A Discrete Element Analysis of the Sliding Friction Heat in High-Speed and Long-Runout Landslides

Earthquake is one of the main causes of high-speed and long-runout landslides. Generally, the heat generated in the sliding zone is significant in such devastating landslides. In this study, we establish a two dimensional slope model which includes 0.2 million elements to simulate the development of high speed and long-runout landslides using the discrete element software MatDEM. The model not only suggests that heat is produced by friction and fracturing, but also simulates the process of tension generation in cracks and the generation of a high heat zone near the sliding region. Besides, the heat field graph indicates a banded high heat belt that is related to the location of the thickest sliding body. The logarithms of the total calorific value and the highest value in the heat zone during the sliding process are linearly related to the logarithm of the landslide height.     

交通荷载作用红层填料道路沉降细观模拟

为研究G6京藏高速兰州—海石湾段红层路基填料导致的沉降问题,建立二自由度路基路面耦合离散元模型。通过迭代运算,得到各层材料的细观参数,编写Fish函数,用冲击荷载及半正弦荷载模拟交通荷载作用,在此基础上分析荷载作用下路基路面各层颗粒的位移和应力时程曲线。研究表明：基层与红层填料交界面处出现位移分层现象,基层受水平拉应力作用,是裂缝发展的高风险区,在公路运营过程中应定期重点监测该区域裂缝的发生。PFC模型实现了路基土体及路面结构层在离散元软件中协同变形的耦合,为不良路基地区道路的病害问题及沉降变形计算提供研究思路,为该地区后续的路基病害整治奠定理论基础。     

Numerical homogenization-based seismic assessment of an English-bond masonry prototype: Structural level application

A multiscale strategy is evaluated at a structural level for the analysis of unreinforced masonry structures. The mechanical characterization of the masonry is deduced from homogenization-based micro-scale finite element (FE) models. The derived data are here employed at a structural level via a discrete FE model. The discrete FE model is composed of quadrilateral rigid plates interconnected through vertical and horizontal interfaces. On the interfaces, between adjoining discrete elements, a model that accounts for the in- and out-of-plane behavior of masonry, with damage and plasticity, is adopted. Such interfaces represent the material pre- and post-peak regimes, its orthotropy, and, depending on the micro-model assumed, account by three-dimensional shear effects that are especially important for multi-leaf walls and complex regular textures. The discrete model has been implemented in an advanced structural analysis software where powerful built-in features as the arc-length method, line-search algorithm, and implicit or explicit solver schemes are available. The multi-scale model is applied for the dynamic study of a small English-bond masonry house prototype subjected to a series of consecutive earthquake records. Detailed comparisons between the experimental and numerical data are presented, including the results obtained through a continuous total strain rotating crack model. Quasi-static and dynamic analyses are conducted. Results demonstrate that when enough experimental information is available on the masonry components under tension, shear, and compression regimes, the approach predicts well the seismic structural response in terms of time-history displacements, seismic capacity, and damage patterns. The required computational cost (CPU time) is very attractive.     

有限元离散模型中的出平面运动形式

波动在有限元离散模型中传播时,会出现许多不同于连续介质中波动的现象.本文引用经典物理学中晶格动力学的分析方法,由有限元离散形式的出平面波动方程得到频散关系,在此基础上,讨论了集中质量有限元模型中各种可能的出平面运动形式,并分析了考虑时域离散化影响下各种形式可能存在的频率范围.     

考虑土-结构相互作用双层柱面网壳在多点输入下的地震反应分析

目前对于网壳结构的地震反应研究大部分仍然采用一致输入,特别是没有考虑土-结构相互作用对网壳结构的影响。本文通过对大型有限元分析软件MSC.Nastran的二次开发,用等效线性化方法考虑土体的非线性,对土体采用三维实体单元建模,并对土体在基岩面上采用地震动的多点输入,计算分析了大跨度双层柱面网壳的动力反应,并且与一致地震动输入下网壳结构的地震反应进行了对比,考察了两者之间的差异,深入分析了考虑土-结构相互作用下,双层柱面网壳结构在多点输入和一致输入下的地震反应规律,并得出了一些重要结论。     

解复杂条件下磁法正问题的有限元-边界元法

本文提出用有限元法和边界元法相结合解复杂条件下的磁法勘探正问题.在磁介质区中使用有限元法,在外围空间使用边界元法,这样,可完全保留有限元法解题能力强的优点,又可简化外区的离散处理,提高效率和计算精度.     

Seismic analysis of dam-foundation-reservoir system including the effects of foundation mass and radiation damping

One of the main concerns in using commercial software for finite element analyses of dam-foundation-reservoir systems is that the simplifying assumptions of the massless foundation are unreliable. In this study, an appropriate direct finite element method is introduced for simulating the mass, radiation damping and wave propagation effect in foundations of damfoundation-reservoir systems using commercial software ABAQUS. The free-field boundary condition is used for modeling the semi-infinite foundation and radiation damping, which is not a built-in boundary condition in most of the available commercial software for finite element analysis of structures such as ANSYS or ABAQUS and thus needs to be implemented differently. The different mechanism for modeling of the foundation, earthquake input and far-field boundary condition is described. Implementation of the free-field boundary condition in finite element software is verified by comparing it with analytical results. To investigation the feasibility of the proposed method in dam-foundation-reservoir system analysis, a series of analyses is accomplished in a variety of cases and the obtained results are compared with the substructure method by using the EAGD-84 program. Finally, the massed and massless foundation results are compared and it is concluded that the massless foundation approach leads to the overestimation of the displacements and stresses within the dam body.     

Finite element simulation of steady state SH wave motion

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钢筋混凝土框架结构计算机仿真与并行计算

介绍了钢筋混凝土框架结构计算机仿真和并行计算的研究现状。数值仿真主要采用有限元、离散元等数学物理模型,而可视化技术及图形仿真基于图形学和图像处理技术,是驾驭计算过程及理解大体积数据的唯一有效途径。有限元并行计算有SBS、EBE两种策略,非线性求解有直接与迭代解法,动力时程分析有显式、隐式和精细时程积分法。最后介绍了并行计算在钢筋混凝土结构分析中的应用。     

An explicit finite element－finite difference method for analyzing the effect of visco－elastic local topography on the earthquake motion

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Relating 4D seismics to reservoir geomechanical changes using a discrete element approach

A modified discrete element method is briefly introduced and used for modelling reservoir geomechanical response during fluid injection and depletion. The modified approach works as a continuum method until some local failure is initiated, after which it behaves like a discrete element method on a polygonal lattice. The method is advantageous for modelling fracture developments in rocks. It is applied here to synthetic models of two reservoirs taken from the North Sea (Gullfaks and Elgin‐Franklin). For Gullfaks, two cases of water injection were modelled, one with low horizontal effective stress and the other with low vertical effective stress. Vertical fractures are developed in the first case, whereas horizontal fractures are developed in the second case. This would not have been seen using traditional methods. Based on 4D seismics data for the Gullfaks field, one may envision that horizontal fractures could have been formed. The Elgin‐Franklin synthetic model is used to study various scenarios of changing stress field around the depleting reservoir. Based on 4D seismics data from this field, one may see changes that could be interpreted in terms of possible fault reactivation.     

A hybrid method for three-dimensional problems of dynamics of foundations

A method is developed applicable to problems of dynamics of arbitrary-geometry foundations. Finite elements are employed in the near field in order to obtain a discrete solution. In the far field, a semidiscrete solution is synthesized from modes also calculated by the finite element method. The solutions are matched by applying the stationarity condition of a functional. Examples of application are presented in order to verify the validity and illustrate the use of the method.     

基于紧凑存储的任意四边形网格有限元法地震波场数值模拟

采用有限元法精确模拟复杂介质条件下的地震波场,一般采用三角单元,但在节点数相同的情况下,三角单元的计算精度不如矩形单元高,采用三角单元模拟复杂界面时,编制确定结构刚度矩阵非零元素位置的程序也较为麻烦。采用矩形单元离散含有倾斜或起伏界面的地质模型时,无法避免绕射噪声,若加密网格又会增加计算量。为此,本文基于任意四边形单元模拟声波的传播,在倾斜或起伏界面条件下,可以有效避免因离散引起的“阶梯状”界面,在不增加计算量以及内存占用的前提下,有效地消除离散绕射噪声。采用对角的集中质量矩阵代替一致质量矩阵,避免矩阵的求逆运算,从而提高显式有限元法的计算效率;对结构刚度矩阵采用紧凑存储格式,每一行需要存储的元素最多为5个,同时零元素不参与运算,既减少内存的占用,又极大地提高计算效率。      

Using the applied element method for modelling calcium silicate brick masonry subjected to in‐plane cyclic loading

The response of calcium silicate unreinforced masonry construction to horizontal cyclic loading has recently become the focus of experimental and numerical research, given its extensive use in some areas of the world that are now exposed to induced earthquakes (eg, north of the Netherlands). To assess the seismic behaviour of such construction, a relatively wide range of modelling methodologies are available, amongst which the discrete elements approach, which takes into account the intrinsic heterogeneity of a brick‐mortar assembly, can probably be deemed as the most appropriate computational procedure. On the other hand, however, since discrete elements numerical methods are based on a discontinuum domain, often they are not able to model every stage of the structural response adequately, and because of the high computational burden required, the analysis scale should be chosen carefully. The applied element method is a relatively recent addition to the discrete elements family, with a high potential for overcoming the aforementioned limitations or difficulties. Initially conceived to model blast events and concrete structures, its use in the earthquake engineering field is, of late, increasing noticeably. In this paper, the use of the applied element method to model the in‐plane cyclic response of calcium silicate masonry walls is discussed and scrutinised, also through the comparison with experimental results of in‐plane cyclic shear‐compression tests on unreinforced masonry walls.     

高烈度区高层隔震结构抗拉处理方法研究

介绍了高层隔震结构抗倾覆计算方法,提出了高烈度区高层隔震结构抗拉处理方法,给出了其在ETABS软件中的模拟方法。通过实例对高烈度区高层非隔震结构和隔震结构的不同模型进行了动力时程分析。分析结果表明：各隔震结构模型周期基本相同,说明抗拉处理方法模拟是可行的;对于高烈度区高层隔震结构,当隔震支座出现拉力时,直接采用软件的单元进行模拟是不够合理的,应采用组合单元进行模拟;抗拉装置能较好地发挥抗拉的效果,避免隔震支座出现受拉情况。     

The discrete wave number formulation of boundary integral equations and boundary element methods: A review with applications to the simulation of seismic wave propagation in complex geological structures

We review the application of the discrete wave number method to problems of scattering of seismic waves formulated in terms of boundary integral equation and boundary element methods. The approach is based on the representation of the diffracting surfaces and interfaces of the medium by surface distributions of sources or by boundary source elements, the radiation from which is equivalent to the scattered wave field produced by the diffracting boundaries. The Green's functions are evaluated by the discrete wave number method, and the boundary conditions yield a linear system of equations. The inversion of this system allows the calculation of the full wave field in the medium. We investigate the accuracy of the method and we present applications to the simulation of surface seismic surveys, to the diffraction of elastic waves by fractures, to regional crustal wave propagation and to topographic scattering.     

基于GiD的有限元前处理和后处理可视化

目前在地球物理数值计算领域,尚缺乏简便易行的可视化的前处理和后处理方法,这使得复杂计算模型较难建立和分析,也使得已有计算程序较难与生产实际相结合.本文以直流电法三维有限元数值模拟前后处理为例,研究了通用三维前后处理软件GiD在地球物理有限元前处理和后处理中的应用方法.通过编写用户自定义“问题类型”,建立并输出了可用于已有有限元计算程序的初始模型.计算过程结束之后,通过调用GiDpost后处理函数库,使计算程序方便的生成特定格式的后处理文件.最后,将前处理、计算和后处理功能整合,成功实现整个过程的图形化.与目前其他地球物理有限元前后处理方法相比,此套方法效率高、简单易行,最重要的是通用性好,可适用于各种已有的地球物理有限元计算程序.     

Finite difference modeling of contaminant transport using analytic element flow solutions

The two-dimensional implementation of the analytic element method (AEM) is commonly used to simulate steady-state saturated groundwater flow phenomena at regional and local scales. However, unlike alternative groundwater flow simulation methods, AEM results are not ordinarily used as the basis for simulation of reactive solute transport. The use of AEM-simulated flow fields is impeded by the discrepancy between a continuous representation of flow and a typically discrete representation of transport, and requires translation of the flow solution to a discrete analog. This paper presents a variety of methods for analytically calculating conservative discrete water fluxes and integrated components of the dispersion tensor across cell interfaces. An Eulerian finite difference method based on these AEM-derived parameters is implemented for use in simulation of 2D (vertically averaged) solute transport. This implementation is first benchmarked against existing methods that use standard finite difference flow solutions, then used to investigate the effects of an inaccurate discrete water balance. It is shown that improper translation of AEM fluxes leads to significant water balance errors and inaccurate simulation of contaminant transport.     

二维土坝的两相动力分析

提出了一种分析饱和土坝动力反应的方法,考虑了土坝的两相介质特性,在固液耦联动力方程的基础上,选取固相位移,液相位移、孔隙水压作为场变量,采用伽辽金加权残数法进行有限元空间离散化,然后在时域上采用Ｗｉｌｓｏｎ－θ法进行逐步积分。该方法不仅能计算出固相位移和液相位移,而且能直接得到孔隙水压的反应过程。文中以一饱和土坝模型进行算例分析,并与将其作为单相介质时的结果进行了比较。该法可用于分析饱和介质的地震