基于重力大数据的中国大陆区域地质构造解析

本文从重力异常角度对中国大陆区域地质构造的深部结构进行了研究。基于卫星重力大数据,利用改进后的位场分离方法获取了从地表到上地幔顶部不同深度的重力异常场。分析了各个碰撞-俯冲带、造山带及盆地等地区上地幔顶部（参考深度约为72～76 km）和中地壳（参考深度约为12～16 km）深度的异常特征。结合地质构造、地球化学和地球物理学证据,重点讨论了重力异常产生的原因及其与中国大陆主要构造之间的关系,获得了中国大陆在环太平洋动力学体系和特提斯动力学体系这两大动力作用下不同地区差异性的壳幔响应。     

东海地区重磁场特征及其地质意义

重磁方法是地球物理研究中的重要分支,其以位场理论为基础,具有在水平方向上的高分辨率能力并能够提供地壳深部结构的信息,从而对于研究沉积盆地的形成演化过程起着经济有效的作用.文章以东海地区近年的重磁数据为基础,分析了重磁场特征,布格异常值介于-160～460 mGal,在正值背景上发育一些局部的重力低圈闭,布格重力异常的主体走向为NE向,磁力异常值介于-200～+ 500 nT,磁力异常的主体走向为NE向.同时,利用磁异常数据计算了东海的磁性基底界面,磁性基底深度在4～12 km之间变化,各个地区磁性基底深度起伏变化不同,结合前人研究成果,认为东海地区广泛存在中生界地层.     

Earthquake hazard assessment from the recent space and surface measurements of the Earth's gravity field

The distinctive nature of the structure of the Earth's gravity field over high seismicity areas, as observed in some limited scale studies, indicates that it is possible to use these associative patterns to outline areas of high seismicity or high earthquake hazard potential from a knowledge of the finer structure of the Earth's gravity field. The global scale investigation of such relationships as a function of the geophysical characteristics of various tectonic provinces, and the parameterisation of such relationships by hypocentral depth and earthquake intensity/energy data, become even more attractive because of the availability of (1) satellite-determined gravity models which provide global information on the long wavelength components of the gravity field, (2) satellite altimetry data which provide oceanwide information on the detailed geoidal structure, (3) surface gravity data which provide information on the short wavelength components in the areas of surface gravity coverage, and (4) bathymetric and topographic data which, though still somewhat limited in spite of their recent extensions of coverage, are available in more and more areas and provide information on the tectonic and morphological environments of an area to enable its gravity data conversion to some standard environments for direct comparisons of underlying structures. Additionally, the rapidly mounting geological and geophysical evidence of considerable intraplate tectonic activity, not so fashionable until recently, makes the study of these correlative patterns even more attractive and productive from a scientific viewpoint. This paper presents the major elements of the theoretical formulation for conducting such investigations.     

Advances, Problems and Prospects of Modern Geodesy Applied in Tibetan Geodynamic Changes

Modern geodetic techniques have developed rapidly in recent years, providing reliable observation data and new effective approaches, and greatly enhancing studies of the Tibetan geodynamics. For instance, the well-known GPS technique has been employed to measure seismic slips for many faults in the Tibetan Plateau. GPS data agree well with the hypothesis of a thickening crust and eastward mass flow. Moreover, absolute gravimetric data have been applied to interpret geophysical phenomena such as crust movement, co-seismic gravity change, GIA, and ground water change. The satellite gravity mission GRACE launched in 2002 provided global gravity models with unprecedentedly high precision and high spatial resolution. It has been used in implementing temporal gravity changes and improving our knowledge of the Earth’s interior, including lithosphere dynamics, mantle viscosity and rheology, plateau uplift, and subduction processing. It is noteworthy that gravity presents unique advantages for the study of Tibetan geodynamics because of its sensitivity to mass migration and dynamic redistribution. To date, great advances have been made in applying modern geodetic data in studying dynamic changes of Tibetan plateau. For instance, the horizontal displacement field from GPS data revealed dynamical characteristics of the present-day Tibetan plateau. The combination of gravity anomalies and topographic data describe the tectonic characteristics of Tibetan plateau. The combination of gravity data and GPS data show present properties of the Tibetan plateau such as crust thickening, Moho’s subsidence, and plateau uplift. GRACE data were used to estimate the distribution of ice/snow melting.     

基于EIGEN-6C2重力场模型反演青藏高原地壳结构

重力数据是地下场源产生的重力场的叠加, 包含了地下从浅部到深部的丰富信息.高阶卫星资料的丰富为青藏高原深部构造研究提供了重要资料.基于EIGEN-6C2模型作为原始数据, 首先对青藏高原布格重力异常和均衡重力异常分别作1~5阶尺度分解, 得到不同尺度重力异常的分布特性, 探讨不同空间尺度反映的地壳构造意义.其次, 基于径向对数功率谱估计平均深度方法理论, 进一步研究1~5阶细节反映的场源深度.再次, 利用Canny算子的多尺度边缘检测识别和分析重力异常中表现不明显的断裂, 定位断裂在地表的位置, 识别青藏高原内部断块边界, 完成活动块体和次级块体的划分.最后, 对布格重力异常进行沉积层及岩石圈改正, 采用Parker-Oldenbarg三维位场反演法反演青藏高原莫霍界面起伏.      

试论郯-庐“Y”型三叉裂谷

本文根据卫星重力资料和地面重力资料,研究了地幔对流产生的应力场,并结合地质、地球物理资料的综合分析,对郯—庐裂谷带的具体位置、形成机理及其演化规律都作了探讨。在此基础上提出了郯—庐“Y”型三叉裂谷的看法。     

Evidence from physical geodesy for geodynamics in the Caribbean area

Geodynamic studies in the Caribbean consider a great deal of geophysical and geological information. Geodetic data have only been applied but little. Physical geodesy provides different parameters of the gravity field, such as geoid heights, deflections of the vertical, and gravity anomalies. As the gravity field is a function of the mass distribution within the earth, these parameters give information about mass inhomogeneities, in particular also about those correlated with geodynamics.

This paper presents some results concerning geodynamic features in the Caribbean obtained from the inversion of the gravity field into a theoretical mass distribution of the earth. The effect of irregular mass distributions in the lithosphere is separated from the global gravity field and interpreted with respect to plate tectonics. A clear correlation between the geometry of the Caribbean plate and the lithospheric part of the gravity field can be found.     

秦岭造山带的壳幔结构及其形成,演化特征

地处华北地块和扬子地块之间的秦岭造山带是一个壳幔结构十分复杂的地带,它的形成、演化也有其漫长而复杂的过程。本文依据近年来在该地带及邻区取得的地球物理资料所显示的多种信息来推断其壳幔结构及其形成、演化的某些特征,并尝试利用反映不同深度范围物质密度分布不均信息的卫星重力资料,探讨其地球动力学等背景。     

壳幔物质流变的底辟作用孕育大地震——卫星重力资料的证据

根据2-180阶与2-360阶的数字全球模型恢复的卫星重力场数据,主要源于地下18~36 km深处的密度变化,多数大地震的震源也正是位于该层段。 因此卫星重力场资料对于地震研究有很大的意义。笔者详细分析了中国汶川、墨脱、仲巴、伽师和台湾等地的卫星重力资料(这些地区在近几十年来均发生过6级以上的大地震),惊奇地发现,在这些地区,卫星重力场的样式具有极大的相似性,它们表现在:(1)卫星重力场的正负异常值成对出现;(2)震中通常位于重力场峰值间的陡梯度带;(3)由低阶到高阶的重力场正异常的峰值增大而宽度变窄;(4)正、负峰值间的距离随所处的大地构造背景而变; (5)不同应力场壳幔物质底辟的样式不同,从地质上看,高密度壳幔物质的流变底辟作用,可以合理地解释这种独特的样式变化。文中提出高密度生长指数的概念,用以度量密度由深部到浅部的增加。岩石圈断裂带、深大断裂带及多层次滑脱层是壳幔高密度塑性物质底辟活动的优势通道。壳幔物质的非均质性反映了大陆板块构造动力学过程的复杂性。     

长江中下游及其邻区深部地球物理背景与含金夕卡岩矿床的分布

长江中下游地区是我国重要的铁铜矿产基地。近十年来,我国所发现的含金夕卡岩矿床和铜伴生金夕卡岩矿床也主要产在长江中下游地区。作者借助12条大地电磁测深剖面、5条地震剖面、层析成像速度结构资料、重磁场等区域的和深部的地球物理资料进行综合对比研究,给出长江中下游及其邻区的三维深部构造格架及其与含金夕卡岩矿床和铜伴生金夕卡岩矿床的分布关系。作者认为,上地幔隆起带(岩石圈地幔减薄带)、上地幔异常区(相对低速区)、壳内高导层隆起带、深断裂(岩石圈剪切带)、地壳上地幔不均匀性块体的边缘、重力高反映的基底隆起区、跳跃磁场反映的岩浆岩带和构造交汇处等诸多因素的共同作用控制着含金夕卡岩矿床和铜伴生金夕卡岩矿床的分布。     

月球重力场研究及其应用进展

月球重力场研究及相关应用是月球科学探测中的重要内容之一。本文回顾了月球重力测量及月球重力场模型、月球地形模型等主要研究进展,总结了月球重力场（包括地形）在月球内部结构研究,特别是在月壳结构以及月球质量瘤等方面取得的研究成果。此外,月球重力场还应用于月幔／月核研究、月球均衡状态、月球物质成分及月球演化历史的研究中。随着我国嫦娥探月计划的实施,利用其探测数据建立自主重力场模型及地形模型成为我国探月研究的基础工作之一。在此基础上可开展月壳结构、月球均衡状态、月球质量瘤及月壳成分等研究,同时借鉴地球科学中相关学术思想和方法技术,从而促进对月球及类地行星等结构的研究。     

地球自转十年尺度波动与核幔耦合的可能机制

简要介绍了地球自转变化的一般规律可能的地球物理激发因素，十年尺度波动与核幔边界耦合之间的联系，以及几种可能的核幔耦合机制。强调了地震波探测手段对于获限地球内部信息的重要性，同时指出将空间大地测量，重力测量和地磁怀地球物理学方面的理论与模型研究相结合，对于最终分析和确认地球自转变化中的各种信息及其激当因素是十分重要的。     

On the use of airborne gravimetry in gravity field modelling: Experiences from the AGMASCO project

Important areas of the earth are still not covered by accurate gravity measurements. The gravity field may be determined by using different techniques but airborne gravity surveying is becoming the most powerful tool available today.One of the main problems in airborne gravity is the separation of the vertical accelerations acting on the airborne platform from the natural gravity signal. With the advances in DGPS techniques new prospects arise for gravity field recovery which are of great importance for geodesy, geophysics oceanography and satellite navigation. Furthermore, airborne gravimetric measurements depend not only on the determination of the position but also on the attitude of the aircraft. Inertial systems can provide attitude as well as information on short-term accelerations, which are more problematic for the gravimeter. A proper integration of these systems may allow a further improvement of the whole technique where the quality of both the accelerometers and the gyros is the key sensing element. In the scope of the MAST III Project AGMASCO, an airborne geoid mapping system was successfully implemented in different aeroplanes. The characteristics of the aeroplane and the flight parameters play a major role in airborne measurements.Within AGMASCO the airborne system was applied both in a close and an open ocean (Skagerrak, Fram Strait and Azores) areas. The system proved to be a powerful tool in a variety of conditions. The results obtained showed that an accuracy better than 2mGal over 5 to 6 kilometres can be achieved.This was proven by comparison of the airborne data with ground truth and satellite data. This accuracy makes the system interesting for use in various applications including geophysical exploitation.Different hardware installations were experienced and the methods validated. Recovery of the gravity values directly from measurements with the Lacoste & Romberg air/sea gravimeter and from measurements with the inertial sensors was analysed. The potential of these sensors to recover gravity and the experience gained within this project are reported here.     

铀资源勘查多源地学数据挖掘技术

核能作为清洁能源之一,是实现我国能源经济可持续发展的重要支撑。近年来,核电的快速发展对天然铀资源供给提出了新需求、新挑战,利用现代对地观测新技术新方法,持续开展铀资源高效勘查,是扩大天然铀资源量的关键途径。基于数据挖掘和知识发现技术,综合利用遥感、地球物理、地质等多源地学数据,通过光学遥感数据与雷达数据融合、航磁、航放、重力与地学数据综合分析,结合地面遥感地质调查与验证,系统研究了桃山矿田及其邻区主要成矿岩体、控矿构造、热液蚀变等多种铀成矿要素的电磁波谱特征,综合评价了铀成矿条件,圈定了远景靶区。     

介绍一种寻找隐伏岩体的好方法:岩浆热场法

隐伏岩体对于热液矿床找矿是非常重要的。寻找隐伏岩体的方法很多,其中以物探(磁法、电法、重力、地震等)方法应用得最广泛、效果最好。本文介绍的岩浆热场法,是专门寻找隐伏岩体的方法。岩浆热场法是地球物理方法的一种,它以感知温度场的差别为目的,没有多解性是它最大的优点。它以岩浆热场理论为基础,以各种能够恢复古温度场的方法为手段。能够感知岩浆热场温度的方法很多,本文介绍了其中的五种:接触变质带法、煤质和煤级法、伊利石结晶度法、牙形石色变度法和镜质体反射率法等。接触变质带是岩浆热场直接的具体的体现,传统的接触变质带范围有限(一般不超过1km)。但是,如果考虑到极低级变质作用,将大大扩展接触变质带的范围(达6~8km)。煤质和煤级是煤田地质部门应用得非常娴熟的方法,中国无烟煤分布区大多与岩浆热场有关,是隐伏岩体的良好指示剂。伊利石结晶度、牙形石色变度和镜质体反射率法是极低级变质作用研究中非常重要的三个指标。在上述各种方法中,笔者推荐镜质体反射率方法。该方法具有简单、精确、适用、经济、快速的特点。与物探方法比较,该方法有很多优点,但也有其局限性。如果能够将该方法从煤田和石油部门移植到岩石学和矿床学部门,与磁法、电法、重力法配合使用,可以提高寻找隐伏岩体的效果。     

Crustal large-scale serpentinized mantle peridotite body in the Sulu ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic belt,eastern China: Evidence from gravity and magnetic anomalies

From analysis of the geological and geophysical data (gravity, magnetic, seismic and petrophysics), we propose that geophysical anomalies are produced by a serpentinized mantle peridotite body (SMPB) situated in the middle to lower crust in the Sulu Belt. The SMPB was formed by crustal emplacement of mantle peridotites accompanied by ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphism. Our finding suggests an emplacement mechanism for the serpentinized mantle wedge (SMW), early in the subduction process. This is different from the classic view, which holds that the serpentinized forearc mantle is formed by in situ hydration processes (Blakely et al., 2005). The petrophysical properties of the SMPB are similar to those of the serpentinized forearc mantle or SMW in modern subduction-zones worldwide, but the formation mechanisms for SMPB and SMW are different. This observation is important for understanding the geodynamic processes that operated in the large UHP metamorphic belt in the Dabie-Sulu area, eastern China.     

油气勘探中遥感方法新进展与趋向

:文中介绍了遥感在油气勘探中的最新应用 :( 1)以遥感为主线的油气勘探集成技术应用 ,包括油气遥感直接勘探研究与应用、小型及隐蔽油气藏遥感间接勘探应用和钻探靶区的遥感、物探和化探综合评价 3个阶段的应用层次。 ( 2 )以高分辨率遥感数据与GIS技术相结合进行储层裂缝识别与有利含油气区块评价。未来几年的遥感技术将有更大的突破 ,表现在 :( 1)超光谱卫星遥感与直接探测地表油气微渗漏蚀变矿物 ;( 2 )热遥感成像资料等在油气直接勘探中的应用 ;( 3)卫星雷达干涉测量技术与重力资料相结合的油气勘探应用。     

贵州1：20万重力异常分布特征与透露的区域地质构造新信息

根据1:20万区域重力场和布格重力场透露的地球物理信息,结合地表地质情况,在区内划定了32条大断裂,一级4条二级28条,在原1∶50万重力资料的基础上新增了16条,它们大致反映了贵州基底的构造轮廓,可为当地基础性的地质找矿和地质科研服务,提供深部地球物理信息。     

浑河断裂地球物理场特征及地震活动性

浑河断裂是辽宁省内一条重要的北东向地震构造带,断裂两侧的地球物理重磁场存在差异。通过浑河断裂的区域重力场与磁场研究,认为浑河断裂既控制了深、浅部岩石地层的发育,同时浑河断裂的重力场、磁场分布随着深、浅部地层岩性发育的差异而有所变化。浑河断裂的重力场和磁场梯度带主要位于抚顺以西至沈阳一带,浑河断裂历史以来有记录的最大破坏性地震位于重力梯度变化较大的沈阳段。综合浑河断裂地球物理场特征及区域地质资料,浑河断裂虽然活动性一般,但抚顺地区的采煤活动对断裂的活动性有一定影响。近些年抚顺地区频发的沉降、滑坡和地裂缝等地质灾害应当引起对浑河断裂活动性研究的重视。     

The Fennoscandian uplift and glacial isostasy

Various hypotheses have been put forth in relation to the land uplift of Fennoscandia, which is well documented both by geological and geodetic observations. Most modern authors attribute the present uplift to an isostatic rebound of the earth after the last deglaciation. Recent information on the gravity field, both from the satellite data and land survey measurements is examined to ascertain whether the Fennoscandian uplift is associated with a gravity minimum and a mass deficit. Free air anomalies correlate well with the central area of uplift and predict a remaining uplift of about 100 m. Results of secular gravity measurements are inconclusive. Seismicity of Fennoscandia does not show a close association with the area of maximum uplift. Different rheological models proposed for the mantle below the Fennoscandian shield are reviewed and it is shown that the available data on the rates of uplift for the last 9000 years are more compatible with a low-viscosity (10²⁰ P) asthenosphere of 100–200 km thickness.