冈底斯东段驱龙-甲玛矿集区新近纪花岗岩类岩石成因及其成矿学意义

冈底斯构造岩浆带中-新生代以来经历了复杂的构造岩浆活动,藏南分布的后碰撞超钾质岩浆作用以及埃达克,对于了解青藏高原的抬升时限以及东西向拉张具重大意义。冈底斯东段目前已发现众多斑岩-夕卡岩矿床(矿点),其中驱龙-甲玛矿集区是西藏重要的铜钼铅锌矿集区之一,矿集区与成矿有关的主要为新近纪的花岗岩     

秦岭早中生代壳幔岩浆混合作用——来自东江口花岗岩体闪长质包体的地球化学证据

      东江口花岗岩及闪长质包体分别获得了218 Ma 和224 Ma 的形成年龄,闪长质包体中存在岩浆不平衡结构并发育与寄 主花岗岩相同的钾长石斑晶及淬冷形成的针状磷灰石,揭示了花岗岩形成过程中曾发生二元岩浆混合作用。这种混合作用 已造成寄主花岗岩和闪长质包体化学组成的趋同,同时使得它们的Sr-Nd-Pb 同位素组成发生强烈均一化。但暗色闪长质包 体锆石具有较宽的εHf（t ）值（-4.58~3.31）,保留了二端元岩浆源区的特征。秦岭早中生代同期闪长质包体锆石εHf（t ）＞ 10 及寄主花岗岩锆石εHf（t ）＜ -10 的差异表明,它们分别来自相对亏损地幔源区和中元古代滞留于地壳的幔源基性物质, 而两个源区的岩浆,自224 Ma 以来发生强烈混合作用,形成大规模的壳幔混合花岗岩体。     

郭家岭岩体壳幔岩浆混合作用与侵位机制的动力学研究

暗色包体、岩石地球化学及Nd.Sr同位素的研究一致表明,胶东金矿区的郭家岭岩体是由壳幔岩浆混合形成的,混合比大体为3:2.该岩体岩性均一,缺少长英质端元和过渡性岩石类型正是壳幔岩浆混合程度高的表现。以胶东群地层150MPa.850℃条件下的部分熔融产物(熔体分数约35%)作为长英质端元,最偏基性的闪长质包体作镁铁质端元,按3:2的混合比较好地模拟了该岩体的成分,同时也满足了分层岩浆房发生整体对流的动力学条件。根据暗色包体计算了岩体的侵位速度,结果表明该岩体很可能是沿着现在的艾山岩体所占据的断裂通道侵位的。岩体呈EW向带状产出反映了基底构造——栖霞复背斜对该岩体形成的控制作用。     

西藏甲玛斑岩-矽卡岩型铜多金属矿床原位Pb同位素组成研究

西藏甲玛斑岩-矽卡岩型铜多金属矿床的成矿期次可划分为成矿前斯和矽卡岩成矿期(铜钼阶段、铜铋阶段、铁铜阶段和铜铅锌阶段)。应用飞秒激光剥蚀多接收等离子体质谱(fsLA-MC-ICP-MS)对甲玛矿床主要矿石中的硫化物和斑岩中的长石斑晶进行原位微区Pb同位素组成分析,测定结果与前人运用化学溶样法获得的Pb同位素组成基本一致,表明原位Pb同位素分析技术具有很高的可靠性,不同成矿阶段的硫化物的Pb同位素组成总体一致表明成矿物质来自同一岩浆源区。斜长石和钾长石的Pb同位素组成对比研究显示,花岗斑岩与甲玛矿床的形成有直接成因联系,而花岗闪长斑岩很可能与成矿作用无关。通过对甲玛成矿物质来源的研究表明,有较多幔源物质加入的新生加厚下地壳部分熔融形成的岩浆为甲玛超大型矿床的形成提供了充足的Cu、Au等成矿物质。     

西藏甲玛铜多金属矿床暗色包体岩石成因:对岩浆混合和成矿的启示

岩浆混合作用的研究对揭示壳幔相互作用,探讨成岩成矿过程具有重要意义。甲玛矿区位于冈底斯成矿带东段,为超大型斑岩-矽卡岩型铜多金属矿床,矿区内的中酸性岩浆岩中普遍发育暗色包体,对其中的暗色包体中的闪长质包体开展详细的岩相学、岩石地球化学、Hf同位素地球化学及U-Pb同位素地质年代学等方面研究以期查明岩石成因,为岩浆混合作用和成矿作出启示,完善甲玛成岩成矿模型。岩相学观察表明,闪长质包体及寄主岩浆岩中存在多种反映岩浆混合作用的典型组构,如长石-石英熔蚀结构、石英镶边结构、长石交代筛状结构、长石反环带结构、磷灰石针柱状结构等,锆石LA-ICP-MS UPb同位素定年结果显示,包体形成时代(15. 3±0. 3Ma)与中酸性寄主岩石在误差范围内一致,也符合了岩浆混合作用的存在。闪长质包体化学成分上类似高Mg埃达克岩(MgO=3. 53%～6. 62%,Sr/Y=20～57,(La/Yb)N=51～64),具有低SiO_2(52. 44%～59. 45%),高K_2O(3. 19%～5. 62%),高相容元素(Ni=86×10~(-6)～146×10~(-6); Cr=102×10~(-6)～228×10~(-6))的特征,∑REE高于中酸性寄主岩浆岩,且轻重稀土分异明显((LREE/HREE)N=21～23),富集LILE(Rb=189×10~(-6)～284×10~(-6),Sr=498×10~(-6)～658×10~(-6),Ba=1247×10~(-6)～1378×10~(-6)),相对亏损HFSE(Nb、Ta、Ti),在稀土元素配分图及微量元素蛛网图中闪长质包体介于冈底斯带碰撞后时期的超钾镁铁质岩(来源于富集的岩石圈地幔)与甲玛中酸性寄主岩浆岩(主要来源于加厚新生下地壳)之间,Hf同位素(ε_(Hf)(t)=-0. 9～4. 6)同样也介于超钾镁铁质岩与花岗闪长斑岩(代表中酸性寄主岩浆)之间。这些特征说明闪长质包体是富集的岩石圈地幔部分熔融形成的镁铁质岩浆与加厚新生下地壳部分熔融形成的中酸性岩浆发生混合的产物,同时指示了东冈底斯带中新世时期也存在岩石圈地幔伸展对流减薄事件,以及证实了南拉萨地体广泛分布的高钾埃达克质岩在形成过程中,伴随着与富集岩石圈地幔来源的超钾镁铁质岩浆发生不同程度混合。此外,富集的岩石圈地幔部分熔融形成的镁铁质岩浆的混入,将会为中酸性岩浆系统加入大量的水和金属物质,这也是控制甲玛超大型斑岩-矽卡岩型矿床形成的关键因素。     

攀西小关河地区核桃树富铂岩浆硫化物矿床岩石地球化学特征及成矿机制研究

核桃树富铂岩浆硫化物矿床位于四川会理县小关河地区,是峨眉山大火成岩省中含较高铂族元素含量的岩浆硫化物矿床之一。本文通过对核桃树岩体及部分硫化物矿石主量元素、微量元素及铂族元素的系统分析,讨论了该岩体的岩浆源区及母岩浆性质、地幔部分熔融程度,并探讨了其成因机制。研究认为,核桃树含矿岩体属拉斑玄武岩成因系列,具有与峨眉山玄武岩相似的微量元素组成特征,是峨眉山大火成岩省构造-岩浆活动的产物;铂族元素的原始地幔标准化配分型式与金宝山铂钯矿相似,没有PGE相对于Ni和Cu的明显亏损,Pt和Pd相对Os、Ir、Ru和Rh富集,为PPGE富集的左倾型式,Pd/Ir=1.5~13.1,低于一般大陆拉斑玄武岩,与原始地幔接近。通过岩石地球化学及模拟分析表明,成矿母岩浆MgO约为11.93%、SiO_2约为49.88%、FeOT约为13.71%、TiO_2约为2.61%,为高Mg拉斑玄武质岩浆,是由类似于洋岛玄武岩岩浆源区成分的地幔经过较高程度(约20.17%)的部分熔融形成的苦橄质岩浆演化而来。与小关河地区主要的几类岩浆硫化物矿床的镍铜铂族元素组成及硫化物熔离模式对比分析发现,核桃树高的PGE含量和低的Cu/Pd比值说明了该矿床的硫化物是从PGE不亏损的玄武质岩浆中熔离出来的,类似金宝山矿床。成岩成矿机制分析认为,部分熔融形成的苦橄质岩浆在上升的过程中,发生了以橄榄石(约12.7%)为代表的镁铁质矿物堆积,并形成残余髙镁玄武质岩浆;部分残余髙镁玄武质岩浆向浅部运移过程中,由于温度降低、混染等因素的影响,导致岩浆S饱和,触发硫化物熔离作用的发生(R值为2000~50000),熔离出硫化物熔体与岩浆通道内晶出的橄榄石构成含矿"晶粥",在构造挤压作用下,在浅部岩浆房中由于重力影响发生堆积作用形成具有较富PGE的含矿岩体,R值较大变化正好与PGE含量较大变化相对应。     

闽北变质岩含矿性及其找矿前景的探讨

闽北变质岩地层中已发现的矿床（外生矿床除外)可归纳为三大类：1.以沉积-变质作用为主导控制因素的矿床；2．以混合岩化-花岗岩化为主导控村因素的矿床，3.以后期构造岩浆作用为主导控制因素的矿床，提出了闽北地区金、银、锡、钽以及多金属矿存在两个不同特征的成矿系列，即变质混合花岗岩成矿系列和同熔-重熔型岩浆花岗岩成矿系列。并对该区找矿前景进行探讨。     

内蒙阿右旗铁板井镍矿矿床特征及成因探讨

铁板井绦矿床赋存于辉橄岩体中,辉橄岩体具有全岩矿化的特点,岩体及镍矿体的形成经历了三种不同的成矿过程:首先是岩浆深源液态重力分异作用,而后发生岩浆深源熔离-贯入(成岩、成矿)作用,形成岩体和镍矿体,最后在岩浆期后热液作用的叠加下完成整个成矿过程.该矿床是典型的主要由岩浆熔离作用形成的岩浆矿床.     

滇西北与喜马拉雅期富碱斑岩有关的金矿成矿系统

滇西北地区广泛发育一套以喜马拉雅期为主，以富碱为特点的斑岩体(脉)，空间上具有以岩体(脉)集中区为单元，不同单元组成岩带，多岩带近平行产出的特征。富碱岩浆是地幔富碱质流体经由深大断裂上升至壳-幔混合带激发其岩石部分熔融的产物。金矿成矿与岩浆成岩一脉相承，形影相随，具有与富碱岩体完全一致的时空分布特点，体现了其成岩成矿受区域构造控制的一体化特征。成矿流体主要源于地幔，矿质则地幔与岩浆源区兼而有之。岩浆和岩浆活动是金矿成矿作用中深部矿质上升的载体和不断聚集的动力。由(近)EW向构造活动一地幔富碱质流体上升-壳-幔混合带内岩浆形成-富碱岩浆分异演化一流体成矿构成了统一的区域成矿系统，称之为该区与喜马拉雅期富碱岩浆活动有关的金矿(构造)-壳-幔(流体-岩浆)成矿系统。     

西藏邦铺铅锌矿床S、Pb、C、O同位素组成及成矿物质来源研究

邦铺铅锌矿床系邦铺钼铜矿区斑岩矿化体外围形成的矽卡岩型铅锌矿床;矿石品位较富,成矿元素以铅锌为主,基本不含铜。文章以矿床中主要金属硫化物为研究对象,采用S、Pb同位素研究方法对矿床成矿物质来源进行探讨。结果表明,矿石金属硫化物δ34S值分布范围较宽,但主要集中于-3.7‰～-0.7‰之间,具塔式分布特征,硫主要来源于岩浆;矿石铅同位素组成稳定,为正常普通铅,矿石铅的高μ值(大于9.58)及构造环境演化图解中样品点的分布特征指示矿石铅主要来源于上地壳物质。与驱龙外围知不拉、甲玛矽卡岩矿体对比研究发现,3个矿床硫均为岩浆来源;而金属物质来源空间上则显示出一定的规律,驱龙—甲玛—邦铺矿集区由南向北壳源物质的混染作用不断增加;大理岩及方解石碳-氧同位素组成特征显示矿床成矿流体中碳源主要来自于岩浆,碳酸盐岩地层提供了部分成矿物质。     

Early Cretaceous Magma Mingling in Xiaocuo, Southeastern China Continental Margin: Implications for Subduction of Paleo-Pacific Plate

Magma mingling has been identified within the continental margin of southeastern China.This study focuses on the relationship between mafic and felsic igneous rocks in composite dikes and plutons in this area,and uses this relationship to examine the tectonic and geodynamic implications of the mingling of mafic and felsic magmas.Mafic magmatic enclaves(MMEs) show complex relationships with the hosting Xiaocuo granite in Fujian area,including lenticular to rounded porphyritic microgranular enclaves containing abundant felsic/mafic phenocrysts,elongate mafic enclaves,and back-veining of the felsic host granite into mafic enclaves.LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb analyses show crystallization of the granite and dioritic mafic magmatic enclave during ca.132 and 116 Ma.The host granite and MMEs both show zircon growth during repeated thermal events at-210 Ma and 160-180 Ma.Samples from the magma mingling zone generally contain felsic-derived zircons with well-developed growth zoning and aspect ratios of 2-3,and maficderived zircons with no obvious oscillatory zoning and with higher aspect ratios of 5-10.However,these two groups of zircons show no obvious trace element or age differences.The Hf-isotope compositions show that the host granite and MMEs have similar ε_(Hf)(t) values from negative to positive which suggest a mixed source from partial melting of the Meso-Neoproterozoic with involvement of enriched mantlederived magmas or juvenile components.The lithologies,mineral associations,and geochemical characteristics of the mafic and felsic rocks in this study area indicate that both were intruded together,suggesting Early Cretaceous mantle—crustal interactions along the southeastern China continental margin.The Early Cretaceous magma mingling is correlated to subduction of Paleo-Pacific plate.     

岩浆混合作用与火成岩多样性的耦合关系:以东昆仑造山带白日其利长英质岩体为例

壳-幔岩浆相互作用如何影响长英质火成岩的岩石学多样性是当前岩石学研究的焦点问题之一.以岩石类型丰富的东昆仑白日其利长英质岩体和暗色微粒包体为研究对象,开展系统的锆石U-Pb年代学、矿物学、全岩元素地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素研究,探讨和解析这一重要科学问题.LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb年代学研究表明,暗色微粒包体（247.8±2.0 Ma）与二长花岗岩（247.5±1.4 Ma）、花岗闪长岩（248.8±2.1 Ma）和石英闪长岩（248.8±1.5 Ma）均侵位结晶于早三叠世.岩相学和矿物学研究表明,白日其利长英质岩石与包体的成因机制与壳-幔岩浆的机械或化学混合作用密切相关.元素地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成研究揭示,幔源镁铁质岩浆端元起源于受俯冲板片流体交代的富集地幔熔融,而壳源长英质岩浆端元则起源于东昆仑古老的变质杂砂岩基底.岩石成因分析揭示,幔源镁铁质岩浆侵入长英质晶粥岩浆房,促使长英质晶粥发生活化,随后壳-幔岩浆端元以不同比例和不同方式发生机械和化学混合等相互作用,从而形成镁铁质岩墙、包体、石英闪长岩和花岗闪长岩等多种岩石类型.晶粥状态下壳-幔岩浆相互作用是控制东昆仑长英质火成岩多样性和大陆地壳生长演化的重要方式.      

西藏墨竹工卡地区甲玛铜多金属矿床矽卡岩矿物学特征及其地质意义

为研究西藏甲玛铜多金属矿床中矽卡岩的矿物学特征,进一步确定矿床成因类型,利用电子探针测试和镜下鉴定手段对矽卡岩矿物中的石榴子石、辉石、硅灰石等矿物成分进行了分析。测试结果表明,矽卡岩中石榴子石以钙铁榴石-钙铝榴石为主,辉石以透辉石为主,甲玛矿床矽卡岩属于交代矽卡岩中典型的钙矽卡岩。结合前人对矿区矽卡岩、围岩和花岗岩类的岩石地球化学、矿床成矿年代学等的研究,进一步证实甲玛铜多金属矿床系矿区花岗岩类岩浆交代大理岩形成的典型矽卡岩型矿床。     

Field evidence,mineral chemical and geochemical constraints on mafic-felsic magma interactions in a vertically zoned magma chamber from the Chotanagpur Granite Gneiss Complex of Eastern India

The Nimchak granite pluton (NGP) of Chotanagpur Granite Gneiss Complex (CGGC), Eastern India, provides ample evidence of magma interaction in a plutonic regime for the first time in this part of the Indian shield. A number of outcrop level magmatic structures reported from many mafic-felsic mixing and mingling zones worldwide, such as synplutonic dykes, mafic magmatic enclaves and hybrid rocks extensively occur in our study domain. From field observations it appears that the Nimchak pluton was a vertically zoned magma chamber that was intruded by a number of mafic dykes during the whole crystallization history of the magma chamber leading to magma mixing and mingling scenario. The lower part of the pluton is occupied by coarse-grained granodiorite (64.84–66.61?wt.% SiO₂), while the upper part is occupied by fine-grained granite (69.80–70.57?wt.% SiO₂). Field relationships along with textural and geochemical signatures of the pluton suggest that it is a well-exposed felsic magma chamber that was zoned due to fractional crystallization. The intruding mafic magma interacted differently with the upper and lower granitoids. The lower granodiorite is characterized by mafic feeder dykes and larger mafic magmatic enclaves, whereas the enclaves occurring in the upper granite are comparatively smaller and the feeder dykes could not be traced here, except two late-stage mafic dykes. The mafic enclaves occurring in the upper granite show higher degrees of hybridization with respect to those occurring in the lower granite. Furthermore, enclaves are widely distributed in the upper granite, whereas enclaves in the lower granite occur adjacent to the main feeder dykes.Geochemical signatures confirm that the intermediate rocks occurring in the Nimchak pluton are mixing products formed due to the mixing of mafic and felsic magmas. A number of important physical properties of magmas like temperature, viscosity, glass transition temperature and fragility have been used in magma mixing models to evaluate the process of magma mixing. A geodynamic model of pluton construction and evolution is presented that shows episodic replenishments of mafic magma into the crystallizing felsic magma chamber from below. Data are consistent with a model whereby mafic magma ponded at the crust-mantle boundary and melted the overlying crust to form felsic (granitic) magma. The mafic magma episodically rose, injected and interacted with an overlying felsic magma chamber that was undergoing fractional crystallization forming hybrid intermediate rocks. The intrusion of mafic magma continued after complete solidification of the magma chamber as indicated by the presence of two late-stage mafic dykes.     

花岗岩暗色微粒包体特征及其研究方向

通过调研近年来国内外学者对于花岗岩类中暗色微粒包体的研究成果,总结了其野外地质、岩相学、地球化学和同位素等特征以及成因研究中的主要问题。暗色微粒包体(MME)广泛分布于I型花岗岩中,一般呈随机分布,形态多样,但以塑性特征为主;一般认为是岩浆混合成因,其原始物源是玄武质岩浆,具典型的火成岩结构,发育针状磷灰石、环带结构和筛状结构的斜长石;相对于寄主岩石,暗色微粒包体富Fe,Mg,贫Si,Na,其锆石U-Pb年龄在误差范围内与寄主岩石年龄一致等,反映了壳幔源岩浆的混合事件。暗色微粒包体与岩浆动力学行为、矿化关系及区域地质演化等方面值得进一步研究、探索。     

西秦岭糜署岭岩浆带成因及构造意义

糜暑岭岩浆带分布于西秦岭黄渚关EW向深大断裂带中，由2类岩石组成，酸性端元以草关、董河岩体为代表，岩性为中粗粒似斑状石英闪长岩-辉长闪长岩组合；基性端元以挖泉山岩体为代表，岩性为细粒辉长岩，而糜暑岭、黄渚关岩体则是2类岩浆的强烈混合产物，不仅大量的岩石学资料佐证了岩浆混合作用的存在，而且主岩与其混合作用形成的包体具有一致的同位素年龄，主岩中钾长石中的Pb同位素具有明显的幔源性质，因而是一个与幔源岩浆作用有关的构造岩浆带，这为确定区域性构造边界和大地构造单元划分提供了重要证据。同时，也为探讨本区中生代壳幔混合作用和地壳增生提供了新的信息。     

Petrogenesis of Mafic Inclusions in Rhyolitic Lavas from Narugo Volcano, Northeastern Japan

Mafic inclusions present in the rhyolitic lavas of Narugo volcano,Japan, are vesiculated andesites with diktytaxitic texturesmainly composed of quenched acicular plagioclase, pyroxenes,and interstitial glass. When the mafic magma was incorporatedinto the silica-rich host magma, the cores of pyroxenes andplagioclase began to crystallize (>1000°C) in a boundarylayer between the mafic and felsic magmas. Phenocryst rim compositionsand interstitial glass compositions (average 78 wt % SiO₂) inthe mafic inclusions are the same as those of the phenocrystsand groundmass glass in the host rhyolite. This suggests thatthe host felsic melt infiltrated into the incompletely solidifiedmafic inclusion, and that the interstitial melt compositionin the inclusions became close to that of the host melt (c.850°C). Infiltration was enhanced by the vesiculation ofthe mafic magma. Finally, hybridized and density-reduced portionsof the mafic magma floated up from the boundary layer into thehost rhyolite. We conclude that the ascent of mafic magma triggeredthe eruption of the host rhyolitic magma. KEY WORDS: mafic inclusion; stratified magma chamber; magma mixing; mingling; Narugo volcano; Japan     

西藏邦铺钼(铜)矿床辉绿玢岩脉体LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年及其地质意义

西藏邦铺斑岩型钼(铜)矿床位于冈底斯成矿带东段,地理位置上与甲玛铜多金属矿床、驱龙斑岩铜矿床毗邻.矿区岩浆活动频繁,发育不同类型、不同期次的侵入岩体,辉绿玢岩出露于矿区北部,地质研究程度相对较低.为了精确限制其成岩时代,文章通过对辉绿玢岩脉体LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄精确测试,获得了19颗锆石206Pb/238...     

西藏邦铺钼(铜)矿床含矿二长花岗斑岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年及地质意义

邦铺斑岩型钼(铜)矿床位于甲玛铜多金属矿床北东约30 km处,与钼(铜)成矿有关的岩体主要为二长花岗斑岩,次为花岗闪长斑岩及闪长(玢)岩.通过对二长花岗斑岩体进行LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄测试,获得了含矿母岩的年龄,二长花岗斑岩的26颗锆石206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为(16.23±0.19)Ma(MSWD...     

Early cretaceous igneous activities in the north flank of the North China Craton: the Shouwangfen complex example

ABSTRACT

The Early Cretaceous igneous complexes in the north flank of the North China Craton (NCC) provide a window to investigate the Mesozoic magmatism in the NCC. Here we report the precise timing of Early Cretaceous magmatism and magma petrogenesis of the different rock types in the north flank of the NCC based on petrology, mineral chemistry, geochemistry, zircon geochronology and Sr-Nd isotopes. Zircon U-Pb dating reveals that the Shouwangfen complex was crystallized at 130–128 Ma. The rocks display enrichment in large ion lithophile elements (LILE) and LREE, and depletion in high field strength elements (HFSE) and HREE, with relatively high Sr/Y and La/Yb values, typical of subduction-related magmatic rocks. The mafic microgranular enclaves show typical igneous textures, acicular apatites, sieve-texture of plagioclase phenocrysts and overgrowth of amphibole around the pyroxene, corresponding to magma mixing and mingling and thermal exchange. The quartz monzonites display normal zoning of the plagioclase, low and homogeneous εNd(t) values and linear co-variations in two-component diagrams. The quartz monzodiorites are characterized by high and homogeneous εNd(t) values. Petrologic feature and geochemical data suggest that the quartz monzonites represent lower crustal magma with minor contribution of enriched melt of the sub-continental lithospheric mantle (SCLM), followed by fractional crystallization. The mafic microgranular enclaves were sourced from enriched SCLM, followed by mixing and mingling with the host quartz monzonitic magma. The quartz monzodiorites are mainly SCLM-derived and subsequently mixed with lower crust melts. The high water contents (≥3%) of these Early Cretaceous igneous complexes suggests a hydrous SCLM beneath the NCC. The Early Cretaceous igneous complexes formed within an extensional tectonic setting which were related to the retreat and dehydration of the paleo-Pacific slab. The hydration of the lithosphere induced extensive crust-mantle interaction and large-scale water-rich magmatism, leading to lithospheric thinning in the NCC during the Mesozoic.