辽宁绥中地区海陆风的多普勒测风激光雷达观测与特征提取

2019年3月,利用相干多普勒测风激光雷达首次在辽东湾西部绥中地区进行了风廓线测量试验。根据研究区域海岸线走向采用风向的十六分位法定义局地海风和陆风,分析和提取海陆风特征验证了多普勒测风激光雷达在春季季风间断期间观测海陆风的可行性,并计算和分析了大气边界层湍流能量的变化以及回流水平变化等特性。结果表明：1）绥中地区春季存在明显的海陆风环流特征,测风激光雷达观测海陆风出现的时间与地面自动气象站观测的数据较为一致,符合海陆风日的定义。2）海陆风日发生时,水平局地回流指数（RF）较小,1.2 km以下的RF值小于0.5,使得污染物循环累积,较易形成雾霾天气;但是海风时大气边界层的高度可达1 km以上,有利于低层大气污染物向高层扩散,减轻低层大气污染。研究结果为该地边界层参数化方案的设计和污染的防治提供了参考依据。     

Variability of surface wind directions over Finnmark, Norway, and coupling to the larger-scale atmospheric circulation

This study documents the temporal and spatial variability of surface wind conditions over the Norwegian county of Finnmark and the coupling of local surface winds to the larger-scale atmospheric circulation, represented by the mean sea level pressure field. At locations along the northern coast, thermally driven offshore winds from the south dominate, especially during the cold season. During the warm season, downward mixing of westerly overlying winds becomes more important as the stability of the boundary layer stratification decreases. In the western part, locations are situated in valleys, resulting in two opposing along-channel dominant wind directions. Seasonal changes in atmospheric conditions are reflected in a reversal of the dominant wind direction, with a component towards the coast during the cold season. At all locations, a clear separation between different prevailing surface wind directions in each season can be achieved based exclusively on local mean sea level geostrophic wind direction. This allows statistical downscaling of the prevailing surface wind conditions from lower-resolution simulations of the surface pressure field and may improve local wind forecasts over complex terrain.     

Storm surges in the Western Baltic Sea: the present and a possible future

Globally-coupled climate models are generally capable of reproducing the observed trends in the globally averaged atmospheric temperature or mean sea level. However, the global models do not perform as well on regional/local scales. Here, we present results from four 100-year ocean model experiments for the Western Baltic Sea. In order to simulate storm surges in this region, we have used the General Estuarine Transport Model (GETM) as a high-resolution local model (spatial resolution ≈ 1?km), nested into a regional atmospheric and regional oceanic model in a fully baroclinic downscaling approach. The downscaling is based on the global model ECHAM5/MPI-OM. The projections are imbedded into two greenhouse-gas emission scenarios, A1B and B1, for the period 2000–2100, each with two realisations. Two control runs from 1960 to 2000 are used for validation. We use this modelling system to statistically reproduce the present distribution of surge extremes. The usage of the high-resolution local model leads to an improvement in surge heights of at least 10% compared to the driving model. To quantify uncertainties associated with climate projections, we investigate the impact of enhanced wind velocities and changes in mean sea levels. The analysis revealed a linear dependence of surge height and mean sea level, although the slope parameter is spatially varying. Furthermore, the modelling system is used to project possible changes within the next century. The results show that the sea level rise has greater potential to increase surge levels than does increased wind speed. The simulations further indicate that the changes in storm surge height in the scenarios can be consistently explained by the increase in mean sea level and variation in wind speed.     

夏季风变异与广西汛期旱涝关系

利用１９５１—１９９８年海平面气压资料，计算夏季风指数，并分析其与广西汛期旱涝的关系，得出：夏季风变异与广西汛期旱涝有一定关系，洪涝年出现在强夏季风年和弱夏季风年，其中严重洪涝则主要出现在强夏季风年；而干旱则主要出现在夏季风正常年。对夏季风变异造成广西汛期旱涝的成因作简单分析。     

广西区域霾过程高低空大气环流型影响分析

利用1980—2015年NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料和广西80个地面气象站资料,采用Lamb-Jenkinson方法对广西区域霾过程的大气环流进行分型,并探讨高低空环流型配置与区域霾过程的关系。结果表明:当地面东南风型、高空西风型时,广西出现霾过程的频率最高;地面东风型配合高空西风型对年霾过程的贡献最大,地面东南风型配合高空西风型主要出现在冷暖气流转换的春季、地面低压型配合高空高压脊型出现在西太平洋副热带高压明显加强、地面处于弱低压环境场的夏季、地面东风型配合高空西风型出现在环流稳定平直的秋季、地面东风型配合高空高压脊型出现在环流经向度明显增强的冬季,霾过程具有冬季多发、夏季少发的特点。近36年来,地面东风型配合高空高压脊型是广西霾过程呈偏多趋势的主导环流型。     

天津市秋季典型环境污染过程个例分析

选择天津市秋季典型PM10污染过程2010年10月3—12日环境空气质量监测资料和常规气象资料、探空资料及NCEP资料,研究大气环境天气背景场、大气层结稳定度的特征及其对污染过程的影响。结果表明：高低空环流背景场与污染过程密切相关。在污染上升阶段,层结稳定度迅速增加,500 hPa高空处于槽前,地面在华北地形槽中,高低空风速辐合;在污染峰值阶段,层结稳定,逆温层加强,环流场稳定少变,地面风力微弱;在污染下降阶段,层结稳定程度骤降,地面冷锋和高空槽过境,降水出现,高低空偏北风增大。同时,PM10污染过程与多项层结稳定度参数显著相关,与对流凝结高度单相关系数为0.84,因此,高低空环流背景场的配置和层结稳定度变化是PM10污染出现的主要原因。     

利用MM5模式及NCEP资料对沈阳一次污染天气的数值模拟

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和中尺度天气模式MM5对2010年1月14—19日沈阳大气污染天气系统进行模拟分析。对此次天气过程的地面和高空气压场、地面至高空各高度层随时间变化的水平风场及垂直剖面风场、垂直方向温度廓线等气象要素进行分析和模拟,描述大气污染中天气系统的变化过程,分析造成大气污染的气象要素变化。结果表明：此次污染天气过程对应地面场为长白山高压、地形槽环流型;500 hPa高空天气形势为两槽一脊,地面风场主要受高压辐散气流控制;地面至高空不同高度的水平风场均有偏南风切变和偏西风切变,垂直剖面风场对应有下沉气流,地面至高空的温度廓线出现明显的逆温。这些气象条件共同造成了持续污染天气。而500 hPa位势高度场持续长时间两槽一脊的环流形势,是造成长时间污染天气的主要原因。     

Seasonal and long-term sea-level variations and their forcing factors in the northern Bay of Bengal: A statistical analysis of temperature,salinity, wind stress curl,and regional climate index data

In the northern Bay of Bengal, mechanisms of seasonal sea-level variation have not previously been examined, and the understanding of longer-term inter-annual sea-level variation is also not concrete. These parameters are addressed in this study utilizing available tide gauge and satellite altimetry data. The contribution of steric sea level to seasonal and longer-term inter-annual sea-level variations is quantified, and statistical analysis is performed to determine the correlations of various atmospheric and oceanic factors with sea level. This study suggests that the trend of sea-level rise in this bay (4 ± 1.33 mm/year) is higher than the global average (3.32 ± 0.46 mm/year) for the studied period 1993 to 2018. The rate of sea-level rise is higher along the coast than in the offshore area and the highest in the central part of the coast. Sea level shows a strong seasonal variation: sea level is the lowest in the winter but the highest in autumn. The contribution from the thermosteric sea level is higher to the observed sea level from winter to early summer, whereas contributions from the halosteric sea level and wind stress curl are higher during autumn. Long-term variations in sea level show strong positive correlations with thermosteric sea level, indicating that temperature is a major local controlling factor for sea-level change. In addition to local factors, long-term sea level also varies by remote forcing (equatorial zonal wind stress), which explains approximately 36 % of the sea-level variation in this bay. Sea level is low during the combined events of positive Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) and El Niño, whereas the sea level is high during the combined events of negative IOD and La Niña. This study provides an improved understanding of seasonal and longer-term inter-annual variations of sea level and the necessary groundworks for a dedicated model study to further quantify all the components of the sea-level budget in the study areas.     

CHARACTERISTICS OF BOUNDARY LAYER AND ITS EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL CONCENTRATIONS IN DONGGUAN, GUANGDONG

The structure of atmospheric boundary layer determines the ability of atmospheric dispersion and has an essential impact on airborne aerosols. In this paper, the data of a radio sounding experiment held in Dongguan National Meteorological Observation Station, which is in a coastal city in Pearl River Delta, as well as the data of atmospheric aerosols, were utilized in order to analyze the characteristics of atmospheric boundary layer and its effects on surface aerosol concentrations. The results are showed at follows: the local circulations, associated with dominant winds, made complex structures of atmospheric layers, as the cold air and systematic winds weakened in the end of a cold air event. Weakened wind shears and inversion layers, especially a strong near-surface inversion layer, remarkably diminished the atmospheric diffusion abilities and facilitated an especially high concentration of surface aerosols. The convergence line or weak shear line of sea breeze in the ground level helps weaken the atmospheric diffusion abilities and results in atmospheric aerosols accumulation.     

On the interannual variability of arctic sea‐level pressure and sea ice

Abstract

Monthly mean sea‐level pressure (SLP) data from the Northern Hemisphere for the period January 1952‐December 1987 are analysed. Fluctuations in this field over the Arctic on interannual time‐scales and their statistical association with fluctuations farther south are determined. The standard deviation of the interannual variability is largest compared with that of the annual cycle along the seaboards of the major land masses. The SLP anomalies are generally in phase over the entire Arctic Basin and extend south over the northern Russia and Canada, but tend to be out of phase with fluctuations at mid‐latitudes. The anomalies are most closely associated with fluctuations over the North Atlantic and Europe except near the Chukchi Sea to the north of Bering Strait. The associations with the North Pacific fluctuations become increasingly more prominent at most Arctic sites (e.g. the Canadian Arctic Archipelago) as the time‐scale increases.

Associations between the SLP fluctuations and atmospheric indices that represent processes affecting sea‐ice drift (wind stress and wind stress curl) are determined. In every case local associations dominate, but some remote ones are also evident. For example, changes in the magnitude of the wind stress curl over the Beaufort Sea are increased if the atmospheric circulation over the North Pacific is intensified; wind stress over the region where sea ice is exchanged between the Beaufort Gyre and the Transpolar Drift Stream is modulated by both the Southern and North Atlantic Oscillations.

Severe sea‐ice conditions in the Greenland Sea (as measured by the Koch Ice Index) coincide with a weakened atmospheric circulation over the North Atlantic.     

A high-resolution 44-year atmospheric hindcast for the Mediterranean Basin: contribution to the regional improvement of global reanalysis

A 44-year (1958–2001) high-resolution atmospheric hindcast for the whole Mediterranean Basin was performed within the EU-funded Hindcast of Dynamic Processes of the Ocean and Coastal Areas of Europe (HIPOCAS) Project. The long-term hindcasted data set, which comprises several atmospheric parameters at different levels, was produced by means of dynamical downscaling from the NCEP/NCAR global reanalysis using the atmospheric limited area model REMO. The REMO hindcast has been exhaustively validated. On that score, various hindcasted surface parameters, such as 10-m wind field, 2-m temperature and mean sea level pressure, have been compared to satellite data (ERS-1/2 scatterometer) and in-situ measurements from offshore stations. In addition, two ocean models (waves and sea level) have been forced with REMO hindcasted fields (mean sea level pressure and 10-m wind field). The validation of these ocean runs, performed through comparisons of simulated waves and sea level with oceanographic measurements, allows to evaluate "indirectly" the quality of the REMO hindcasted data used as atmospheric forcing. Once the quality of the hindcasted data was verified, the efficiency of the regional enhancement performed through dynamical downscaling on the NCEP global reanalysis was assessed. The regional improvement was evaluated through comparisons of REMO and NCEP performance in reproducing observations. The important improvement obtained in the characterization of extreme wind events is particularly remarkable.     

Sea‐level response at Nain,Labrador, to atmospheric pressure and wind

Abstract

Two years of subtidal sea‐level data from Nain, Labrador, are analysed in terms of local atmospheric pressure and the two components of geostrophic wind or stress. Frequency‐dependent response coefficients are determined by multiple regression analysis involving inversion of the cross‐spectral matrix of the inputs. At very low frequencies the response to pressure is isostatic and the wind stress coefficients are consistent with those determined by Thompson et al. (1985) from analysis of a longer series of monthly means. There is very little change in the response between icy and ice‐free seasons. The wind, or stress, coefficients correspond to geostrophic set‐up by a narrow longshore current but do not show as much of an increase of phase lag with increasing frequency as expected. The pressure response is less than isostatic and lags as the frequency increases from zero to about 0.02 cph. Possible reasons for this are discussed. Removal of wind as well as pressure effects ffom the sea‐level data makes only minor changes to the monthly mean residual sea‐level.     

达州市2016年元旦期间持续重污染天气气象条件分析

利用空气质量监测资料、高空和地面气象观测资料、NCEP再分析资料,对达州市2016年元旦节期间重污染天气过程特征及气象条件进行分析。结果表明:达州市此次重污染天气过程为长时间无冷空气活动,无降雨,大气污染物不断积聚形成。AQI日变化受污染源排放情况影响更大,早上低,白天逐渐增加,天黑后达到峰值。大气污染物的积累一般发生大气稳定度为中性或以上。AQI与08时和17时混合层厚度负相关,但日平均混合层厚度与AQI没有通过相关性检验。重污染时近地面有逆温层且逆温层较厚。AQI与逐日最高气温、日平均风速和日最大风速正相关,降雨对大气污染物稀释作用明显,特别是降雨持续时间长,雨量大效果更为显著。AQI逐时变化与温度正相关,与风速负相关。      

冬季东太平洋峡谷风的季节内变化及相联系的海气特征

基于高分辨的卫星资料和再分析资料,本文采用合成分析、相关分析和带通滤波等方法研究了季节内时间尺度上东太平洋峡谷风的变化,并首先发现冬季东太平洋峡谷风存在4~16 d的季节内变化周期。进一步分析表明在该时间尺度上峡谷风异常与局地海温异常之间的关系存在由负相关到正相关的明显转变,在峡谷风强度达到最大之前及最大时,峡谷风异常与局地海温异常之间的关系主要表现为大气对海洋的强迫作用,北风分量的加强使中高纬度干冷空气进入峡谷风地区,海表面的净热通量损失使得海温降低。在峡谷风强度达到最大之后其与局地海温异常的关系则转变为海洋对大气的强迫作用,冷海温异常可一直持续到峡谷风强度达到最大后的第六天。冷海温异常的维持使得湍流混合受到抑制,导致其上的海表面风速减小。此外,峡谷风的季节内变化可能与东太平洋至北美上空的大气环流异常及其演变有关。在湾区峡谷风达到最大之前,北太平洋海平面气压正异常逐渐东移南下并在其最大时到达墨西哥湾上空,使得北美高压增强,湾区两侧气压差增大,对应湾区峡谷风达到最大。     

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE SEA BREEZE OVER SOUTHWESTERN BOHAI GULF

In this paper,a simulation study is made on the sea breeze process over southwestern Bohai Gulf byuse of the Pielke mesoscale meteorological model.The simulated results show that when a south wind of 8m/s blows over the top of the model,a strong wind zone of 15—25 km wide with a maximum speed more than14 m/s,which is close and nearly parallel to the south shore,will appear at 160 m above the sea surface.When a strong sea breeze penetrates inland,there often appears a thermal internal boundary layer(TIBL)near shore.The inversion above the TIBL can damp the vertical dispersion of atmospheric pollution.Besides,it is also found that,for a three-dimensional sea/land breeze circulation,if the divergence centre inthe return flow departs vertically far from the correspondent convergence centre in the sea breeze,a centre ofstrong descending movement will be formed at the middle and upper levels of the return flow.The resultsin this paper is also applicable to the Laizhou Bay.     

Occurence Frequency of Storm Wind Waves in the Baltic,Black, and Caspian Seas under Changing Climate Conditions

The article proposes the method of climatic forecast of the occurrence frequency of synoptic conditions causing severe hydrometeorological events as well as severe events that are genetically related to them, in particular, storm wind waves. The choice of sea level pressure field as an indicator of atmospheric conditions of storm waves is substantiated. The algorithm for the method implementation is developed. It includes the processing of observational/reanalysis data; wind wave simulation; the systematization of synoptic conditions that accompany storm waves under the modern climate; the assessment of the ability of climate models of atmospheric and oceanic general circulation to simulate correctly the frequency of the revealed types of synoptic conditions for the modern climate; and the forecast of the frequency of these types for the possible scenarios of the future climate.     

基于星载SAR数据和模式资料的海面风场变分融合方法研究

为实现合成孔径雷达数据与数值预报模式资料融合,提高海面风场精度和业务化运用水平,提出了一种基于星载SAR数据与模式资料的变分融合方法。其研究思路是采用二维连续小波变换提取SAR图像中高精度风条纹风向,结合地球物理模型函数求解海面风场的经向分量和纬向分量,然后采用Kriging插值方法将数值预报模式风速插值到SAR海面风场覆盖区域,得到SAR风速观测算子,由此构建SAR风场与模式风场融合的代价函数,并采用变分方法求解分析风场,最终得到融合后的海面风场结果。仿真分析结果表明,变分融合后的海面风速和风向结果更接近于理想值,尤其在SAR海面风场覆盖区域更为明显。选取ENVISAT/ASAR资料和与其时空匹配的欧洲中期天气预报中心模式风场资料开展实例验证,结果表明融合后的海面风场结果比模式风场更加接近于浮标观测结果。     

京津冀4次重度污染过程的气象要素分析

利用2014年京津冀地区4次重度污染过程中的AQI数据及相关气象资料,分析了4次重度污染过程中相对湿度、平均气温、平均风速和海平面气压的一些特征。结果发现:京津冀中南部是重度污染发生的主要区域,是这4次过程中的共同点;就目前的排放水平而言,相对湿度持续高于60%时是出现重度污染并维持的重要指标;平均气温对于出现重度污染过程的指示意义不足;无论是在冬季、春季还是秋季出现的重度污染过程,平均风速小于2.0 m·s~(-1)是污染物堆积的必要条件;海平面气压的高压和低压区位置对于污染范围有着明显影响,高压区位于京津冀地区的偏东位置时,有利于该地区污染出现或维持重度水平。     

桂平市气象参数对大气环境评价的影响

通过收集可代表桂平市气象条件2010年的气象资料,对该气象站的不同观测频率气象参数的统计结果进行了对比分析,得出风向频率玫瑰图、污染系数图、大气稳定度,并论述了其对大气环境评价的影响,得出桂平市的大气输送通道。     

基于多元数据的城市工业布局气候适宜性评估——以淄博为例

本文以淄博市城市发展战略规划（2017—2030年）为例,开展了基于多元数据的城市工业布局气候适宜性评估。基于气象、遥感、环保等多元资料,对城市规划密切相关的风环境、热环境、大气环境等进行了综合分析。结果表明：研究区主导风向和风速大小存在一定空间差异,北部的桓台和临淄的主导风路径多以东—西为主,其余地区以南—北路径为主,临淄的东部地区和淄川的中部地区为常年风速大值区,而周村、张店的大部分地区和博山的南部区域为风速小值区;城市热岛范围随时间扩张明显,以两轴区域为核心,呈蔓延式发展,较强以上等级热岛面积由2009年的405 km2发展至2016年的918 km2,其中张店区的增幅速度最快;敏感性模拟试验显示,易在山前出现污染汇聚带,PM2.5污染物高浓度主要分布在淄博的中北部平原地区,而市域北部和东部区域的污染扩散条件相对较好,各区域工业排放大气污染物的扩散特征主要受不同区域的主导风影响,其中淄川北部与张店南部的污染物扩散易对整个中心城区产生较大影响。综合考虑以上风环境、热环境、大气环境的分析结果,将规划区进行大气环境敏感区等级划分,明确了5类区域的工业布局气候适宜性,从改善局地气候与大气环境角度提出规划建议,为合理配置土地功能、优化工业布局提供了科学支撑。