伊犁盆地南部新构造特征及其对砂岩型铀矿的控制作用

伊犁盆地新构造运动研究在该区铀矿研究中占有很重要的地位。本文通过新构造基本特征的描述、擦痕和节理的统计分析、构造产物的ESR(电子自旋共振)测年等手段研究了伊犁盆地新构造运动特征,并探讨了其对铀矿形成和展布的控制作用。研究表明,新构造以断裂构造为主,是区域近南北向挤压应力作用的结果;结合前人研究成果,可以将伊犁盆地新构造运动分为五期始新世晚期-渐新世、中新世、上新世末期-早更新世、早更新世-中更新世、中更新世至今。新构造活动与铀成矿作用有时间上的一致性,并控制了伊犁盆地南部砂岩型铀矿的形成和展布,尤以东西向断裂对铀矿的控制作用最为明显;与新构造作用东强西弱相对应,西部的成矿条件比东部好。     

基于砂箱模拟实验的罗布泊盆地新构造变形特征分析

在现有罗布泊盆地新构造活动特征分析的基础上,设计了刚性基底和塑性基底两种砂箱实验模型进行实验模拟。实验结果显示,在近南北向区域构造挤压应力作用下,罗布泊盆地两侧的阿尔金山与库鲁克塔格均以逆冲岩片的形式向盆地强烈逆冲,形成一系列向盆地推覆的冲断-褶皱带,且局部发育断层三角带。库鲁克塔格山发育一系列具右旋走滑作用的冲断层,而阿尔金断裂带则形成具左旋走滑的逆冲活动,在两者共同作用下,导致塔东地块发生向西逃逸,导致罗布泊盆地内部处于东西向伸展状态,发育一系列近南北向断层。模拟实验结果较好再现了罗布泊盆地新构造变形特征,有助于探讨塔里木地块东缘构造形成机制。模拟实验也表明罗布泊盆地两侧的盖层变形特征明显受控于基底发育特征,而两种模拟实验结果的分析比较表明罗布泊盆地具有刚性基底。实验结果为研究该区构造与成钾、油气成藏关系提供了依据。     

川西岷江松潘段第四纪与新构造运动特征分析

在已有调查研究的基础上,通过野外地质调查和剖面测量,重点分析了岷江松潘段的漳腊盆地、斗鸡台盆地地貌特征、第四纪沉积物类型、物质成分、空间分布等特征,并系统测量和研究了松潘段岷江干流及其支流的河流阶地特征。研究表明,新构造运动控制了松潘段第四纪盆地的形态和地貌演化过程,漳腊盆地和斗鸡台盆地形成于中新世末至上新世初,西侧控盆断裂为东倾正断层,东侧为西倾逆断层,盆地为断块发生西降东升的翘板式断块运动过程中形成的,称之为"翘板式箕状盆地"。松潘段岷江河谷地貌呈现出宽谷和窄谷交替出现的特点,岷江干流及其支流中发育多处湖相地层,沉积特征表现为堰塞湖。岷江上游松潘段最多发育6级阶地,以侵蚀阶地和堆积阶地为主,主要形成于中更新世晚期—全新世时期。阶地级数具有分段性特点,不同区段阶地阶面宽窄不一,受区内新构造活动控制明显。岷江上游新构造运动表现为南北条带性和东西向差异掀斜抬升的特点,红桥关以上整体为构造隆升区,至少具有3次构造隆升,岷江上游斗鸡台盆地构造隆升强度整体上大于漳腊盆地。在尕米寺地区可能发生了6次构造抬升,红桥关一带构造抬升明显要强于漳腊盆地。     

伊洛瓦底江上游水系形成时代研究——以滇西龙川江为例

研究伊洛瓦底江水系的发育历史对理解青藏高原东南缘的生长具有重要意义,但是长期以来对其形成时代的研究一直比较薄弱。通过研究伊洛瓦底江上游支流的演化可为认识其水系的发育提供重要线索。龙川江是伊洛瓦底江的一级支流,发源于高黎贡山,流经腾冲芒棒盆地。研究表明在上新世时期芒棒盆地曾被一中型湖泊所占据,现代意义上的龙川江并不存在。龙川江在芒棒盆地内同时切割了上新世中晚期和早更新世的火山岩,腾冲地区早更新世火山岩的K-Ar年龄为0.84~1.4 Ma,说明现代龙川江的出现可能不会早于0.80 Ma,由此推测伊洛瓦底江上游水系可能也是0.80 Ma以来形成的。晚新生代以来东喜马拉雅构造结的强烈构造活动可能是其水系形成与演化的动力来源。     

西藏查藏错--申扎南北向活动构造带运动学特点

查藏错-申扎南北向裂陷带是横贯冈底斯山脉谢通门-申扎南北向断裂带的北段,格仁错北西向断裂为查藏错-申扎裂陷盆地的转换边界。裂陷盆地内没有发现前更新世沉积物,该裂陷带断开了上新世地层和5．45Ma的白云母花岗岩体。从查藏错到申扎,裂陷带两侧的岩体、地层和构造线完全可以恢复和拼接。查藏错-申扎裂陷盆地获得130ka沉积物年龄,为裂陷盆地已知最早的沉积物年龄。推测裂陷带的初始发育时间为晚更新世晚期。根据地质和定年研究,130ka以来查藏错-申扎裂陷带东西向裂开的宽度为6750-12500m,以此计算裂陷盆地东西向扩张数率大于51．9mm／a。南北向挤压和东西向伸展是冈底斯地区地壳力学系统的两种表现形式。     

岷江断裂带晚新生代逆冲推覆构造：来自钻孔的证据

岷江断裂带由2个不同性质的断裂组成:早期岷江逆冲断裂和晚期岷江正断裂。野外地质调查和钻孔资料发现在岷江西侧山麓之下存在一套厚度大于110m的早更新世灰黑色湖相地层,三叠系灰岩逆掩在这套湖相地层之上。由此确定岷江断裂是一条西倾的逆冲断层,逆冲作用发生在中更新世之前。在中更新世时期,岷江逆冲断裂发生构造负反转,在其前缘形成一条东倾的正断层,它控制了岷江上游漳腊盆地的发育。本文认为,岷山地区现今地震活动并非受控于岷江断裂带,而可能受到虎牙断裂及岷山隆起深部滑脱构造的控制,岷江断裂带位于该深部滑脱构造的上部。进而认为逆冲—推覆构造样式可能是青藏高原东缘晚新生代造山和快速隆升的主要变形机制。     

青藏高原东北缘海原断裂带新生代构造演化

海原断裂带作为青藏高原东北缘构造变形最显著断裂带之一,记录了青藏高原向北东扩展的构造信息。在详细的构造测量基础上,初步提出海原断裂带新生代以来的古构造应力场序列,反演了其新生代构造演化历史。详细构造解析表明,海原断裂带新生代以来主要经历了5个构造演化历史阶段,即始新世-中新世NWSE向构造伸展与沉积盆地发育、中新世晚期-上新世NNESSW向构造挤压与海原断裂带右行走滑活动、上新世末-早更新世NESW向构造挤压与强烈褶皱逆冲活动、晚更新世晚期以来ENEWSW向构造伸展与断陷盆地发育、全新世以来NESW向构造挤压作用与断裂带强烈左行走滑活动。变形分析表明海原断裂带现今地貌格局主要缘于上新世末-早更新世NESW向强烈逆冲活动,后期ENEWSW向构造挤压作用导致断裂走滑活动,并改造了局部地貌,主要表现为沿断裂带发育一系列第四纪小型拉分盆地。该带新生代构造演化研究,为探讨青藏高原东北缘新构造演化提供了具体构造证据。     

东昆仑山东段北坡河流阶地发育及其与构造隆升的关系

河流系统的发育往往能反映相关地质作用的细节.对东昆仑山东段北坡众多河流阶地及其沉积物的研究表明, 该区在早更新世晚期昆仑-黄河运动之后形成的东西向盆岭相间的地貌特征奠定了早期河流为东西向外流水系的基础; 中更新世晚期以来的又一次强烈构造抬升事件———共和运动, 导致昆仑山北坡各主要河流迅速溯源侵蚀发展, 伴随河流袭夺而形成现今的水系格局; 晚更新世晚期存在一段相对较长的构造稳定期, 河谷普遍发生堆积作用, 形成分布广泛且厚度较大的晚更新世冲积层; 接近全新世以来构造运动频繁而隆升的幅度趋于减弱, 形成了5级河流阶地, 并且阶地的发育类型普遍为以高级阶地(T₅) 为基座的上叠阶地, 河流至今未能切穿晚更新世稳定期形成的厚冲积层.      

云南东川盆地发育阶段及其与区域构造运动的关系

东川盆地是小江断裂带中段新生代发育的一系列盆地之一,根据其发育阶段可分为上新世—早更新世、中更新世—晚更新世和晚更新世—全新世3个阶段,根据其发育持续性显示东川盆地为继承性盆地。本文结合前人资料综合分析了东川盆地的分布特征和成因机制,认为:东川盆地在上新世-早更新世为拗陷盆地;在中更新世-晚更新世为半地堑断陷盆地;在晚更新世-全新世盆地规模缩小,也可称为收缩型断陷盆地;东川盆地形成与区域运动密切相关,受小江断裂的控制作用最为明显。     

云南东川盆地发育阶段及其与区域构造运动的关系

东川盆地是小江断裂带中段新生代发育的一系列盆地之一,根据其发育阶段可分为上新世—早更新世、中更新世—晚更新世和晚更新世—全新世3个阶段,根据其发育持续性显示东川盆地为继承性盆地。本文结合前人资料综合分析了东川盆地的分布特征和成因机制,认为:东川盆地在上新世-早更新世为拗陷盆地;在中更新世-晚更新世为半地堑断陷盆地;在晚更新世-全新世盆地规模缩小,也可称为收缩型断陷盆地;东川盆地形成与区域运动密切相关,受小江断裂的控制作用最为明显。     

Morphology and evolution of bars in a wandering gravel-bed river; lower Fraser river, British Columbia, Canada

A hierarchical typology for the channels and bars within aggradational wandering gravel-bed rivers is developed from an examination of a 50 km reach of lower Fraser River, British Columbia, Canada. Unit bars, built by stacking of gravelly bedload sheets, are the key dynamic element of the sediment transfer system, linking sediment transport during individual freshets to the creation, development and remoulding of compound bar platforms that have either a lateral or medial style. Primary and secondary unit bars are identified, respectively, as those that deliver sediment to compound bars from the principal channel and those that redistribute sediment across the compound bar via seasonal anabranches and smaller channels. The record of bar accretion evident in ground-penetrating radar sequences is consistent with the long-term development of bar complexes derived from historical aerial photographs. For two compound bars, inter-annual changes associated with individual sediment transport episodes are measured using detailed topographic surveys and longer-term changes are quantified using sediment budgets derived for individual bars from periodic channel surveys. Annual sediment turnover on the bars is comparable with the bed material transfer rate along the channel, indicating that relatively little bed material bypasses the bars. Bar construction and change are accomplished mainly by lateral accretion as the river has limited capacity to raise bed load onto higher surfaces. Styles of accretion and erosion and, therefore, the major bar form morphologies on Fraser River are familiar and consistent with those in gravelly braided channels but the wandering style does exhibit some distinctive features. For example, 65-year histories reveal the potential for long sequences of uninterrupted accretion in relatively stable wandering rivers that are unlikely in braided rivers.     

网状河流的构型、流量-宽深比关系和能耗率

网状河流作为一类新河型,已经受到研究者的关注,但对其研究还不充分.该研究基于目前已经报道过的资料及新近取得的研究成果,从河流构型、河道过水断面宽深比与流量关系及能耗率等方面对该河型展开论述,期望引起大家对该河型的兴趣.网状河流在许多方面表现出了独有的特色.从平面构型来看,它以相互连通的多河道围绕非常稳定的泛滥盆地为特征,其中泛滥盆地上植被发育、沼泽湖泊可见.从河道纵、横剖面来看,它具有非常小的河道比降和一般小于40的河道宽深比,总体上属于各类河型中最小的.从沉积体系的剖面构型来看,它以多个孤立的河道砂体"漂浮"在细粒泥质沉积物中为特征.在河道过水断面宽深比与流量的半对数图中可见,其宽深比随流量的增大而减小,并且其散点位于各类河流的最下部.由于其河道比降一般很小,多河道体系中的单个河道的流量相对于其决口前的老河道显然较小,从而其能耗率就相对很小.文中所讨论到的长江三口分流网状河道:东松滋河、西松滋河、虎渡河、藕池河、北藕池河和松澧合流,其能耗率分别为3.0 W/m2,5.5 W/m2,2.8 W/m2,6.4 W/m2,3.7 W/m2和2.7 W/m2,显然都小于10 W/m2,这与长江主河道在枝江附近的140 W/m2相比,差两个数量级.所有这些特征都预示着网状河流与以长江中下游为代表的分汊河流之间有着完全不同的特性,与其他河型更是大相径庭.     

金沙江河流悬浮物的元素地球化学特征及其地质意义

系统测定了金沙江和岷江16个采样点的河流悬浮物的稀土元素和微量元素含量.结果表明,金沙江悬浮物的稀土元素地球化学特征与世界其他河流基本相同,而(LREE/HREE)N值较低,其主河道悬浮物的(Eu/Eu*)N略高于北美页岩;支流悬浮物的(La/Yb)N和(Eu/Eu*)N差别较大,亦与主河道有较大差别.受流域内矿化带和采矿影响,悬浮物中Cs、Cu、Pb、Bi、Sn、Ti、V、Cu、Cr、Co相对富集.岷江悬浮物的地球化学特征与金沙江主河道相似.综合研究表明,悬浮物的元素地球化学特征主要受控于流域内出露岩性,金沙江支流、通天河(直门达)到树地桥段、攀枝花到水富段的物源有所不同,悬浮物的地球化学特征有所差异.金沙江段是长江中下游重要物质来源,对中下游物源及元素地球化学特征分析也有一定的借鉴价值.     

Upstream control of river anastomosis by sediment overloading,upper Columbia River,British Columbia,Canada

Anastomosing rivers, systems of multiple interconnected channels that enclose floodbasins, constitute a major category of rivers for which various sedimentary facies models have been developed. While the sedimentary products of anastomosing rivers are relatively well‐known, their genesis is still debated. A rapidly growing number of ancient alluvial successions being interpreted as of anastomosing river origin, including important hydrocarbon reservoirs, urge the development of robust models for the genesis of anastomosis, to facilitate better interpretation of ancient depositional settings and controls. The upper Columbia River, British Columbia, Canada, is the most‐studied anastomosing river and has played a key role in the development of an anastomosing river facies model. Two hypotheses for the origin of upper Columbia River anastomosis include the following: (i) downstream control by aggrading cross‐valley alluvial fans; and (ii) upstream control by excessive bedload input from tributaries. Both upstream and downstream control may force aggradation and avulsions in the upper Columbia River. In order to test both hypotheses, long‐term (millennia‐scale) floodplain sedimentation rates and avulsion frequencies are calculated using ¹⁴C‐dated deeply buried organic floodplain material from cross‐valley borehole transects. The results indicate a downstream decrease in floodplain sedimentation rate and avulsion frequency along the anastomosed reach, which is consistent with dominant upstream control by sediment overloading. The data here link recent avulsion activity to increased sediment supply during the Little Ice Age (ca 1100 to 1950 ad ). This link is supported by data showing that sediment supply to the upper Columbia study reach fluctuated in response to Holocene glacial advances and retreats in the hinterland. Upstream control of anastomosis has considerable implications for the reconstruction of the setting of interpreted ancient anastomosing systems. The present research underscores that anastomosing systems typically occur in relatively proximal settings with abundant sediment supplied to low‐gradient floodplains, a situation commonly found in intermontane and foreland basins.     

分汊河道主支汊交替主导因子的转换模拟

进口水流条件及河道周界特征的改变是促使分汊河道主支汊交替的两大主要因素，不同类型的汊道对两者敏感性存在差异，辨析不同汊道主支汊交替的主导因素是预测汊道演变的前提。以长江中游分汊河道为参考，通过调整进口水流动力轴线走向及两汊的长度比设置了30种概化方案，采用平面二维水沙数学模型探讨上述两种因素对主支汊交替的影响。结论表明：两汊长度比存在一个临界值，当汊长比低于此临界值时，进口主流动力轴线的偏移是影响主、支汊交替的主要动力因素；超过此临界值后，进口水流条件变化对汊道分流格局的影响将会明显减弱，影响主支汊交替的主导因子将转换为汊道间的阻力对比关系；通过概化计算得到此临界值约为1.5。     

分汊河道主支汊交替主导因子的转换模拟

进口水流条件及河道周界特征的改变是促使分汊河道主支汊交替的两大主要因素,不同类型的汊道对两者敏感性存在差异,辨析不同汊道主支汊交替的主导因素是预测汊道演变的前提。以长江中游分汊河道为参考,通过调整进口水流动力轴线走向及两汊的长度比设置了30种概化方案,采用平面二维水沙数学模型探讨上述两种因素对主支汊交替的影响。结论表明:两汊长度比存在一个临界值,当汊长比低于此临界值时,进口主流动力轴线的偏移是影响主、支汊交替的主要动力因素;超过此临界值后,进口水流条件变化对汊道分流格局的影响将会明显减弱,影响主支汊交替的主导因子将转换为汊道间的阻力对比关系;通过概化计算得到此临界值约为1.5。     

西江和北江三角洲区的水沙特点及河道演变特征

通过对珠江三角洲区有关水文泥沙资料的分析, 初步揭示了西江和北江在流速与流量、水位、含沙量、断面宽深比之关系方面的差别。结合河道平面及断面形态和河道冲淤特性, 探讨了其河型特点及成因。认为研究区西江为典型的网状河流, 而北江仍处于网状河流的发育初期。该区网状河流多河道的形成遵循冲裂机制, 人工堤围加速了河道沉积、抑制了河漫滩地的淤积, 从而使河道及河漫滩地的加积表现为不均一性。     

Forecast of water level and ice jam thickness using the back propagation neural network and support vector machine methods

Ice jams can sometimes occur in high latitude rivers during winter and the resulting water level rise may generate costly and dangerous flooding such as the recent ice jam flooding in the Nechako River in downtown Prince George in Canada. Thus, the forecast of water level and ice jam thickness is of great importance. This study compares three methods to simulate and forecast water level and ice jam thickness based on field observations of river ice jams in the Quyu Reach of the Yellow River in China. More specifically, simulation results generated by the traditional multi-variant regressional method are compared to those of the back propagation neural network and the support vector machine methods. The forecast of ice jam thickness and water level under ice jammed condition have been conducted in two different approaches, 1) simulation of water level and ice jam thickness in the second half of the period of measurement using models developed based on data gained during the first half of the period of measurement, 2) simulation of water level and ice jam thickness at the downstream cross sections using models developed based on data gained at the upstream cross sections. For this reason, as the results of simulation and field observations indicated, the back propagation neural network method and the support vector machine method are superior in terms of accuracy to the multi-variant regressional method.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987111000570

Mid-Cretaceous strata within the Tintina Trench.3 km west of the community of Ross River, contain evidence of deposition in two distinct,alternating,fluvial settings.Coal-bearing,mud-dominated strata are commonly associated with high-constructive sandy channel systems,with extensive overbank. levee and splay deposits.Channels are between 3 and 30 m wide and 0.4-7 m thick.They show repetitive development of side and in-channel bar-forms,as well as up-channel widening of the rivers by selective erosion of associated overbank and levee deposits.Levees extended for several hundred metres away from the channels.In this setting low-angle inclined stratification and epsilon cross stratification may reflect lateral migration of crevasse channels or small streams.The paucity of exposure prevents recognition of the channels as products of multiple channel anastomosed systems or single channel high-constructive systems. Gravel-dominated strata,inter-bedded with,and overlying coal-bearing units,are interpreted as deposits of wandering gravel-bed rivers,with sinuosity approaching 1.4.In most exposures they appear to be dominated by massive and thin planar-bedded granule to small pebble conglomerates,which would traditionally be interpreted as sheet-flood or longitudinal bar deposits of a high-gradient braided stream or alluvial fan.Architectural analysis of exposures in an open-pit shows that the predominance of flat bedding is an artefact of the geometry of the roadside exposures.In the pit the conglomerates are dominated by large scale cross stratification on a scale of 1-5.5 m.These appear to have developed as downstream and lateral accretion elements on side-bars and on in-channel bars in water depths of 2-12 m.Stacking of strata on domed 3rd order surfaces suggests development of longitudinal in-channel bar complexes similar to those observed in parts of the modern Rhone River system.Mudstone preserved in some of the channels reflects intervals of channel abandonment or avulsion.Minimum channel width is from 70 to 450 m.     

近50a西北地区年径流变化反映的区域气候差异

应用我国西部主要河流1951-2000年年径流资料,分析径流变化的区域特征.结果表明:中国西部地区大部分河流径流呈增加趋势,特别是天山南坡逐河流增加最为显著,最高达14%·(10a)^-1,其年径流的变化过程相关分析和差积曲线显示,西北地区西部新疆地区与东部的黄河上游年径流变化呈反相变化特征,而西北地区东部河流径流变化则与黄河上游的径流呈正相关关系.西北地区东部黄河年径流和西北太平洋夏季季风指数及其差积曲线表现出一致的变化过程,这表明了黄河上游径流变化主要受东亚季风的影响,同时由于东亚季风与西风在西北地区的相互作用,间接的影响到了新疆地区的径流和降水.这从一个侧面反映的西风带、东亚季风和高原季风的相互作用.