华南与花岗岩有关大规模钨锡成矿作用的时空分布、成矿模式及找矿方向

华南是我国重要的钨锡成矿区。本文围绕华南与花岗岩有关的大规模钨锡成矿作用,系统收集了区内130余个主要矿床的地质和同位素年代学资料,初步总结了与花岗岩有关大规模钨锡矿床的主要类型和时空分布特征。统计结果表明,矽卡岩型和石英脉型是华南最重要的钨成矿类型,而矽卡岩型和锡石硫化物型(或碳酸盐岩交代型)是华南最主要的锡成矿类型。华南与花岗岩有关钨锡成矿作用具有多时代特点,但大规模成矿均集中于燕山期。以南岭和赣北成矿带为主要代表的钨成矿作用主要集中爆发于晚侏罗世至早白垩世早期(160～120Ma),而右江盆地晚白垩世(110～80 Ma,峰期为90～80 Ma)和南岭成矿带晚侏罗世(160～150 Ma)锡矿床则共同构成了华南最主要的锡成矿作用。多种不同矿化或金属类型在同一矿床或矿田尺度上组合产出是华南与花岗岩有关钨锡矿床的重要特征之一,对指导找矿具有重要意义。对此,文章结合华南地区近年来的一些重要成矿机制研究成果和找矿勘查进展,分别以瑶岗仙、川口、茅坪、柿竹园、大厂和个旧等矿床或矿田为例,论述了华南与花岗岩有关大规模钨锡成矿作用的几种成矿模式和找矿方向。此外,本文在钨、锡成矿花岗岩的岩石学、地...     

赣南兴国县张家地钼钨矿床成岩成矿时代及地质意义

地处EW向南岭成矿带和NE向武夷山成矿带叠置部位的赣南兴国-宁都钨锡矿集区产有多处不同矿化类型的钨锡多金属矿床,但总体研究程度较低。本文基于详细野外地质调查,重点开展了张家地钼钨矿床的高精度成岩成矿年代学研究,并探讨了区域钨锡矿床成岩成矿时空分布及地球动力学背景。张家地钼钨矿化产于花岗岩与震旦纪浅变质细碎屑岩的内、外接触带,包括石英脉型(王泥排矿段)和云英岩型(刘家庄矿段)两种矿化类型。利用SHRIMP锆石U-Pb法,获得张家地钼钨矿区似斑状中细粒黑云母花岗岩的年龄为154.1±1.8Ma;利用辉钼矿Re-Os法,获得王泥排矿段石英脉型矿体的辉钼矿Re-Os等时线年龄为158.4±3.1Ma、加权平均年龄为157.7±1.4Ma,刘家庄矿段云英岩型矿体的辉钼矿Re-Os等时线年龄为161.9±3.2Ma、加权平均年龄为157.9±1.6Ma,厘定矿床成岩成矿时代为晚侏罗世,对应于华南中生代第二次大规模成矿作用。石英脉型和云英岩型矿体中辉钼矿的铼含量均较低(9.58×10-6~22.65×10-6),表明成矿物质以壳源为主;综合分析区域最新年代学数据资料,表明钨锡矿床成岩成矿具多期性,主要集中在240~210Ma、170~150Ma和130~90Ma,以赣南和湘南为中心,钨锡矿床向四周成矿年龄均呈变小趋势。燕山期钨锡大规模成岩成矿作用主要形成于华南中生代岩石圈伸展-减薄时期的侏罗纪板内拉张的地球动力学背景。     

江西彭山锡多金属矿集区尖峰坡锡矿床LA-MC-ICP-MS锡石U-Pb测年及其地质意义

江西彭山锡多金属矿集区位于江西省德安县,处于钦杭成矿带东段靠扬子板块一侧,是扬子板块东南缘地区一个重要的锡多金属矿集区。目前该地区尚缺乏精确可靠的成矿年代学资料。本文应用LA-MC-ICP-MS微区原位U-Pb同位素测年技术,对矿集区内尖峰坡矿床中锡石样品进行了研究,获得尖峰坡锡矿的206Pb/207Pb-238U/207Pb等时线年龄129.7±2.5Ma(N=31,MSWD=5.5),207Pb/206Pb-238U/206Pb谐和年龄为128.3±2.5Ma(N=31,MSWD=7.6),表明尖峰坡矿区锡成矿作用主要发生在早白垩世,与已报道的彭山地区燕山期花岗岩的成岩年龄相一致。紧密的时间以及空间关系显示燕山晚期岩浆-热液活动对形成彭山锡多金属矿集区的大规模成矿作用至关重要。对华南地区锡钨区域成矿年代学对比表明,扬子板块东南缘的锡钨成矿带均形成于早白垩世(146~124Ma),这与其北侧的长江中下游成矿带九瑞-鄂东南铜多金属矿集区的成岩成矿时代相同,而明显不同于南岭地区晚侏罗世(160~150Ma)以及滇东南-桂西北地区晚白垩世(98~76Ma)的锡钨成矿作用,说明扬子板块东南缘具有与南岭以及滇东南-桂西北地区不同的锡钨成矿背景,而应与长江中下游地区的构造岩浆作用事件统一来开展深入研究。     

赣南金竹坪钨矿床多期成矿作用特征及地质意义

金竹坪矿床是南岭东段赣南地区钨多金属成矿带内一处典型的石英脉型钨矿床。燕山期隐伏中粗粒(或似斑状)黑云母二长花岗岩与成矿作用密切相关,早期矿体受后期热液交代作用改造强烈而表现多世代成矿的特征。关于隐伏岩体与多期成矿活动的时间,目前依然缺乏精确的年代学制约。本文利用锆石和黑钨矿LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年方法对矿床内似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩及3个世代的黑钨矿进行定年,揭示成矿多期演化史,并探讨成矿作用过程。结果显示,似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩岩浆锆石年龄为(155.2±0.7) Ma, 3个世代黑钨矿年龄分别为(164.9±2.4) Ma、(157.4±1.0) Ma和(144.8±1.8) Ma。综合分析认为金竹坪钨矿床隐伏岩体侵位于159～155 Ma,三期热液钨矿化作用形成于164.9～144.8 Ma,它们均系燕山期南岭钨锡多金属成矿带大规模成岩成矿作用的产物。前两个世代钨矿化年龄与花岗岩体侵位时代在误差范围内基本一致,处于南岭中—晚侏罗世成矿高峰期;而第三个世代钨矿化则较岩体形成晚约10 Ma,可能代表中晚侏罗世成矿作用后新发生的一期早白垩世钨矿化作用。     

湖南界牌岭锡多金属矿地球化学、年代学特征及成矿区带归属

湖南界牌岭锡多金属矿位于南岭中部,主要矿化为大规模缓倾斜顺层分布的含矿云母黄玉蚀变岩和云母萤石蚀变岩型锡矿、铍矿以及萤石矿化。成矿地质体为碱长花岗斑岩,具有高硅、低钙、过铝特征,钠长石An值平均为0.11;∑REE平均值高达698.19×10-6,稀土元素配分曲线呈Eu轻度亏损的右倾型,同时富含成矿元素及挥发性元素,其中含F可达0.12%。锆石的SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为92±1Ma(MSWD=1.5)。综合对比南岭成矿带、右江成矿带主要矿床与界牌岭锡多金属矿床的地质地球化学特征,认为界牌岭的成矿地质体和成矿地质特征明显不同于南岭燕山早期相关的钨矿床,而与右江成矿带燕山晚期锡多金属成矿作用更为密切,是右江燕山晚期锡多金属成矿带的东延。     

Geochronology of granite and associated Sn mineralization in the Shuangyuanchong Sn deposit and its implication for Sn-W prospecting potential in the Shizhuyuan-Hehuaping area,the Nanling region,South ChinaSCIEI北大核心CSCD

南岭成矿带是全球最重要的钨锡成矿带之一,区内钨锡成矿条件优渥,是开展钨锡找矿勘查的重要目标区。然而如何开展钨锡找矿工作,尤其是在已有矿床周缘圈定成矿远景区,是钨锡成矿作用研究以及找矿勘查工作关注的重要科学问题。双园冲矿床位于南岭成矿带中西段,处于荷花坪与柿竹园两个大型锡钨多金属矿田中间,并与两个矿田处于同一构造体系,但目前对该矿床的研究程度较低,由此也制约了其矿床成因研究及该区的找矿部署。本次研究获得双园冲云英岩化花岗岩的锆石和独居石原位LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄分别为161.2±2.5Ma和157.1±1.8Ma,与云英岩型矿石中锡石原位LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄(158.9±2.9Ma)一致,二者均形成于晚侏罗世,表明其具有密切的成因关系,这一年龄也与南岭成矿带钨锡成矿大爆发时代(150-160Ma)一致。综合对比双园冲锡矿及与其空间相邻的柿竹园和荷花坪锡多金属矿田特征显示,三者成岩成矿时代一致,岩体侵位和矿体分布均受NE向断裂控制,矿体也均赋存于中-上泥盆统碳酸盐岩地层中,并且成矿花岗岩具有相似的岩石学特征和岩浆源区。综合以上信息,本文提出三个矿床可能形成于同一次岩浆热液活动,成矿岩体可能来自地壳深部同一个大岩浆房,柿竹园和荷花坪之间的区域具有发育晚侏罗世花岗岩体及相关钨锡矿的较大潜力。根据双园冲锡矿及其周缘大型锡钨矿床浅部脉状Pb-Zn-Fe-Mn矿化和深部矽卡岩-云英岩型Sn-W矿化的特征,提出研究区乃至整个南岭地区浅部脉状Pb-Zn-Fe-Mn矿化是深部Sn-W找矿勘查的有利部位。     

长江中下游成矿带庐枞矿集区首例钨矿床成岩成矿时代及其意义

庐枞矿集区是长江中下游成矿带中重要的铁铜多金属成矿区之一。2014年在矿集区北部首次勘探发现了东顾山钨多金属矿床,其成矿与隐伏黑云母花岗岩体关系密切。东顾山矿床的矿床地质特征和成矿岩浆岩明显不同于该矿集区内已知的斑岩型铜金矿床和玢岩型铁矿床有关的岩浆岩。本次工作在详细野外地质工作的基础上,开展了东顾山钨多金属矿床地质特征、成矿岩体的岩石学和成岩成矿时代研究。研究表明,东顾山矿床为矽卡岩型钨多金属矿床,其锆石LA ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果为99.7±1.5Ma~99.9±1.7Ma,与钨矿化形成于同一期岩浆热液活动的辉钼矿的Re-Os定年结果为97.22±0.77Ma,成岩成矿时代相近,表明东顾山钨多金属矿床的成矿作用与东顾山岩体几乎同时形成,二者具有密切的成因联系。通过与区域成岩成矿时代的对比,本文首次提出庐枞矿集区内存在100Ma左右的成岩成矿事件,在成矿时代和矿床类型上明显区别于成矿带先存的140Ma的斑岩-矽卡岩型铜矿床和130Ma的玢岩型铁矿床,是长江中下游成矿带新的一期成矿作用产物,据此将成矿带的燕山期成矿时代范围重新确定在145~97Ma之间,说明长江中下游成矿带存在与华南中生代第三次大规模成矿作用对应的伸展地球动力背景下的成矿事件。东顾山钨多金属矿床为下一步在庐枞矿集区及区域上开展100Ma左右的钨多金属矿床找矿勘探提供了重要的线索,也为区域成岩成矿作用的动力学背景进一步深入研究提出了新的课题。     

湖南金船塘锡铋矿床辉钼矿Re-Os同位素测年及其地质意义

湖南东坡矿田位于南岭成矿带的西段,构造位置上处于扬子板块与华夏板块的对接地带,矿田内以千里山岩体为中心,发育一系列与燕山期花岗质岩浆作用有关的超大型、大型和中型钨锡钼铋多金属矿床。金船塘锡铋矿床是东坡矿田内一个以锡铋为主的大型矽卡岩型多金属矿床。本文对该矿床的矽卡岩型矿石中的辉钼矿进行了Re-Os同位素测年。结果显示,辉钼矿Re-Os同位素模式年龄范围为157.2±2.8Ma至162.4±2.4Ma,加权平均值为159.8±2.9Ma,对应的Re-Os等时线年龄为158.8±6.6Ma;这些年龄数据与柿竹园矿床辉钼矿的Re-Os等时线年龄(151.0±3.5Ma)在误差范围内基本一致,亦与区内千里山岩体锆石U-Pb年龄(152±2Ma)接近,指示金船塘Sn-Bi矿床与区内花岗岩具有密切的时间和成因关系。结合区域上已有的研究成果,包括金船塘矿床在内的东坡矿田的成岩成矿作用主要集中在149～161Ma,与南岭地区大规模的钨锡多金属成矿作用时限(150～160Ma)一致;另外,区域上的研究表明,幔源物质广泛参与了湘南钨锡矿集区晚中生代的成岩成矿作用,指示该区中-晚侏罗世爆发式的成岩成矿作用可能是区域地壳拉张-岩石圈伸展减薄背景下,强烈的壳幔相互作用的结果。     

华南稀有金属矿床:类型、特点、时空分布与背景

华南地区是我国重要的战略矿产资源基地,以发育大规模多时代、多旋回花岗岩和独特的中生代铜钼钨锡铌钽铍铀等大规模稀有金属和有色金属成矿作用而闻名于世。华南地区稀有金属（W-Sn-Nb-Ta-Li-Be）成矿作用主要与高度分异演化的花岗岩密切相关。稀有金属矿床的分布受区域性断裂控制,主要集中于南岭地区和钦-杭大断裂两侧。成矿类型主要有花岗岩型、伟晶岩型、云英岩型、石英脉型、火山岩型、接触交代岩型（包括矽卡岩型和条纹岩型）。花岗岩型稀有金属矿床主要沿钦-杭大断裂两侧分布;伟晶岩型矿床主要分布在钦-杭大断裂花岗岩型矿床的外侧,以及邵武-河源断裂和政和-大埔断裂之间;接触交代型（含条纹岩型）稀有金属主要呈东西向分布于南岭地区,石英脉型和云英岩型稀有金属矿床主要与该地区的石英脉型钨矿有成因联系;火山岩型稀有金属矿床主要分布于政和-大埔断裂以东的东南沿海火山岩地区。华南稀有金属成矿可以分为7个阶段,分别是志留纪（424~420Ma）、早三叠世（248~244Ma）、晚三叠世（220~214Ma）、晚侏罗世（160~150Ma）、晚侏罗世-早白垩世（150~140Ma）、早白垩世（135~125Ma）和早白垩世-晚白垩世（105~90Ma）等。在每个时间段内,成矿时间相对集中。大规模稀有金属成矿主要集中于早白垩世。在不同成矿尺度,稀有金属矿化具有明显金属分带特征,且与有色金属矿化具有明显的成因关系;不同金属组合的稀有金属矿床具有不同的岩浆热液演化历史。地壳物质的部分熔融、持续能量供给,以及有利于岩浆高度分异演化的大型伸展构造是形成稀有金属矿床的重要条件。本文认为早白垩世（135~125Ma）是华南地区稀有金属大规模成矿的时期,该时期不仅成矿强度大,而且成矿类型多样,代表了华南中生代岩石圈大规模减薄或者全面裂解的峰期。     

钦杭成矿带大瑶山地区晚白垩世斑岩型铜矿床: 锆石U-Pb定年及Hf同位素制约

钦杭成矿带是华南地区重要的斑岩铜成矿带.前人研究表明区内斑岩铜矿床主要形成于中-晚侏罗世(180~155 Ma), 含矿斑岩为壳-幔相互作用的产物.对区内新近发现的钦杭带西南段大瑶山地区的宝山斑岩铜矿床进行研究, 结果表明其成岩成矿时代集中在晚白垩世.其中, 隐伏含矿花岗斑岩体的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄为91.1±0.6 Ma(1σ), 出露地表不含矿的两个花岗斑岩锆石U-Pb年龄分别为91.3±0.8 Ma(1σ)和90.1±1.0 Ma(1σ).含矿斑岩和不含矿斑岩的锆石Hf同位素组成相似, 初始ε_Hf(91 Ma)为-8.74~-5.13, 两阶段Hf模式年龄T_DM2集中在1 210~1 394 Ma.以上U-Pb-Hf同位素分析结果表明, 宝山铜矿床是一个晚白垩世早期(约91 Ma)形成的斑岩型铜矿床, 其含矿斑岩体的成因可能与中元古代地壳物质的部分熔融有关.结合前人的研究成果可知, 钦杭成矿带存在两期斑岩铜矿床成矿作用, 分别为中-晚侏罗世和晚白垩世, 其中晚白垩世成矿作用可能与华南板块边缘后碰撞伸展构造背景有关; 钦杭带西南侧大瑶山及邻区可能广泛发育有与燕山晚期岩浆活动(80~100 Ma)有关的钨-钼-铜(金)多金属矿床.      

Roles of xenomelts,xenoliths, xenocrysts,xenovolatiles, residues,and skarns in the genesis,transport, and localization of magmatic Fe-Ni-Cu-PGE sulfides and chromite

Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.     

深部矿井水煤共采水文地质数值分析

针对兖州煤田下组煤深部开采受奥灰高承压水威胁以及当地大型煤化工企业生产用水量大的现状,在已进行的水文地质勘探及放水试验基础上,评价奥灰富水性,并采用有限差分法进行奥灰疏水降压数值模拟研究,提出水煤共采观点。研究结果表明:兖州煤田深部奥灰水压高,合理布置水煤共采孔,可以实现奥灰水位的有效疏降,疏降中心区水位最大降深可达110 m,突水系数显著下降,提高了下组煤开采的安全性;同时可提供煤化工43200 m3/d的供水量,能达到可持续的、水资源保护性的供水效果,实现下组煤的水煤共采。     

Partition coefficients of Hf,Zr, and REE between zircon,apatite, and liquid

Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite.     

Coprecipitation of Ti,Mo, Sn and Sb with fluorides and application to determination of B,Ti, Zr,Nb, Mo,Sn, Sb,Hf and Ta by ICP-MS

We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l^− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO₂.     

Distribution of Cu,Co, As,and Fe in mine waste,sediment, soil,and water in and around mineral deposits and mines of the Idaho Cobalt Belt,USA

The distribution of Cu, Co, As and Fe was studied downstream from mines and deposits in the Idaho Cobalt Belt (ICB), the largest Co resource in the USA. To evaluate potential contamination in ecosystems in the ICB, mine waste, stream sediment, soil, and water were collected and analyzed for Cu, Co, As and Fe in this area. Concentrations of Cu in mine waste and stream sediment collected proximal to mines in the ICB ranged from 390 to 19,000 μg/g, exceeding the USEPA target clean-up level and the probable effect concentration (PEC) for Cu of 149 μg/g in sediment; PEC is the concentration above which harmful effects are likely in sediment dwelling organisms. In addition concentrations of Cu in mine runoff and stream water collected proximal to mines were highly elevated in the ICB and exceeded the USEPA chronic criterion for aquatic organisms of 6.3 μg/L (at a water hardness of 50 mg/L) and an LC50 concentration for rainbow trout of 14 μg/L for Cu in water. Concentrations of Co in mine waste and stream sediment collected proximal to mines varied from 14 to 7400 μg/g and were highly elevated above regional background concentrations, and generally exceeded the USEPA target clean-up level of 80 μg/g for Co in sediment. Concentrations of Co in water were as high as in 75,000 μg/L in the ICB, exceeding an LC50 of 346 μg/L for rainbow trout for Co in water by as much as two orders of magnitude, likely indicating an adverse effect on trout. Mine waste and stream sediment collected in the ICB also contained highly elevated As concentrations that varied from 26 to 17,000 μg/g, most of which exceeded the PEC of 33 μg/g and the USEPA target clean-up level of 35 μg/g for As in sediment. Conversely, most water samples had As concentrations that were below the 150 μg/L chronic criterion for protection of aquatic organisms and the USEPA target clean-up level of 14 μg/L. There is abundant Fe oxide in streams in the ICB and several samples of mine runoff and stream water exceeded the chronic criterion for protection of aquatic organisms of 1000 μg/L for Fe. There has been extensive remediation of mined areas in the ICB, but because some mine waste remaining in the area contains highly elevated Cu, Co, As and Fe, inhalation or ingestion of mine waste particulates may lead to human exposure to these elements.     

Geochemistry and petrology of selected coal samples from Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua, Indonesia

Indonesia has become the world's largest exporter of thermal coal and is a major supplier to the Asian coal market, particularly as the People's Republic of China is now (2007) and perhaps may remain a net importer of coal. Indonesia has had a long history of coal production, mainly in Sumatra and Kalimantan, but only in the last two decades have government and commercial forces resulted in a remarkable coal boom. A recent assessment of Indonesian coal-bed methane (CBM) potential has motivated active CBM exploration. Most of the coal is Paleogene and Neogene, low to moderate rank and has low ash yield and sulfur (generally < 10 and < 1 wt.%, respectively). Active tectonic and igneous activity has resulted in significant rank increase in some coal basins. Eight coal samples are described that represent the major export and/or resource potential of Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua. Detailed geochemistry, including proximate and ultimate analysis, sulfur forms, and major, minor, and trace element determinations are presented. Organic petrology and vitrinite reflectance data reflect various precursor flora assemblages and rank variations, including sample composites from active igneous and tectonic areas. A comparison of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) elements abundance with world and US averages show that the Indonesian coals have low combustion pollution potential.     

Dielectric constants of apatite,epidote, vesuvianite,and zoisite,and the oxide additivity rule

The dielectric constants and dielectric loss values of 4 Ca-containing minerals were determined at 1 MHz using a two-terminal method and empirically determined edge corrections. The results are: vesuvianitel κ′ _a=9.93 tan δ=0.006 κ′ _c=9.79 tan δ=0.005 vesuvianitel κ′ _a=10.02 tan δ=0.002 κ′ _c=9.85 tan δ=0.003 zoisite1 κ′ _a =10.49 tan δ=0.0006 κ′ _b =15.31 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ _c=9.51 tan δ=0.0008 zoisite2 κ′ _a =10.55 tan δ=0.0011 κ′ _b =15.45 tan δ=0.0013 κ′ _c=9.39 tan δ=0.0008 epidote κ′ ₁₁= 9.52 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ ₂₂=17.1 tan δ=0.0009 κ′ ₃₃= 9.37 tan δ=0.0006 fluorapatite1 κ′ _a =10.48 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ _c = 8.72 tan δ=0.0114 fluorapatite2 κ′ _a =10.40 tan δ=0.0010 κ′ _c=8.26 tan δ=0.0178 The deviation (δ) between measured dielectric polarizabilities as determined from the Clausius-Mosotti equation and those calculated from the sum of oxide polarizabilities according to α _D (mineral)=∑ α _D (oxides) for vesuvianite is ～ 0.5%. The large deviations of epidote and zoisite from the additivity rule with Δ=+ 10.1 and + 11.7%, respectively, are attributed to “rattling” Ca ions. The combined effects of both a large F thermal parameter and possible F-ion conductivity in fluorapatite are believed to be responsible for Δ=+2–3%. Although variation of oxygen polarizability with oxygen molar volume (V_o) is believed to affect the total polarizabilities, the variation of V_o in these Ca minerals is too small to observe the effect.     

Comparative study of As,Cd, Cu,Cr, Mg,Mn, Ni,Pb and Zn concentrations between sediment and water from estuary and port

The contents of As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn have been determined in sediment and water samples from Valle de las Garzas estuary and Port Manzanillo (Colima, Mexico) using ICP-AES. The concentrations of these elements were used for a comparative study to determine the distribution of heavy metals and to evaluate which elements reflect natural or anthropogenic backgrounds. For this purpose, seven sampling points were selected: Four of them correspond to the lagoon, and three were situated in the port. Statistical analysis of the mineral content was assessed. Initially, data comparison was assessed by statistical tests for each variable. Principal component analysis was then applied considering the influence of all variables at the same time by obtaining the distribution of samples according to their scores in the principal component space. In this way, four studies were carried out: (1) study of sediments collected during the dry season; (2) study of sediments collected during the rainy season; (3) comparative study between sediments from rainy and dry season; and (4) study of water composition collected during rainy season. From the results of the performed analyses, it can be concluded that metals distribution pattern reflected natural and anthropogenic backgrounds (e.g., sediments from the lagoon, situated at the beginning of the rain channel, presented high contents of Zn and Cu, perhaps related to anthropogenic activities or the influence of igneous sediments).