Numerical storm surge model with higher order finite difference method of lines for the coast of Bangladesh

In this study, the method of lines (MOLs) with higher order central difference approximation method coupled with the classical fourth order Runge-Kutta (RK(4,4)) method is used in solving shallow water equations (SWEs) in Cartesian coordinates to foresee water levels associated with a storm accurately along the coast of Bangladesh. In doing so, the partial derivatives of the SWEs with respect to the space variables were discretized with 5-point central difference, as a test case, to obtain a system of ordinary differential equations with time as an independent variable for every spatial grid point, which with initial conditions were solved by the RK(4,4) method. The complex land-sea interface and bottom topographic details were incorporated closely using nested schemes. The coastal and island boundaries were rectangularized through proper stair step representation, and the storing positions of the scalar and momentum variables were specified according to the rules of structured C-grid. A stable tidal regime was made over the model domain considering the effect of the major tidal constituent, M₂ along the southern open boundary of the outermost parent scheme. The Meghna River fresh water discharge was taken into account for the inner most child scheme. To take into account the dynamic interaction of tide and surge, the generated tidal regime was introduced as the initial state of the sea, and the surge was then made to come over it through computer simulation. Numerical experiments were performed with the cyclone April 1991 to simulate water levels due to tide, surge, and their interaction at different stations along the coast of Bangladesh. Our computed results were found to compare reasonable well with the limited observed data obtained from Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Authority (BIWTA) and were found to be better in comparison with the results obtained through the regular finite difference method and the 3-point central difference MOLs coupled with the RK(4,4) method with regard to the root mean square error values.     

Implementation of method of lines to predict water levels due to a storm along the coastal region of Bangladesh

In this study, the method of lines (MOL) has been applied to solve two-dimensional vertically integrated shallow water equations in Cartesian coordinates for the prediction of water levels due to a storm surge along the coast of Bangladesh. In doing so, the partial derivatives with respect to the space variables were discretized by the finite difference (central) method to obtain a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with time as independent variable. The classical fourth-order Runge–Kutta method was used to solve the obtained system of the ODEs. We used a nested finite difference scheme, where a high resolution fine grid model (FGM) capable of incorporating all major islands along the coastal region of Bangladesh was nested into a coarse grid model (CGM) covering up to 15°N latitude of the Bay of Bengal. The boundaries of the coast and islands were approximated through proper stair step. Appropriate tidal condition over the model domain was generated by forcing the sea level to be oscillatory with the constituent M ₂ along the southern open boundary of the CGM omitting wind stress. Along the northeast corner of the FGM, the Meghna River discharge was taken into account. The developed model was applied to estimate water levels along the coast of Bangladesh due to the interaction of tide and surge associated with the April 1991 storm. We also computed our results employing the standard finite difference method (FDM). Simulated results show the MOL performs well in comparison with the FDM with regard to CPU time and stability, and ensures conformity with observations.     

陆海统筹视角下国土空间开发适宜性集成评价研究——以浙江嘉兴市为例

在新一轮国土空间规划改革和区域高质量发展战略背景下，全域全要素互动互联的“陆海统筹”理念为沿海地区国土空间开发适宜性评价提供了新思路。本文基于陆、海系统“三类空间”（农业/渔业、城镇/港口、生态）功能和多要素集成评价思维，构建了陆海统筹视角下沿海地区国土空间开发适宜性评价的指标体系，在此基础上，提出“‘三类空间’功能评价—冲突识别—统筹修正”的三步走集成评价方法。嘉兴实证案例结果表明，该集成评价方法可以科学、准确地识别沿海地区陆海空间开发和保护的矛盾区。并通过冲突区域评价结果统筹，确定未来适宜进行建设、生产以及生态保护的陆海空间总规模，实现陆海统筹理念下沿海地区空间开发适宜性评价“一张图”，进而提升沿海地区空间管制的科学性和有序化。     

陆海统筹背景下胶州湾陆海系统耦合协调发展评价研究

海岸带是陆海协调发展的核心区域,进行陆海系统耦合协调发展评价对推动陆海统筹战略的实施至关重要。本文通过构建陆海耦合协调发展评价指标体系,对胶州湾地区陆海耦合协调发展程度进行定量评价,结果表明：2007-2021年,胶州湾地区陆海两系统综合得分均呈上升趋势,至2015年,海域系统综合得分赶超陆域系统成为陆海耦合协调发展的主要力量;区域陆海耦合协调发展等级从“勉强协调发展类”过渡到“良好协调发展类”,由“陆域主导型”过渡到“海域主导型”;统筹陆海资源环境承载力和发展潜力有助于陆海复合系统耦合协调发展能力的提升。同时,运用系统动力学建立陆海复合系统仿真模型,模拟陆海统筹背景下胶州湾陆海系统中各变量的发展态势。以上研究结果可为海岸带地区探索陆海统筹背景下可持续发展新途径提供参考与借鉴。     

An Efficient Tide-Surge Interaction Model for the Coast of Bangladesh

The numerical method of lines(MOLs) in coordination with the classical fourth-order Runge-Kutta(RK(4, 4))method is used to solve shallow water equations(SWEs) for foreseeing water levels owing to the nonlinear interaction of tide and surge accompanying with a storm along the coast of Bangladesh. The SWEs are developed by extending the body forces with tide generating forces(TGFs). Spatial variables of the SWEs along with the boundary conditions are approximated by means of finite difference technique on an Arakawa C-grid to attain a system of ordinary differential equations(ODEs) of initial valued in time, which are being solved with the aid of the RK(4, 4)method. Nested grid technique is adopted to solve coastal complexities closely with least computational cost. A stable tidal solution in the region of our choice is produced by applying the tidal forcing with the major tidal constituent M2(lunar semi-diurnal) along the southern open-sea boundary of the outer scheme. Numerical experimentations are carried out to simulate water levels generated by the cyclonic storm AILA along the coast of Bangladesh. The model simulated results are found to be in a reasonable agreement with the limited available reported data and observations.     

2016年秋季热带西太平洋网采浮游植物群落结构

作者于2016年9月27日～10月25日对热带西太平洋(0°～20°N, 120°～130°E)10个站位的网采浮游植物群落结构进行了采样调查。应用Uterm?hl方法对调查海域浮游植物的物种组成、细胞丰度、优势物种以及群落多样性等相关生态特征进行了分析。希望为热带西太平洋提供一些基础的背景资料,为以后的研究奠定基础。结果表明, 鉴定出浮游植物共计4门、66属、243种(包括变种、变型), 含硅藻门(Bacillariophyta)34属、103种, 甲藻门(Pyrrophyta)28属、133种, 金藻门(Chrysophyta)2属、4种,蓝藻门(Cyanophyta)2属、3种。浮游植物细胞丰度1 965.573×10³ 细胞/m³ , 其中蓝藻的细胞丰度为1 945.169×10³ 细胞/m³ , 决定了浮游植物的分布格局, 占总细胞丰度的98.96%, 高值区分布在0°N130°E-10°N130°E的4个站位(E130-13、E130-15、E130-17、E130-19); 硅藻丰度在20°N断面N20-4站位存在高值区; 甲藻丰度在130°E断面的3个站位(E130-10、E130-13、E130-15)存在高值区。本次调查的优势种依次为铁氏束毛藻(Trichodesmium thiebaultii)、扁形原甲藻(Prorocentrum compressum)、扁豆原甲藻(Prorocentrum leniculatum)、胞内植生藻(Richelia intracellularis)、菱形海线藻(Thalassionema nitzschioides)、细弱海链藻(Thalassiosira subtilis)、具边线形圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus marginato-lineatus)、科氏角藻(Ceratium kofoidii)、鲁比膝沟藻(Gonyaulax lurbynaii)、中华半管藻(Hemiaulus sinensis)、霍氏半管藻(Hemiaulus hauckii)、小等刺硅鞭藻(Dictyocha fibula)。Shannon-Weiner多样性指数的均值为2.440,Pielou 均匀度指数的均值为0.163。相关分析结果显示浮游植物空间分布主要受PO₄-P、NH₄-N的影响,且由蓝藻的相关性决定的。聚类分析得出群落结构分为大洋群聚和近岸群聚两种类型(其中大洋群聚的站位又划分为0°～10°N纬度范围聚集和10°～20°N纬度范围聚集)。     

胶州湾潮汐潮流动边界数值模拟

基于普林斯顿海洋模式,通过干湿网格判别法引入潮汐潮流的漫滩过程,考虑M₂,S₂,K₁,O₁,M₄和MS₄六个主要分潮,建立了胶州湾潮汐潮流数值模拟和预报模型,研究了该海域潮汐潮流特征,并讨论了漫滩对潮流模拟的影响。与实测资料的对比验证表明,该模式能够对胶州湾的潮汐和潮流做出较为合理的预测。给出了胶州湾潮汐、潮流、余流等分布特征,模拟的潮流场以及余流场涡旋等现象与观测符合良好;计算了潮波能通量,从能量角度探讨了潮波的传播特性;对潮位与潮流场演变规律,以及潮能通量的分析表明,胶州湾内的潮波以驻波为主。通过数值试验发现,漫滩过程的引入对胶州湾潮流速度的模拟至关重要,不考虑漫滩过程的模式会夸大或者低估潮流流速。对于滩涂面积广阔的海域来说,潮流数值模式中考虑漫滩的影响是必要的。     

环渤海沿岸海表温度资料的均一性检验与订正

本文对环渤海沿岸具有代表性且资料完整的6个海洋观测站的月均海表温度(SST)序列作均一性检验和订正。我国海洋观测站密集度低,难以选择参考序列,本文首先采用不依赖参考序列的惩罚最大F检验(PMFT)方法对SST序列检验,利用详尽的元数据对检验结果进行确认,再对不连续点订正,该方法适用于元数据详尽的海洋观测站。对于元数据不详尽的观测站,使用惩罚最大T检验(PMT)方法,选取与海洋台站距离近且相关显著的气象观测站的均一化地面气温序列来制作参考序列,对SST序列进行检验和订正。结果表明,环渤海地区SST序列都存在一定非均一性,观测站较大距离迁移和观测系统变更(从人工观测到自动化观测)是造成非均一性的重要原因。订正后的环渤海地区年平均SST增温趋势更加明显。本文使用不同方法来检验SST序列的均一性,该思路对沿海其他海区观测站SST均一性检验和订正有一定参考价值和应用前景,可为沿海气候变化研究提供科学准确的第一手资料。     

Computer Simulation of Coastal Acoustic Tomography by a Two-Dimensional Vortex Model

Computer simulation of coastal acoustic tomography with four, five, seven and nine stations was applied to two-dimensional vortex fields of horizontal domain 5 km × 5 km. Travel time data obtained in reciprocal directions between all pairs of acoustic stations were analyzed to reconstruct the vortex fields by the stochastic inverse method, reduced to the damped least squares method. The weighting factor appearing in the inverse analysis was determined by applying the L-curve method, in which a point making both the size of estimated error ‖y - Ex‖ and solution ‖x‖ as small as possible in a balance is specified as an optimum. The performance of this method was examined using two-dimensional vortex models which have different wavenumber spectra and adding the random error of different levels to the travel time difference data y. This study suggests that in the selection of the optimal weighting factor the horizontal section of the simulated tidal vortex fields can be well reconstructed by the coastal acoustic tomography system composed of five to seven acoustic stations located in the periphery of the vortex fields. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

海岸带韧性:陆海统筹生态管理的核心机制

为满足新时代自然资源综合研究和管理的迫切需求,深入落实陆海统筹的战略部署,文章分析陆海统筹生态管理及其核心机制,即海岸带韧性。研究结果表明:陆海统筹生态管理的有效开展将对协调我国海岸带社会经济高质量发展和生态系统适应性管理,解决海岸带土地利用和海域使用的空间统筹、淡水和咸水的环境质量统筹以及洄游动物的生境修复统筹等基本问题发挥至关重要的作用;韧性聚焦复杂非线性系统的状态转换和突变过程,可研究耦合系统的多要素测度,有助于识别和分析海岸带面临的复杂压力和潜在风险,其本质是陆海统筹生态管理的核心机制;通过海岸带土地-水-生物多样性的联结,构建海岸带韧性研究新框架,以实现海岸带韧性的多维时空测度以及社会-生态耦合系统的转型模式应用,可服务于海岸带系统评价、空间规划和综合管理,支撑科学决策。     

A finite-element,multi-scale model of the Scheldt tributaries,river, estuary and ROFI

We report on the development and validation of a coupled two- and one-dimensional finite-element model for the Scheldt tributaries, river, estuary and region of fresh water influence (ROFI). The hydrodynamic equations are solved on a single, unstructured, multi-scale mesh stretching from the shelf break to the Scheldt tributaries. The tide is forced on the shelf break and propagates upstream in the riverine network. Upstream boundaries lie on sluices or outside of the region of tidal dominance where daily averaged discharges are imposed. Two-dimensional, depth-averaged shallow water equations are solved by means of the discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method over the marine and estuarine parts of the computational domain. In the rivers, however, one-dimensional equations are dealt with using the DG method with the addition of a technique to cope with confluence points. Model parameters are carefully calibrated, leading to the simulation of wind- and tide-forced flows that are in excellent agreement with available data. The diffusivity in the transport equation is calibrated using time series of salinity at various locations in the estuary. Finally, the Lagrangian residual transport in the estuary and the adjacent coastal zone is investigated. This work is a major step towards an integrated model for studying the dynamics of waterborne contaminants and the water renewal timescales in the Scheldt land-sea continuum.     

基于FVCOM 的渤海潮波数值模拟

基于有限体积法海洋数值模型(FVCOM),对渤海当前水深岸线状况下的潮汐潮流进行了数值计算。模式采用不规则三角形网格,较好地提高了黄河口处网格分辨率,模拟了渤海海域K1,O1,M2和S2四个主要分潮。利用渤海沿岸19个验潮站的资料对模拟结果进行了验证,K1分潮振幅绝均差2.39 cm,迟角绝均差4.36°,O1分潮振幅绝均差1.40 cm,迟角绝均差4.29°,M2分潮振幅绝均差为3.55 cm,迟角绝均差为5.69°,S2分潮振幅绝均差1.72 cm,迟角绝均差8.86°,结果显示各分潮模拟结果合理,较真实地反映了渤海海域四个分潮传播情况。     

东海温度锋的分布特征及其季节变异

根据１９３４－１９８８年东海水文观测资料，重点分析东海温度锋的分布特征及其季节变异，并结合近期中日黑潮合作调查研究成果，初步探讨温度锋季节变异和水团演变的关系，所得主要结论是：（１）东海不仅常年存在浙闽沿岸锋，东海北部陆架锋和黑潮锋，而且、春、夏两季，在东海南部还出现一条东海中部出架锋。（２）江海温度锋季节变化的特点是：冬季，锋的宽度和强度皆是表层最强，夏季，表层温度锋仅出现在浙江近岸小范围海域。     

利用TOPEX/Poseidon卫星高度计资料提取黄海、东海潮汐信息的研究

为了更好地利用卫星测高数据分析黄海和东海的潮汐特性 ,对 1 993— 1 999年期间的TOPEX/Poseidon测高数据进行了质量控制和共线平差处理。在此基础上 ,在黄海、东海选取了 1 738个测高点 ,用最小二乘拟合法计算出 1 2个分潮的调和常数。计算得出的M2 和m1分潮的调和常数 ,在交叉点评估的内符精度振幅分别为 2 4cm和 0 8cm ,迟角分别为 2 3°和2 5°。测高点与附近验潮站的这两个分潮结果相比 ,振幅的均方根误差小于 4cm ,而迟角相差较大。这可能与验潮站的地理环境因素有关。用卫星测高数据算得的调和常数绘制的主要分潮特性图与现有常规观测得到的相应图进行了比较 ,在外海深水区两者符合较好 ;近岸由于卫星测高误差较大 ,所以两者符合差。     

Simulation of Storm Surges in the Bay of Bengal Using One-Way Coupling Between NMM-WRF and IITD Storm Surge Model

The storm surge associated with severe tropical cyclones (TCs) in the Bay of Bengal (BoB) is a serious concern along the coastal regions of India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka. It is one of the most hazardous elements associated with landfalling TCs other than strong winds and heavy precipitation and about 75% of the casualities in this region are attributed to storm surges. Therefore, it is highly essential to predict the storm surges with greater accuracy at least 2 days in advance for effective evacuation. In the present study, an attempt is made to simulate the storm surges associated with severe TCs in the BoB using one-way coupling of the Non-hydrostatic Mesoscale Model core of Weather Research and Forecasting (NMM-WRF) system with the two-dimensional finite-difference storm surge model developed at the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IITD). The NMM-WRF model simulated track, pressure drop, and radius of maximum wind are used to calculate the wind-stress through Jelesnianski wind formulation. The results are compared with the observed/estimated values as provided by the operational/meteorological agencies of India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar. This study suggests that using simulated surface meteorological fields of a high-resolution mesoscale model, the storm surge can be predicted at least 2 days in advance of the actual landfall of TCs with reasonable accuracy. This approach will be helpful in providing disastrous storm warning well in advance in a coastal region, which will help with rapid evacuation from the vulnerable coastal region, relocation as well as protection of valuables, disaster mitigation, and coastal zone management.     

Assessment of a NEMO-based downscaling experiment for the North-Western Mediterranean region: Impacts on the Northern Current and comparison with ADCP data and altimetry products

The aim of this paper is to assess the impact of numerical resolution on the simulation of the circulation in the North-Western Mediterranean Sea by comparing two realistic model configurations of 1/64° and 1/16°, the low resolution configuration (LRC) being also used at the high resolution configuration (HRC) open boundaries. The study mainly focuses on the Northern Current (NC), the major feature of the regional circulation in the area, influencing important processes such as meanders giving birth to eddies and NC intrusions on the shelf, strongly conditioning the interactions between coastal and off-shore waters. Both configurations use the NEMO code with the LRC covering the entire Mediterranean basin and the HRC being restricted to the North-Western Mediterranean Sea. The two numerical configurations are assessed by using hull-mounted ADCP data and geostrophic velocities derived from AVISO altimetry at key locations along the NC path. The two configurations develop a different solution regarding the current dynamics but both indicate an important variability of the NC position along its general path. The LRC simulations systematically exhibit a NC shifted too far off the coast and also spuriously displaced seaward along the Gulf of Lions shelf edge while high resolution simulations better fit the remote and in situ observations. In addition, the HRC is able to simulate more realistic coastal features such as a confined coastal jet in good agreement with the ADCP measurements. As satisfactory agreement is reached with the various observations used at different space and time scales, the development of this NEMO high resolution configuration stands as a promising experiment for various process studies or operational oriented applications.     

Dissolved and labile particulate Zr,Hf, Nb,Ta, Mo and W in the western North Pacific Ocean

Dissolved and labile particulate Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, Mo and W were determined at stations K1 (51°N, 165°E), K2 (47°N, 160°E), KNOT (44°N, 155°E) and 35N (35°N, 160°E) in the western North Pacific Ocean. A portion of seawater for dissolved species (D) was passed through a 0.2 μm Nuclepore filter and acidified to pH 2.2 with HCl and HF. A portion of seawater for acid-dissolvable species (AD) was acidified without filtration. Labile particulate (LP) species is defined as AD minus D, which represents a chemically labile fraction of particulate species. D-Zr, Hf and Ta increase with depth, Nb shows a slight depletion in surface water, whereas Mo and W have a conservative vertical profile. The concentration range of D-Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta and W is 31–275, 0.14–0.95, 4.0–7.2, 0.08–0.29 and 40–51 pmol kg⁻¹, respectively, whereas that of Mo is 97–105 nmol kg⁻¹. LP-species of Zr, Hf and Ta account for 10–14% of AD in average and increase up to 25% below 4000 m, whereas those for Mo and W are negligible. In contrast, LP-Nb shows maxima (up to 27%) in surface water. We also found that D-Zr/Hf, Nb/Ta and Mo/W mole ratios generally increase in the order continental crust < river water < coastal sea < open ocean.     

Phase-decoupled refraction–diffraction for spectral wave models

Conventional spectral wave models, which are used to determine wave conditions in coastal regions, can account for all relevant processes of generation, dissipation and propagation, except diffraction. To accommodate diffraction in such models, a phase-decoupled refraction–diffraction approximation is suggested. It is expressed in terms of the directional turning rate of the individual wave components in the two-dimensional wave spectrum. The approximation is based on the mild-slope equation for refraction–diffraction, omitting phase information. It does therefore not permit coherent wave fields in the computational domain (harbours with standing-wave patterns are excluded). The third-generation wave model SWAN (Simulating WAves Nearshore) was used for the numerical implementation based on a straightforward finite-difference scheme. Computational results in extreme diffraction-prone cases agree reasonably well with observations, analytical solutions and solutions of conventional refraction–diffraction models. It is shown that the agreement would improve further if singularities in the wave field (e.g., at the tips of breakwaters) could be properly accounted for. The implementation of this phase-decoupled refraction–diffraction approximation in SWAN shows that diffraction of random, short-crested waves, based on the mild-slope equation can be combined with the processes of refraction, shoaling, generation, dissipation and wave–wave interactions in spectral wave models.     

An analysis of mixing in the frontal zone of South and North Atlantic Central Water off North-West Africa

Multi-parameter mixing analysis is applied to 26 stations of Auftrieb 75, a joint expedition of R.R.S. Discovery and FS Meteor. North Atlantic Central Water (NACW) and South Atlantic Central Water (SACW) are represented by two water types each, and phosphate, silicate and nitrate are all used as an additional parameter with temperature and salinity, yielding three sets of independent solutions. Solutions from different parameters show similar vertical distributions but can differ considerably in absolute terms. This is believed to be caused by insufficient knowledge of nutrient values of pure NACW and SACW and by low range/precision ratios of nutrient determination.It is shown that isopycnal mixing analysis correctly describes the water mass distribution to lowest order, i.e. there is agreement between results from isopycnal and multi-parameter analysis at most stations within the error bounds which are inherent in the method and which are presently very high. Significant non-isopycnal mixing could be confirmed for only one station, situated on the continental slope in the area of the undercurrent of the Canary Current upwelling regime, and may be caused by active upwelling, increased lateral and vertical shear in the under-current, or internal waves interacting with the bottom. Five stations do not yield oceanographically acceptable solutions, and an attempt is made to include a coastal water mass in the analysis in order to improve the result for these stations, i.e. three-parameter analysis for NACW and SACW is replaced by four-parameter analysis for NACW, SACW and coastal water by combining temperature and salinity with phosphate and silicate or with nitrate and silicate simultaneously (the combination phosphate and nitrate is degenerate because both nutrients are linearly correlated). This indeed improves the results, indicating the presence of coastal water at those stations, but accumulation of errors inhibits quantitative conclusions.