Effect of high-low quartz transition on compressional and shear wave velocities in rocks under high pressure

The compressional and shear wave velocities in quarzite, granite, and granulite are determined at a fixed confining pressure of 2 kb as a function of temperature up to 720° C. The high-low quartz transition of the constituent quartz minerals is associated with a pronounced decrease in velocity of the compressional waves when approaching the transition and with a significant velocity increase after the transition. In contrast, the effect of the α-β transition on shear wave velocities is small. The drop of V _P is explained by the elastic softening of structure of the constituent quartz minerals near the α-β transition and the opening of grain-boundary cracks, caused by the very high volumetric thermal expansion of the quartz relative to the other component minerals. The velocity increase in the β-field may be attributed to an elastic hardening of the quartz structure. Poisson ratios computed from the velocity data are anomalous for a solid: they become negative within the transition regime. The transition temperature, as indicated by the minimum velocities, is higher in the polycristalline rocks than is expected on grounds of single crystal behavior, and the discrepancy is more marked in granite than in quartzite. The shift of the transition temperature to higher values is explained by internal stresses that arise from the anisotropy of the thermal expansion and compressibility of individual grains and the differences in thermal expansion and compressibility between different component minerals. The role of the α-β quartz transition as a possible cause of low-velocity layers is discussed.     

Soil void ratio correlation with shear wave velocities and SPT N values for Indo-Gangetic basin

In this study attempt has been made to understand in-situ void ratio in Indo-Gangetic basin (IGB) and to form empirical relations between void ratio and shear wave velocity (V_s), N values considering subsoil investigation data. Multichannel analysis of surface wave (MASW) test and standard penetration test was carried out along with soil property measured at 25 locations. The general soil profile varied from silty sand to clay of low compressibility, ground water level fluctuated between 1-27 m, depth of borehole varied from 20-40 m. Regression analysis was conducted on 202 data sets of void ratio and shear wave velocity, 293 data sets of void ratio and SPT- N value, which resulted in inverse correlations between void ratio and V_s, SPT N value. The datas were segregated into fine, coarse grained data based on engineering classification and relations were developed separately. Until now, no studies have related in-situ void ratio to V_s and SPT N. These correlations will be useful to predict void ratio for sites having measured values of V_s and N value. These void ratios can be further used to assess liquefaction susceptibility.     

南秦岭古生代热水沉积盆地与热水沉积成矿

扬子地块北部被动边缘的南秦岭古生代沉积盆地中,发育一套自早古生代—中生代以来的碳酸盐岩夹细碎屑岩沉积建造,形成规模巨大独具特色的以铅锌金为主的多金属成矿带。伸展构造体制下形成的裂陷或断陷型盆地中,正常水成沉积与热水沉积同盆共存。正常水成沉积中叠加的热水沉积是一个"突发事件或灾变事件",具有特殊的物质组成和产态。通过对区内沉积成矿盆地的识别、分级,二级沉积盆地中边缘部位常发育多个三级构造热水沉积成矿盆地,它受控于沉积盆地中的同生断裂,具有沉积岩相、热水沉积岩组合、显著成矿作用及物化探异常广布的特点。三级构造热水沉积成矿盆地是矿床定位的构造空间,四级热水沉积洼地为矿体(矿层)的容纳空间。区内热水沉积岩主要为重晶石(毒重石)岩、硅质岩、钠长石岩和铁碳酸盐岩类,铅锌重晶石等矿产多产于热水沉积岩中或上盘。热水沉积形成一般由早期的热水喷发交代→主期热水喷流→晚期热水喷气演变。早期的热水喷发交代往往沿矿液喷发通道,形成网脉状、角砾状矿化;主期热水喷流主要形成多金属及热水喷流相,形成块状、条带状、层纹状矿石或热水沉积岩;晚期热水喷气主要形成浸染状矿石和热水喷气岩石。     

Numerical and analytical investigation of compressional wave propagation in saturated soils

In geotechnical earthquake engineering, wave propagation plays a fundamental role in engineering applications related to the dynamic response of geotechnical structures and to site response analysis. However, current engineering practice is primarily concentrated on the investigation of shear wave propagation and the corresponding site response only to the horizontal components of the ground motion. Due to the repeated recent observations of strong vertical ground motions and compressional damage of engineering structures, there is an increasing need to carry out a comprehensive investigation of vertical site response and the associated compressional wave propagation, particularly when performing the seismic design for critical structures (e.g. nuclear power plants and high dams). Therefore, in this paper, the compressional wave propagation mechanism in saturated soils is investigated by employing hydro-mechanically (HM) coupled analytical and numerical methods. A HM analytical solution for compressional wave propagation is first studied based on Biot’s theory, which shows the existence of two types of compressional waves (fast and slow waves) and indicates that their characteristics (i.e. wave dispersion and attenuation) are highly dependent on some key geotechnical and seismic parameters (i.e. the permeability, soil stiffness and loading frequency). The subsequent HM Finite Element (FE) study reproduces the duality of compressional waves and identifies the dominant permeability ranges for the existence of the two waves. In particular the existence of the slow compression wave is observed for a range of permeability and loading frequency that is relevant for geotechnical earthquake engineering applications. In order to account for the effects of soil permeability on compressional dynamic soil behaviour and soil properties (i.e. P-wave velocities and damping ratios), the coupled consolidation analysis is therefore recommended as the only tool capable of accurately simulating the dynamic response of geotechnical structures to vertical ground motion at intermediate transient states between undrained and drained conditions.     

柳江盆地竹叶状灰岩岩石特征及沉积环境分析

河北柳江盆地寒武纪碳酸盐岩地层中发育有大量的竹叶状灰岩.本次研究从柳江盆地寒武系野外剖面及相关室内研究为出发点,把该地区竹叶状灰岩划分为四种类型,分别为无氧化圈无定向排列的猪肝色竹叶状灰岩、无氧化圈有微定向的紫红色竹叶状灰岩、带氧化圈紫红色的竹叶状灰岩以及灰色有分选有磨圆的竹叶状灰岩.分别反映了研究区不同时期的水动力条...     

Observations on the processes of sedimentary basin formation at the margins of Southern Africa

Three variants of Atlantic-type continental margin border Southern Africa. On the west is a rifted margin with a rift phase no more than 50 m.y. in length (180–130 m.y. ago). Sedimentary basin formation was by upbuilding of a sediment terrace during the rift phase and the 30 m.y. following, with outbuilding of the terrace dominant during the Cainozoic. Little downwarping of the oceanic crust occurred but the continent—ocean transition zone appears to be wide.To the south of South Africa is an extensive sheared margin. Basin formation began here in mid-Triassic times with intermontane deposition. Local increase in lower crustal density appears to have accompanied subsidence. Truncation of the basins occurred 130–2100 m.y. ago and in places detrital influx was trapped behind a marginal fracture ridge. No continental rise sedimentary apron and characteristic deep structure were formed in these places. A ‘welding’ of the continental edge appears to have taken place.East of 30° E a complex continental margin with a protracted rift phase exists. From Triassic to Cretaceous times sedimentary basin formation was controlled by an E-W tensional stress regime resulting in N-S horsts and grabens. This was accompanied by vol-canicity and crustal thinning. Other stress systems may have prevailed during continental break-up in the Cretaceous while today the region is seismically active and the tensional stress assumed to be E-W. Following break-up sedimentary basins in Natal Valley and Mozambique Channel encroached southwards.     

Experimental investigation of hydrate formation in water-dominated pipeline and its influential factors

Blockage in water-dominated flow pipelines due to hydrate reformation has been suggested as a potential safety issue during the hydrate production. In this work, flow velocity-dependent hydrate formation features are investigated in a fluid circulation system with a total length of 39 m. A 9-m section pipe is transparent consisted of two complete rectangular loops. By means of pressurization with gas-saturated water, the system can gradually reach the equilibrium conditions. The result shows tha...     

The effect of high temperature and high confining pressure on compressional wave velocities in quartz-bearing and quartz-free igneous and metamorphic rocks

Compressional wave velocities have been measured in granite, granulite, amphibolite and peridotite specimens under conditions of high temperature up to 700°C and confining pressures up to 6 kbar. In general, velocity increases with pressure and decreases with temperature.Quartz-bearing rocks show an anomalous behavior of their compressional wave velocities. The velocity—temperature relations exhibit a velocity-“deep” due to the high—low inversion of the constituent quartz crystals. The intrinsic effect of temperature on velocities is hard to determine due to thermal expansion and consequent loosening of the structure. The opening of new cracks and the widening of old cracks causes a large decrease in compressional wave velocities. The minimum pressure to prevent damage at a given temperature should, therefore, be about 1 kbar/100°C.The values obtained at these conditions are considered to be most nearly correct as intrinsic properties of the compact aggregates. Velocity anisotropies at high confining pressures and high temperatures correlate with preferred lattice orientation of the constituent minerals. The effect of dimensional orientation and microcracks on seismic anisotropy seems to be of minor importance in dry rocks. It is the more eliminated the higher the confining pressure. The data do not support the concept of a velocity maximum in depth of 10–20 km.     

南方公益性页岩气调查研究进展

2019—2021年期间,由中国地质调查局油气资源调查中心牵头组织实施的“南方页岩气地质调查工程”,以实现“新区、新层系、新类型、新认识”四新领域油气调查战略发现和突破,推动创建页岩气勘查开发新格局为目标,按照总体部署、分步实施、点上突破、面上评价原则,重点开展了南方复杂构造区页岩气地质调查与评价工作。圈定并优选了一批页岩气远景区和有利区,部署实施了二维地震、参数井和压裂试气工程,实现了长江上游新区新层系页岩气重大突破和发现,完成垭紫罗裂陷槽、皖江、川西南等重点地区页岩气资源潜力评价。这些成果大大提振了南方复杂构造区页岩气油气资源勘查的信心,推动了油气地质调查与科技创新的深度融合,形成了页岩气成藏理论新认识和调查评价新技术,发挥了公益性油气资源调查的引领和带动作用。     

基于颗粒接触状态理论的砂-粉混合料剪切波速试验

为探究细粒含量FC、相对密实度D_r、初始有效围压■对饱和砂-粉混合料剪切波速V_s的影响,对不同FC、D_r和■组合情况的混合料开展了一系列弯曲元试验。试验表明:随着FC的增加,松散-中密混合料的V_s先减小再增大,而密实混合料的V_s呈减小趋势;FC相同时混合料的V_s与固结后孔隙比e_c呈负线性关系,但不同FC的混合料的V_s与e_c没有单一的负线性关系;不同FC、D_r、■组合的砂-粉混合料的V_s与等效骨架孔隙比e_(sk)*具有很好的负线性关系。文献中三类砂-粉混合料的V_s试验数据也佐证了这一结论。这说明e_(sk)*是与砂-粉混合料V_s唯一具有负线性相关的物理状态指标。     

Compressional and shear wave velocities at high temperature and confining pressure in basalts from the Faeroe Islands

Compressional (V_P) and shear (V_S) wave velocities and the dependent elastic constants have been determined by the pulse transmission technique to 6 kb confining pressure at room temperature and to 700° C at 6 kb confining pressure for eleven basalts from the Faeroe Islands. The Faeroe basalts investigated are tholeiitic, they clearly lie within the tholeiitic area, and display a pronounced trend of iron enrichment from rocks with an M/M + F ratio of 0.5 to rocks with an M/M + F ratio of about 0.25. The mean V_P and V_S for eleven specimens are 5.57 km/sec and 3.18 km/sec, respectively. Velocity—density relations for the basalts might be more appropriately described by non-linear solutions than by linear relations commonly used for basalts. In general, V_P and V_S remain unaffected by temperature up to 300° C. At higher temperature the changes in wave velocities are influenced by metamorphic processes and are, therefore, somewhat erratic. In zeolite-bearing specimens an abrupt velocity decrease around 350°C is observed, which correlates well with a drastic compaction of bulk volume. Additional experiments on cold-pressed zeolite powder clearly indicate that the sharp velocity decrease in the basalts is related to dehydration of zeolite minerals. Partial-melting processes, which occur within vesicules and pore-spaces at distinctly higher temperatures have no additional effect on wave velocity. Comparison with field data reveals that, without exception, the velocities at 0.5 kb confining pressure display the same range that has been commonly noted in refraction data for Layer 2. There are no significant differences in wave velocities and the pressure—temperature dependence in samples recovered from the upper, middle, and lower basalt series in the Faeroe Islands.     

宁武盆地山西组过渡相页岩孔隙特征及影响因素

为了研究宁武盆地山西组过渡相页岩的孔隙特征和影响因素,对宁武盆地山西组过渡相页岩进行了系统采样,并针对性地进行了扫描电镜分析、低温氮吸附实验、TOC含量测试、有机质成熟度（R_max）测试、全岩矿物X衍射分析和孔隙度测试,探讨了页岩孔隙类型、孔隙特征及影响因素。结果表明：研究区页岩孔隙类型主要以粒间孔、晶间孔、有机质气孔、有机质原生孔、溶蚀孔及裂缝为主,大小以2~50 nm的介孔为主,孔隙形态包括开放的尖壁形孔、平行壁孔、锥型管状孔、墨水瓶孔等;页岩平均孔隙度为3.64%,平均孔径为7.78 nm,BET比表面积平均为11.70m²/g,总孔体积平均为0.022 2 cm³/g,具有较强的储集性和吸附性;页岩孔隙具有分形特征,分形维数为2.61~2.77,分形维数与微孔体积分数表现出良好的正相关性;页岩孔隙发育受TOC含量、成熟度（R_max）和矿物组成的影响。     

High grade metamorphism of sedimentary rocks during Palaeozoic rift basin formation in central Australia

Exhumation of middle and lower crustal rocks during the 450–320 Ma intraplate Alice Springs Orogeny in central Australia provides an opportunity to examine the deep burial of sedimentary successions leading to regional high-grade metamorphism. SIMS zircon U–Pb geochronology shows that high-grade metasedimentary units recording lower crustal pressures share a depositional history with unmetamorphosed sedimentary successions in surrounding sedimentary basins. These surrounding basins constitute parts of a large and formerly contiguous intraplate basin that covered much of Neoproterozoic to early Palaeozoic Australia. Within the highly metamorphosed Harts Range Group, metamorphic zircon growth at 480–460 Ma records mid-to-lower crustal (~ 0.9–1.0 GPa) metamorphism. Similarities in detrital zircon age spectra between the Harts Range Group and Late Neoproterozoic–Cambrian sequences in the surrounding Amadeus and Georgina basins imply that the Harts Range Group is a highly metamorphosed equivalent of the same successions. Maximum depositional ages for parts of the Harts Range Group are as low as ~ 520–500 Ma indicating that burial to depths approaching 30 km occurred ~ 20–40 Ma after deposition. Palaeogeographic reconstructions based on well-preserved sedimentary records indicate that throughout the Cambro–Ordovician central Australia was covered by a shallow, gently subsiding epicratonic marine basin, and provide a context for the deep burial of the Harts Range Group. Sedimentation and burial coincided with voluminous mafic magmatism that is absent from the surrounding unmetamorphosed basinal successions, suggesting that the Harts Range Group accumulated in a localised sub-basin associated with sufficient lithospheric extension to generate mantle partial melting. The presently preserved axial extent of this sub-basin is > 200 km. Its width has been modified by subsequent shortening associated with the Alice Springs Orogeny, but must have been > 80 km. Seismic reflection data suggest that the Harts Range Group is preserved within an inverted crustal-scale half graben structure, lending further support to the notion that it accumulated in a discrete sub-basin. Based on palaeogeographic constraints we suggest that burial of the Harts Range Group to lower crustal depths occurred primarily via sediment loading in an exceptionally deep Late Cambrian to Early Ordovician intraplate rift basin. High-temperature Ordovician deformation within the Harts Range Group formed a regional low angle foliation associated with ongoing mafic magmatism that was coeval with deepening of the overlying marine basin, suggesting that metamorphism of the Harts Range Group was associated with ongoing extension. The resulting lower crustal metamorphic terrain is therefore interpreted to represent high-temperature deformation in the lower levels of a deep sedimentary basin during continued basin development. If this model is correct, it indicates that regional-scale moderate- to high-pressure metamorphism of supracrustal rocks need not necessarily reflect compressional thickening of the crust, an assumption commonly made in studies of many metamorphic terrains that lack a palaeogeographic context.     

藏北羌塘盆地晚侏罗世海相油页岩生物标志物特征、沉积环境分析及意义

胜利河油页岩位于青藏高原腹地的羌塘盆地,具单层厚度薄、区域延伸长的特点,为羌塘盆地新发现的又一处海相油页岩.采用GC-MS(IRMS)分析方法对该油页岩进行了研究,结果表明,胜利河油页岩(11层以及13层)含有丰富的正烷烃、类异戊二烯烃、萜类化合物和甾类化合物.正构烷烃呈前高后低的单峰型分布,nC15、nC16为主峰碳,轻烃组分占有绝对优势,OEP值0.96～0.97,接近平衡值1.00,Pr/Ph为0.57～0.75,显示弱的植烷优势;萜烷丰度顺序为五环三萜烷》三环萜烷》四环萜烷;规则甾烷呈不对称的"V"字型分布,表现为C27》C29》C28的分布特征.这些特征与剖面中其他岩性的生物标志物特征存在一定的差异,9层泥晶灰岩C21-/C21 值为0.86,轻烃优势并不明显;14层泥灰岩C21-/C21 值为0.41,具有明显的重碳优势;9层泥晶灰岩以及12层泥灰岩规则甾烷呈C29》C27》C28的特征也与油页岩层存在显著的差异.这些差异不仅反映了油页岩层与其他岩性间生物母源输入的差异,也反映了他们之间沉积环境的不同.胜利河地区油页岩的形成是综合因素控制的结果,古地理变化、海平面升降、生物群差异以及气候的变化均对该区油页岩的形成有一定的影响.     

Shear wave velocities and primary influencing factors of Campi Flegrei–Neapolitan deposits

The Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy) has been the site of intense seismic activity over the past decades. This area is densely populated and includes important towns such as Napoli with historical sites and supporting many industries. For the proper use and management of the region, the evaluation of the dynamic properties of near-surface rocks is necessary.

The volcanological pattern has been reconstructed from the lithostratigraphies of several drillings. The most interesting and widespread pyroclastic products are the pozzolana deposit (soil) and the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff (rock). Both pozzolana and tuff products are covered by recent eluvial and coastal sandy deposits and younger volcanic products (<12 000 years). The characteristic ranges of the shear wave velocity (V_s) of the Campi Flegrei–Neapolitan soils and tuffs are defined and the primary influencing factors are evaluated. For the sandy deposits, the results show that eluvial and lacustral products have lower shear wave velocities than coastal products. For the volcanic products younger than 12 000 years b.p. the influence of vertical pressure is emphasized. As regards the pozzolana deposit (soil) and the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff (rock), a major influencing factor is shown by the textural characteristics and the different hardening degrees as a consequence of the diagenetic processes. The scattering of the V_s velocities for the same formation is so wide that only the variability ranges can be individuated. These results suggest a need to carry out detailed V_s measurements or, at least, to make a parametric study of the effect of the V_s ranges on seismic response analysis in order to give safe building codes.     

Seismic velocities in sedimentary rocks — indicators of subsidence and uplift?

Seismic velocities from the environment of a saltdome on the Pompeckj-Swell were analysed in order to estimate the rates of subsidence and uplift. It is shown using geological data that no true movements of the demanded amount can be proved in the study area. The apparent uplifts estimated from velocity analysis can be interpreted as a result of the ice load during the Pleistocene together with compression caused by the salt.

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Zusammenfassung Für die Umgebung eines Salzstocks auf der Pompeckjschen Scholle werden mit Hilfe der seismischen Geschwindigkeiten die Beträge der scheinbaren Hebungen und Absenkungen ermittelt. Die Untersuchung der Sedimentationsverhältnisse im gleichen Gebiet ergibt jedoch keinen Hinweis auf tatsächliche Bewegungen in der geforderten Größenordnung. Die scheinbaren Hebungen lassen sich vielmehr als Folge der Druckbeanspruchung durch das Salz und den Einfluß des pleistozänen Inlandeises deuten.

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Résumé Les vitesses sismiques ont été analysées dans les environs d'un diapir situé sur le seuil de Pompeckj pour estimer l'ampleur des soulèvements et des affaissements apparents. L'étude des rapports sédimentaires ne montre aucun signe de mouvements réels dans la région étudiée. Les soulèvements apparents s'expliquent beaucoup mieux comme le résultat commun d'une déformation due à la calotte glaciaire du Pleistocène et à la compression par le sel.

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晚三叠世龙门山前陆盆地须家河组泥页岩沉积环境及有机质富集模式

晚三叠世龙门山前陆盆地形成早期的沉积环境长期存在争议。本文通过对须家河组中泥页岩的元素地球化学分析,并结合古生物、矿物组成和沉积特征对须家河组的沉积环境进行分析,探讨有机质富集模式。研究表明,龙门山前陆盆地须家河组沉积时期属于温暖潮湿的热带—亚热带气候。其中,须一段为海相沉积,泥页岩主要形成于还原环境,可见少量黄铁矿,有机质富集受氧化还原条件控制。须二段—须五段的地球化学特征、古生物特征和泥页岩有机质特征上具有相似性,与须一段的海相沉积有明显差别,在与里海进行分析对比后认为,从须二段开始,须家河组逐渐转为陆相沉积。研究表明,须二段—须五段为半咸水—淡水沉积,泥页岩中黄铁矿消失,菱铁矿出现,结合V/Cr、U/Th和dU等地化指标反映,泥页岩应沉积于弱氧化的水体。须二段—须五段泥页岩TOC含量与古生产力和沉积速率相关性好,有机质富集受古生产力和沉积速率共同控制。前陆盆地持续沉降的构造背景下形成的泥页岩具有较快的沉积速率,使得有机质在弱氧化条件下也能得到较好的保存,在沉积速率大于10 cm/kyr,古生产力充足的条件下,有机质富集和保存不再受氧化还原条件控制。     

Experimental study on the influence of hydro-chemical erosion on morphology parameters and shear properties of limestone fractures

Acta Geotechnica - Hydro-chemical erosion has a great effect on the micro-structure morphology and macroscopic mechanical properties of the rock mass. In this paper, direct shear test system was...     

Compressional and shear wave velocities of igneous rocks and volcanic glasses to 900° C and 20 kbar

Simultaneous measurements of compressional and shear wave velocities, V_p and V_s, in acidic and basic igneous rocks and volcanic glasses, were made up to 900°C and at 10–20 kbar.The effects of pressure and temperature on V_p and V_s in glasses and glassy rocks change at about 600°C, presumably the glass transition temperature. These effects are directly related to the silica content in the samples. and for obsidian are negative at room temperature and 245°C, but are positive at 655°C. The velocity—pressure relations for obsidian display an obvious hysteresis phenomena. for basalt glass is slightly negative, but is positive for usual substances at room temperature, and for obsidian and glassy andesite are positive up to about 600°C but are negative above that temperature. However, for basalt glass as well as other crystalline rocks, and are negative at all temperatures. Glass once heated above the glass transition temperature T_g under pressure P₁ retains the memory of pressure P₁ after it is cooled down below T_g and while subjected to another pressure P₂. An abrupt shift of the velocities correlating to pressure P₂ occurs when the glass is again heated to T_g. V_p−T and V_s−T relations for obsidian, glassy andesite, and basalt glass clearly exhibit this pressure memory.