北坡一次人工增雨降水过程雨滴谱特征分析

本文以2020年8月21日在祁连山开展的人工增雨外场试验为例,分析了祁连山北坡雨滴谱特征和增雨作业前后雨滴谱特征参量和谱型的变化。结果表明:虽然此次降水不均匀,但北坡3个试验点微物理参量特征值的演变较接近,平均雨滴谱谱宽均较小,谱型基本一致,均为单峰型,峰值出现在0.5mm左右。Gamma分布对雨滴谱的拟合效果较好,分布曲线能较准确地反映实际雨滴谱的分布形态,但在峰值段(0.5mm)拟合值有偏差,拟合结果略小于实测谱。Z-I之间满足对数相关,拟合优度R2值都在0.86以上,有较好的拟合关系。作业后雨滴尺度、总数浓度、雨强等均出现增大趋势,作业后雨滴谱的谱宽逐渐增大,作业后10min,峰型由单峰转变为双峰,作业后30min、60min,谱宽持续增大,说明此时云内小雨滴间的碰并过程开始出现,产生了较大尺度的雨滴。     

一次层状云火箭增雨作业效果分析

文章采用统计检验和物理检验方法对2015年4月12日大连市出现的一次层状云降水过程进行了火箭增雨试验和作业效果评估,结果表明,通过作业区和对比区雨滴谱分钟雨量观测值与拟合值的对比计算发现,被催化云体在催化后的30~50 min内产生了最大雨强和降水,其相对增雨量达到49%(α0.001),显著性较高;同时,催化云体的雷达回波强度、回波面积、降雨时间,以及雨滴谱的变化特征等均表现了很好的物理效应,增雨试验效果显著。     

激光粒度气象仪在人影作业中的应用分析

1 引言 降水粒子是大气运动和云内微物理过程的综合结果,在云降水物理研究,特别是人工影响天气领域有着重要的意义.以往测定降水粒子谱的方法有动力学法、滤纸色斑法、面粉球法、快速摄影法等,耗时费力不准确,而且无法做到自动分类统计测量,不适合对大量数据分析寻找规律,Parsivel激光降水粒子谱测量系统则可以较好的完成自动监测.人工增雨作业效果是指云体经过人工催化后所发生的变化,一是人工增雨作业后云内微物理过程和云中宏观、微观物理量发生的变化;二是人工增雨作业前后降水发生的变化.     

贺州市人工增雨落区智能选择系统

介绍了一种以日本谱模式预报场资料为基础,结合当时降水天气系统、当地旱情监测、不同季节农作物分布情况及需水情况,建立起一个云预报模式人工增雨落区智能选择系统,可以做到科学合理选择人工增雨作业地点,在一定程度上提高了人工增雨作业效益。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.