中国湖泊沉积物纹层年代学研究进展

晚第四纪尤其是全新世是地球气候系统演化的一个关键地质时期,是探究全球及区域重大气候环境事件,揭示其内在演化规律,预测未来气候变化的关键时段.国内外发表的文献中,主要的年代学方法有:AMS14C年代学、石笋U系测年和纹层年代学等.其中纹层年代学被认为是比较精确的定年方法.近年来,国内外学者在中国的一些湖泊中发现了年纹层沉积,例如龙岗火山区的小龙湾、四海龙湾及二龙湾玛珥湖,柴达木盆地的苏干湖,青藏高原东部的新路海以及可可西里地区的库赛湖.本文概述我国近年来湖泊纹层年代学研究进展,总结中国湖泊年纹层类型、特征及纹层年代学研究方法、误差估计等方面的进展,并提出未来年纹层研究应注意的问题,以期促进中国湖泊沉积物年纹层研究的进一步发展.     

可可西里库赛湖KS-2006孔矿物组成揭示的青藏高原北部晚全新世气候变迁

通过对可可西里库赛湖KS-2006孔矿物组合的分析表明:库赛湖沉积的碳酸盐为以文石为主的自生碳酸盐,其含量的高低能够指示温度的变化;盐类矿物只是在2150 cal aBP以来才出现,表明湖水盐度增高,与此同时,石英含量的持续增高可能同冷干气候条件下该区风成活动的加强有关.青藏高原北部晚全新世的气候环境演化过程为:377...     

岩芯XRF扫描在湖泊年纹层研究中的应用——以青藏高原东南缘新路海为例

湖泊年纹层以其精确到年乃至季节尺度的高分辨率优势,成为研究古气候环境变化的重要载体.X射线荧光(XRF)岩芯扫描由于其有分辨率高、分析快速等特点,在湖泊年纹层研究中发挥了重要的作用.本文以青藏高原东南缘新路海年纹层为研究对象,采用X射线荧光(XRF)岩芯扫描,对新路海湖泊纹层计年、纹层形成机理及古气候重建进行了研究.结果表明:利用X射线图像明暗层、Rad峰值、Zr和Fe元素峰值标记法获得的年代序列基本一致,并且与独立的放射性测年(²¹⁰Pb/¹³⁷Cs)结果吻合,证实了上述各种纹层计年方法的可行性和可靠性.新路海年纹层层偶是由粗颗粒碎屑层和细颗粒碎屑层交互组成的,较厚且Zr和Si元素高的粗颗粒层形成于春、夏季,而较薄且Fe元素含量高的细颗粒层形成于秋、冬季.纹层的厚度能够指示西南季风降水量的大小,近100年以来新路海纹层厚度反映的西南季风演化,与利用昆明地区历史文献重建的湿度记录(干旱/洪水指数)、树轮δ¹⁸O重建的尼泊尔喜马拉雅地区的季风降水基本一致.近100年来新路海的纹层厚度具有7～8、4～5和2年的周期,表明新路...     

内陆干旱区柴达木盆地苏干湖年纹层的发现及其意义

柴达木盆地北缘苏干湖若干钻孔岩芯发现, 水深大于3.0 m的沉积物均具有裸眼可分辩的由深色层和浅色层组成的纹层层理. 以湖泊中心SG03I孔上部5.5 m具有纹层结构的沉积岩芯为研究对象. 基于沉积物收集装置的现代过程研究发现, 苏干湖夏秋季以浅色的单水方解石为主, 冬半年以深色有机质为主, 现代湖泊能够形成冬半年深色层和夏半年浅色层的纹层沉积. 岩芯中有四种类型的纹层沉积: 单水方解石-有机质纹层、白云石-有机质纹层、碎屑-硅藻(碎屑)纹层与文石-有机质纹层, 均具有季节特征, 属可靠的年纹层, 且顶部纹层计年与210Pb测年结果一致. 根据纹层计年, 年纹层沉积形成于距今2670 a以来. 苏干湖纹层沉积是中国西部干旱区发现的第一个能够确认为是年纹层的湖泊沉积, 4种不同类型的年纹层指示了不同气候类型及其季节差异, 具有重建高分辨率气候变化的重要意义.     

青藏高原典型湖库光学吸收特性与光合有效辐射衰减系数初步研究

青藏高原地区分布的湖泊数量众多、面积较大、分布范围广泛.受制于恶劣的自然条件,对该地区湖泊的光学吸收特性以及光合有效辐射衰减系数(Kd(PAR))的研究鲜有成果.本文依据2014和2015年间采集的13个典型高海拔、湖泊面积较大的湖库的现场实测数据和实验室测定数据,分析了采样湖库各个采样点的Kd(PAR)特征以及有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)、藻类颗粒物吸收及非色素颗粒物吸收特性,计算并分析了Kd(PAR)与透明度以及光学活性物质的关系.研究结果表明:青藏高原地区各湖库平均各项颗粒物吸收系数均较低,总颗粒物吸收系数在400~700 nm波段内不超过0.14 m~(-1)、CDOM吸收系数在355 nm波长处最高,为1.23 m~(-1)、最低接近于0、藻类颗粒物吸收特性不明显;实验数据完整的巴木错、格仁错和班公错的主导吸收组分各异,其中巴木错为CDOM吸收主导,格仁错与班公错为非色素颗粒物吸收主导;青藏高原采样湖泊总体Kd(PAR)平均值较小,仅为0.26 m~(-1),样点最大值出现在可鲁克湖(1.17 m~(-1)),最小值出现在普莫雍错(0.10 m~(-1));在采样湖泊中Kd(PAR)与透明度呈显著相关;Kd(PAR)与CDOM的相关性最强,叶绿素a浓度次之,与总悬浮颗粒物浓度的相关性最不显著.     

2001年11月14日昆仑山库赛湖地震(M_S8.1)地表破裂带的基本特征

震后野外考察表明 ,2 0 0 1年 11月 14日昆仑山库赛湖地震 (MS8 1)发生在青藏高原北部东昆仑断裂带库赛湖段上 ,发震断层具有高速率左旋滑动的基本特征 ,晚更新世晚期以来的平均滑动速率达 (14 8± 2 4 )mm/a ;地震地表破裂带沿库赛湖段西起布喀达板峰东缘 (91°0 8′E) ,向东经库赛湖北缘、青藏公路 2 894里程碑、玉珠峰南麓 ,东止于青藏公路东 70km附近 (94°4 8′E) ,地震地表破裂带沿N70°～ 90°W走向线状展布 ,全长约 35 0km ,由一系列走向N4 5°～ 5 0°E拉开状张裂缝、走向N6 0°～ 75°E张剪切裂缝、走向N80°W剪切裂缝以及隆起鼓包或开裂陷坑等斜列状组合而成 ,显示出纯剪切走滑的破裂特征 ,最大左旋水平位移 6m ;宏观震中位于昆仑山口西 80～ 90km附近的库赛湖东北角山麓地带 ,地震地表破裂带宽度 30 0m ,在库赛湖北岸至山麓地带的地震地表破裂带和由地震动或重力效应引起的次生破裂带总宽度可达 2km。库赛湖地震地表破裂的左旋走滑特征表明 ,青藏高原物质确实存在着向东的滑移或流动 ,东昆仑断裂带东部与库赛湖段斜列的东大     

月球南极沙克尔顿撞击坑周围电势和尘埃静电输运的理论分析

近年来,月球南极地区因其特殊的光照条件以及撞击坑永久阴影区中可能存在的水冰而成为未来探测的焦点.沙克尔顿(Shackleton)撞击坑几乎位于月球南极点,已成为包括嫦娥七号任务在内的未来着陆任务最热门的目的地.然而,人们对该撞击坑周围的电势和尘埃环境仍然知之甚少.本文建立了一个理论模型来研究撞击坑周围的月表电势和尘埃的静电输运.研究发现,由于地形遮挡,该撞击坑的底部会充负电,背风侧坑壁表面电位最低可至-175V.相应地,有大量带电尘埃颗粒会从背风侧坑壁发射出来,迁移高度可达10km,水平迁移距离约为40km,这使得撞击坑附近可形成局部尘埃云.通过数值模拟对地形遮挡和局部尘埃云进行了验证,发现撞击坑附近确实产生了局部尘埃云,典型尘埃密度为10⁴～10⁵m^-3.研究结果对未来撞击坑附近月面探测的环境评估具有重要意义.此外,研究结果还有助于理解其他无大气天体的表面充电和尘埃静电输运过程.     

青藏高原东北缘中新世红色土状堆积序列的成因及其对亚洲干旱过程的指示

对青藏高原东北缘堆积于河流阶地上的晚新生代红色土状沉积物进行了地貌与地层、沉积特征、土壤微结构和地球化学等的研究. 结果表明, 这套红色土状堆积物可分出25套发育较弱的黄褐色土壤(7.5YR6/4)和发育较强的红棕色古土壤(2.5YR5/4)组合, 与黄土高原典型的红黏土具有相似的结构和构造. 红色土状堆积序列的颗粒总体上偏细, 主要组分为粉砂和黏土, 砂粒级含量几乎为零. 显微镜下, 红色土状堆积物为黏土质结构, 粗颗粒组分主要包括石英、钾长石、云母和少量辉石、角闪石等, 且矿物颗粒都呈似棱角-棱角状; 其常量和微量化学元素的含量与特征、稀有元素的分配模式等与典型的第四纪黄土、古土壤具有可对比性. 上述证据表明, 这套沉积为风成起源. 磁性地层指示这套风成成因的红色土状堆积物底界年龄为约11.4 Ma, 证明中国西北地区晚新生代大面积的风尘沉积分布范围扩展到了青藏高原东北缘. 后湾红色土状堆积物与上覆晚第四纪黄土-古土壤序列有着相近的物源和相似的风力搬运系统. 与晚第四纪黄土-古土壤相比, 后湾红色土状堆积物的颗粒较细、沉积速率较小, 反映了搬运动力较弱和(或)源区干旱化程度较低. 古气候替代指标的变化表明源区干旱程度和(或)风搬运动力有多次的波动, 并且在约10 Ma BP和7~8 Ma BP前后, 各有一次干旱化加剧的过程, 可能表明了高原的隆升或(和)全球变冷促进了亚洲内陆干旱化进一步加剧. 10 Ma BP前后古气候由高频高幅波动转变为较为低频低幅变化, 指示了一次重要的环境转型. 这次环境转型事件可能是全球性的事件在青藏高原东北缘的表现.     

基于脂肪酸生物标志物分析南京市及其周边不同营养水平湖库的浮游动物碳源

脂肪酸在生物的摄食活动中相对稳定,可用于辨别消费者的食物来源.不同营养水平的湖泊与水库中浮游动物的碳源组成有差异,因而可能具有不同的脂肪酸组成特征.本研究对南京市及其周边21个湖库的颗粒有机物(POM)、浮游动物的脂肪酸组成进行了对比分析.结果 表明,南京市及其周边湖库21个湖库由中营养、轻富营养、中富营养、重富营养共...     

137Cs湖泊沉积年代学方法应用的局限——以Crawford湖为例

＾１３７Ｃｓ湖泊沉积年代学方法是测定现代湖泊沉积物沉积年代和沉积速率的重要同位素年代学方法之一。对加拿大Ｃｒａｗｆｏｒｄ湖采集的沉积孔柱内＾１３７Ｃｓ垂直分布的研究发现,该方法给出时的标有明显偏差。比较＾２１０Ｐｂ和纹层等年代方法的结果,其１９６３年时标蓄积峰值所在位置明显移向表层,而作为１９５４年时标的该核素出现蓄积的层位则远早于该年沉积物蓄积层位。研究还表明,孔柱中较高的间隙水含量、缺少足以吸     

Evaluation of ESR residual dose in quartz modern samples,an investigation on environmental dependence

Luminescence and ESR dating methods of quartz sediment are based on the natural resetting of the signal by light exposure (optical bleaching). When the bleaching is incomplete, a residual dose (D_eR) is added to the post-depositional dose accumulated since the deposit and hence the age is overestimated.Insufficient bleaching is usually linked to the environment and conditions of transport/deposition of the quartz grains affecting the light exposure duration. Indeed, each transportation mode – fluvial, marine or aeolian – is associated to specific conditions of light exposure, depending mainly to the location of grains in the transport agent during the transport phase, the opacity of the transport environment and the velocity of the transport.The present study attempts to discriminate the modes of transport/deposition providing a satisfying reset of the ESR signals of quartz grains. For this purpose, we investigated bleaching rates and ESR residual doses of aluminum centers from “present-day” aeolian, fluvial and marine sediments sampled in various sedimentary environments. The bleaching efficiency evaluation in these different environments may help for a better understanding of the resetting phenomenon for quartz signals which represents presently the main difficulty for ESR dating.The results show that the residual doses are small enough to allow an ESR dating of the main part of the sediment transported in almost all the context examined in this study. The smallest residual doses are obtained from quartz grains within the range of 100–200 μm and transported in clear water. Some limits for the application of optically bleached quartz ESR dating appears nevertheless, mainly when the residual dose and the dose accumulated after the deposit are quite similar, i.e. for Upper Pleistocene samples.     

ESR dating of sedimentary quartz: Possibilities and limitations of the single-grain approach

Usually, multiple-grain aliquots are used for electron spin resonance (ESR) dating of sediments. However, this approach excludes the ability of detecting insufficient bleaching, as would be the case when measuring several single aliquots or single grains. In this paper, we present preliminary results of single-grain ESR dating experiments on three different sedimentary deposits (fluvial, fluvio-aeolian and desert aeolian), ranging in age between 100 ka and 2 Ma. Titanium-related impurity centres (Ti–Li and Ti–H) were measured in a Q-band ESR spectrometer for estimating equivalent doses (D_e) of individual quartz grains (0.5–1 mm). Both additive and regenerative dose methods were used. The resulting D_e plots show a large scatter in D_e—from 100 Gy to more than 600 Gy—for the fluvial sample, probably reflecting different bleaching histories of the grains. On the contrary, a clear plateau can be observed in D_e for sands with a strong aeolian component. Preliminary single-grain ESR ages are in relatively good agreement with independent estimates, the best results being obtained for the desert aeolian sample (200 ka). It is concluded that ESR has a promising potential for estimating large naturally accumulated doses of well-bleached sediments. Nevertheless, the method is challenged by several experimental difficulties, such as long measurement times, excessive errors, and presumably a complex interrelationship between Ti–Li and Ti–H components.     

Using quartz grain size and shape analysis to distinguish between aeolian and fluvial deposits in the Dallol Bosso of Niger (West Africa)

Size and Fourier-shape characteristics of quartz sand grains were determined by computerized image analysis in order to distinguish between aeolian and fluvial soil parent materials in the Dallol Bosso in Niger. Factor analysis of grain-size distributions gave four sand end-members that can be related to fluvial transport dynamics operating when the sediments were initially deposited. The medium to fine (and more angular shaped) sand fractions are being reworked by wind. Aeolian deposits were well sorted whereas fluvial deposits were poorly sorted in both size and shape. Although gross-shape characteristics (lower harmonics of Fourier series expansion) indicated a common source rock for all sands, the aeolian sands were well rounded whereas the fluvial sands tended to be more angular (upper harmonics of Fourier series).     

Zircon provenance of Quaternary cover beds using U–Pb dating: Regional differences in the Southwestern USA

U–Pb dating of detrital zircons (DZ) in Quaternary slope deposits (cover beds) and examination of the surface structure of single zircon grains may enable reconstruction of the provenance of their aeolian components and help to reconstruct sedimentary palaeo-transportation cascades. We distinguish several layers of slope deposits (cover beds) using a palaeosol-supported sequence-stratigraphic approach. In a pilot study, we demonstrate the usability of using end-member-modelled analyses of grain sizes to identify the aeolian matter, multi-dimensional scaling and density functions (probability density functions (PDF) and Kernel density estimations (KDE)) of the U–Pb data, and the grain morphology of DZ, and show that the age and appearance variation of DZ in the Great Basin differ remarkably from those of the Colorado Plateau. All samples contain aeolian matter. Density functions of the DZ ages show similarities within each of the two regions. The Great Basin samples are dominated by late Cretaceous and Paleogene zircons, which are assumed to derive from volcanism. In contrast, the Colorado Plateau samples are almost free of these contributions. Presumably, the difference is due to palaeolakes, which were frequent in the Great Basin only, whose sediments contain a similar spectrum of DZ ages. Zircon morphology indicates that most grains have a history of aeolian transportation, whereas the grains assumed to be of volcanic origin often do not show similar transportation marks; this indicates that their transportation was dominated by the eruptive process but fewer steps of a transportation cascade. Multidimensional scaling of age data defines clusters of samples with similar DZ ages and – compared with published ages from possible sources – allows first interpretations of provenance. Quaternary aeolian sediments have not been studied in, and the applied mix of methods has not been applied to, the southwestern USA before. We demonstrate their feasibility for this study area.     

Luminescence chronology of fluvial and aeolian deposits in the Russian Altai (Southern Siberia)

Geomorphological investigations in the Russian Altai Mountains provide evidence for the extent and timing of Late Quaternary glaciations and aeolian sediments. Infrared optically stimulated luminescence (IR-OSL) and thermoluminescence (TL) dating of aeolian sediments from the central part of the Russian Altai were carried out on silty and sandy sediments that cover fluvial and glacio-fluvial terraces. Most samples from loess, loess-like sediments and sandy loess taken from different terrace sequences within the Altai Mountains provide IRSL ages suggesting a main aeolian deposition period between 25 and 15 ka. These data are consistent with those from the adjacent Mongolian Altai. Sand and silt layers within moraines yielded IRSL age estimates between 22 and 19 ka and correlate to the ice margins of the Last Glacial Maximum. Aeolian dune sands overlying or neighbouring the loess-like sediments and the fluvial terraces at some places provide evidence for Late Glacial (around 15 ka) and Early Holocene (around 9 ka) aeolian activity. The youngest sand sheets gave deposition ages of about 1.5 ka. These sediments covered graves and are related to overgrazing. They provide evidence for the significant human impact on the environment. Fluvial sediments, including silt and sandy gravel intermingled with charcoal, yielded contradicting radiocarbon and luminescence ages. IRSL age estimates obtained for the silty layers range from 19 to 18 ka and are significantly older than the radiocarbon ages, which gave sub-recent ages between 1170 and 910 BP. These data indicate fluvial sedimentation of debris and mudflows in a period of deforestation and strong soil erosion related to mining activities during the 9th and 10th century.     

OSL dating of mixed coastal sediment (Sylt,German Bight,North Sea)

As part of a study on coastal sedimentary processes this paper presents the OSL dating of mixed coastal sediment samples from the southern North Sea island of Sylt (German Bight). During coring of the swash-bar (beach) sediments, five samples were presumably contaminated by younger overwash and aeolian sediments because of the sampling method employed. To obtain reliable burial ages for these swash-bar sediments, single-grain and small aliquot measurements were used together with the Finite Mixture Model (FMM) proposed by Roberts et al. (2000) to identify the grain population containing the largest doses (from the deepest part of the core). Before the FMM was applied to dating, the parameters and performance of the FMM were first investigated by systematically comparing small aliquot (∼20 grains) and single-grain measurements of an undisturbed aeolian and swash-bar sample and a laboratory mixture of both sediments. This test case demonstrates the advantage of selecting the time interval immediately following the initial luminescence signals for background subtraction because unsuitable quartz grains were removed from the dose distribution. It is concluded that the measurement of small aliquots can be regarded as a reliable proxy for single-grain dose distribution if the sediment contains only a small proportion of quartz grains emitting a luminescence signal and that the FMM results are relatively insensitive to changes of the over-dispersion parameter between 5–40% for small aliquots and 10–40% for single-grains.We show that the burial ages of the contaminated swash-bar samples resulting from the maximum age populations from equivalent dose distributions measured using small aliquots are consistent with the stratigraphy and with ages obtained from uncontaminated samples.     

Variations in quartz OSL components with lithology,weathering and transportation

The signal properties of quartz optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) vary from sample to sample, and even from grain to grain, in terms of, for example, signal intensity or the composition of OSL signal components. However, the cause of the variation in quartz OSL properties is not well understood. Here, we report our experimental observations of continuous wave and linearly modulated OSL signals in quartz grains from fresh bedrocks, saprolites, and sediments in Korea. The OSL signals in quartz grains from both fresh bedrocks and saprolites in the granitic and metamorphic rocks are dominated by slower OSL components, with no fast OSL component. By contrast, the OSL signals in quartz extracts from sandstones are predominantly composed of fast OSL components. Quartz extracts derived from thermally metamorphosed or diagenetically recrystallised sandstones, however, tend to emit weaker OSL signals, a property related to intense slower OSL components. Along the fluvial transportation path, slower OSL components dominate near the host granite, but their absolute/relative intensity decreases with a simultaneous increase in the fast OSL component with transportation distance. OSL signal characteristics suitable for dating appear to be acquired during sedimentary processes after the liberation of quartz grains from granitic and metamorphic bedrock. Therefore, granitic and metamorphic quartz grains should be transported a sufficient distance for the fast OSL component to be sensitised. However, unless they have been affected by post-thermal metamorphism and recrystallisation, the OSL signal properties of quartz grains released from Cretaceous sedimentary rocks seem to be suitable for OSL dating, regardless of the transportation distance.     

Sedimentological,modal analysis and geochemical studies of desert and coastal dunes,Altar Desert,NW Mexico

Sedimentological, compositional and geochemical determinations were carried out on 54 desert and coastal dune sand samples to study the provenance of desert and coastal dunes of the Altar Desert, Sonora, Mexico. Grain size distributions of the desert dune sands are influenced by the Colorado River Delta sediment supply and wind selectiveness. The desert dune sands are derived mainly from the quartz‐rich Colorado River Delta sediments and sedimentary lithics. The dune height does not exert a control over the grain size distributions of the desert dune sands. The quartz enrichment of the desert dune sands may be due to wind sorting, which concentrates more quartz grains, and to the aeolian activity, which has depleted the feldspar grains through subaerial collisions. The desert dune sands suffer from little chemical weathering and they are chemically homogeneous, with chemical alteration indices similar to those found in other deserts of the world. The desert sands have been more influenced by sedimentary and granitic sources. This is supported by the fact that Ba and Sr concentration values of the desert sands are within the range of the Ba and Sr concentration values of the Colorado River quartz‐rich sediments. The Sr values are also linked to the presence of Ca‐bearing minerals. The Zr values are linked to the sedimentary sources and heavy mineral content in the desert dunes. The Golfo de Santa Clara and Puerto Peñasco coastal dune sands are influenced by long shore drift, tidal and aeolian processes. Coarse grains are found on the flanks whereas fine grains are on the crest of the dunes. High tidal regimens, long shore drift and supply from Colorado Delta River sediments produce quartz‐rich sands on the beach that are subsequently transported into the coastal dunes. Outcrops of Quaternary sedimentary rocks and granitic sources increase the sedimentary and plutonic lithic content of the coastal dune sands. The chemical index of alteration (CIA) values for the desert and coastal dune sands indicate that both dune types are chemically homogeneous. The trace element values for the coastal dune sands are similar to those found for the desert dune sands. However, an increase in Sr content in the coastal dune sands may be due to more CaCO₃ of biogenic origin as compared to the desert dune sands. Correlations between the studied parameters show that the dune sands are controlled by sedimentary sources (e.g. Colorado River Delta sediments), since heavy minerals are present in low percentages in the dune sands, probably due to little heavy mineral content from the source sediment; grain sizes in the dune sands are coarser than those in which heavy minerals are found and/or the wind speed might not exert a potential entrainment effect on the heavy mineral fractions to be transported into the dune. A cluster analysis shows that the El Pinacate group is significantly different from the rest of the dune sands in terms of the grain‐size parameters due to longer transport of the sands and the long distance from the source sediment, whereas the Puerto Peñasco coastal dune sands are different from the rest of the groups in terms of their geochemistry, probably caused by their high CaCO₃ content and slight decrease in the CIA value. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Residual OSL signals in modern fluvial sediments from the Yellow River (HuangHe) and the implications for dating young sediments

The Yellow River is characterized by its tremendous sediment load. In this study we investigated the residual OSL signals in modern fluvial sand and suspended-sediment samples from the middle reach of the river. The residual equivalent dose (D_e) is found to vary with grain size, mineralogy and the techniques used for the D_e determination. The results indicate that the OSL signals in some grains from these samples were not completely bleached prior to burial, the maximum individual D_e value obtained is up to 56 Gy. The results also show that coarse grains are generally better bleached at deposition than fine grains; the fine-grained quartz from suspended sediments are better bleached than the fine-grained quartz from the fluvial sand deposits. The D_es obtained using quartz TT-OSL signals are up to ～380 Gy for these modern samples.