大亚湾表层沉积物镁铝含量比变化及影响因素

本文讨论了大亚湾沉积物镁铝含量比——m值的分布、季节变化及m值与水介质的关系,结果证实,水介质的盐度、pH和水温是m值的主要影响因素,且水介质的盐度是决定m值大小的最基本要素。当3个影响因素呈同向变化时,对m值的变化具有叠加作用,m值的变化幅度较大;当盐度与pH呈相反方向变化时,若△pH>0.06,可对m值产生明显的影响,m值的变化与pH同向。从大亚湾沉积物m值随季节变化的特征表明,m值对沉积环境中水介质变化的反应是灵敏的。这一结果显示了m值对水介质变化能够响应的灵敏度。     

深海氧同位素第3阶段古气候—海平面变化研究进展

根据近年来的主要研究成果,简要综述了深海氧同位素第3阶段(MIS 3)气候—海平面变化特征及其沉积记录的研究进展.MIS3期间的气候变化是古气候研究中的重要组成部分,该时段的某些气候特征与现今十分类似.取自极地冰心、海洋沉积物和陆地的古气候记录表明,在MIS3阶段全球经历了一系列数百年至千年时间尺度的快速气候突变事件,其成因、机制和影响范围还存在明显的不确定性.利用深海沉积物的氧同位素、珊瑚礁阶地、陆源碎屑沉积记录分析得出的MIS3古海平面高度偏差较大,主要认为在-50～-90 m之间波动,但也有研究表明MIS3海平面可达-15～-20 m.对MIS3古气候和海平面变化的深入研究,有赖于全球范围内更多不同类型和高分辨率的地质记录所提供的证据.     

盐度、pH对波纹巴非蛤(Paphia undulate)滤水率的影响

在实验室条件下,用流水系统分别测定了盐度和pH对波纹巴非蛤(Paphia undulata)滤水率的影响.对盐度梯度分别为24,28,32,36和pH值分别为7.0,7.5,8.0,8.5,9.0 梯度下波纹巴非蛤的滤水率进行了测定.结果表明:盐度和pH对波纹巴非蛤的滤水率有显著影响.在盐度24～32范围内滤水率随着盐度的升高而增大,在盐度32～36范围内随着盐度的升高而减小,盐度28和32时滤水率明显高于其它盐度组.在pH值7.0～9.0范围内,波纹巴非蛤的滤水率变化迅速,呈现一个峰值变化,pH值为8时达到最大值.     

岱海沉积物粒度特征及其古环境意义

处于北方环境敏感带的封闭湖泊岱海，其沉积物的粒度特征反映了岱海降水、水动力搬运强度以及湖面水位高低的变化。较为丰富的降水及较强的水动力条件容易沉积成分较粗的陆源碎屑颗粒；当湖面较低时，缩短了沉积物搬运区与沉积区的距离，也容易使沉积物粗颗粒组分增加，但仅从平均粒径大小上很难时对其沉积作用形式作出判断。通过对贷海沉积物粒度频率曲线的分析，讨论了湖泊的几种可能沉积作用，区分了正常流水沉积与极端条件下风力作用以及水流与风力作用混合沉积，从而揭示了沉积时的古环境特征，在岩心12．34－14．18m段，即10．5ka前具有低湖面、气候寒冷、降水多次波动的特点。     

昆特依盐湖氯同位素特征及古气候意义

于1994－1996年,采用高精度正热电离质谱测定氯同位素（δ37Cl）的方法,对青海柴达木盆地昆特依盐湖区的盐湖卤水、湖底盐类矿物、油田水以及该地区的盐类沉积物钻孔剖面的δ37Cl值进行了初步研究。结果表明,该地区的δ37Cl值（卤水）变化范围在-2．05‰—1．04‰,盐湖卤水的δ37Cl值较低,这与卤水的相对密度及pH值有关;盐类沉积钻孔剖面的δ37Cl值呈现自下而上逐渐降低的趋势,这一变化与该地区的古气候变化有关。盐类沉积的δ37Cl值研究将会对高原干旱、蒸发环境条件下湖相沉积古气候演化的研究提供一种新的手段。     

基于浮标监测的连云港近海紫菜养殖区水环境特征

为促进海洋渔业经济的健康可持续发展,文章以连云港高公岛附近的紫菜养殖区为研究区域,利用海洋环境综合监测浮标实时监测水环境和气象数据,采用定性和定量相结合的方法,分析紫菜养殖区海域的水温、电导率、水压、溶解氧浓度、pH值、盐度、叶绿素浓度和浊度等水环境因子的统计和变化特征及其相关性,在此基础上分析气象条件对水环境因子的影响。研究结果表明：研究区域的水温和盐度适宜紫菜养殖,浊度属于强变异性;水温和电导率整体呈逐渐升高的趋势,溶解氧浓度和pH值呈逐渐降低的趋势,其他水环境因子呈波动状态;水压的变化与气压具有一致性,水体未受到溶解氧和酸碱污染;水温与电导率之间存在较强的正相关性,水温与溶解氧浓度和pH值之间存在较强的负相关性,pH值与叶绿素浓度和盐度之间存在较强的正相关性;气象条件对水环境因子存在一定的影响,海上大风导致水体浊度陡增。     

渤海LZK06孔25万年沉积物粒度特征及沉积环境意义

对渤海北岸大凌河冲积平原的LZK06孔上部60 m沉积物开展了粒度测试,分析了粒度特征变化规律,探讨了控制粒度特征变化的因素及其对环境演化的指示。结果显示,LZK06孔沉积物以下部陆相沉积和上部海陆交互相沉积为特点。LZK06孔沉积物粒度整体较粗,指示了较强的沉积水动力。整体上海相沉积物粒度略粗于下伏陆相沉积物。地层年代学结果表明,LZK06孔上部60 m记录了渤海北岸25万年来经历了3次主要的海退—海侵过程。影响钻孔沉积物粒度特征变化的主要因素可能是古气候变化背景下的大凌河沉积水动力强度和携沙量的变化。在高海面时期,潮汐和波浪对沉积物粒度起到后期改造作用。     

海洋盐度场对细粒沉积物临界剪应力影响

黄河口海域盐度变化受黄河入海径流量、气候及海洋动力条件的影响,河口沉积物的沉降、固结及侵蚀等动力学行为与黄河口海域盐度变化有密切关系。为研究不同盐度环境对河口沉积物抗侵蚀性变化的影响,在现代黄河三角洲刁口河路潮滩上进行原位试验,模拟不同盐度的沉积环境,使用黏结力仪(CSM)对细粒沉积物进行抗侵蚀性测试。结果表明细粒沉积物的临界剪应力为0.728~1.581Pa,且随着沉积环境盐度增加,细粒沉积物的临界剪应力呈线性增加。当沉积环境盐度增加1时,其临界剪应力增加约0.02Pa。     

海洋盐度场对细粒沉积物临界剪应力影响北大核心CSCD

黄河口海域盐度变化受黄河入海径流量、气候及海洋动力条件的影响,河口沉积物的沉降、固结及侵蚀等动力学行为与黄河口海域盐度变化有密切关系。为研究不同盐度环境对河口沉积物抗侵蚀性变化的影响,在现代黄河三角洲刁口河路潮滩上进行原位试验,模拟不同盐度的沉积环境,使用黏结力仪（CSM）对细粒沉积物进行抗侵蚀性测试。结果表明细粒沉积物的临界剪应力为0.728～1.581Pa,且随着沉积环境盐度增加,细粒沉积物的临界剪应力呈线性增加。当沉积环境盐度增加1时,其临界剪应力增加约0.02Pa。     

海水盐度对沉降泥沙固结过程影响研究

黄河每年输送上亿吨泥沙入海,其中80%以上沉积在河口附近水下三角洲。受黄河入海径流量、气候及海洋动力条件影响,黄河口海域海水盐度变化显著。目前,不同盐度海水环境下入海泥沙沉降形成的海床土,固结过程有何差异尚不清楚。本文在黄河水下三角洲潮坪配制不同盐度的流态沉积物,模拟不同沉积环境下新沉积土的固结过程,利用轻型贯入测试、十字板剪切测试等现场原位试验,实时观测沉积环境盐度对沉降泥沙固结过程的影响。研究发现:随着海水盐度增加,沉积物固结强度增大,沉积环境盐度每增高1‰,沉积物固结后强度可增加0.15倍;海水盐度对沉积物固结速率的影响,在初始阶段表现不明显,在沉积物固结后期,盐度每增高1‰,固结速率可增长1.23倍;海水盐度的增高,还加剧了沉积物固结强度的空间非均匀性。本研究的发现,促进了对河口区海底工程环境的认识。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.