Accumulation Dynamics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Lake Baikal Bottom Biocenoses Assessed from Biogeochemical Monitoring Data

The results of long-term biogeochemical monitoring of Lake Baikal are presented. The accumulation is studied of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in bottom sediments and macrozoobenthos that were synchronously sampled at the same stations. The stations are located in the areas where anthropogenic impact on the lake is high: in the area of the former Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill (BPPM), in the footprint of the BAM railway in the north of the lake and in the Selenga River delta front as well as in the zones of coastal fouling in the area of BPPM. It is found that variations in the concentration of PAHs in macrozoobenthos do not directly depend on those in the sediments. It is revealed that the maximum concentration of benzo[a]pyrene in the area of the former BPPM is almost by eight times higher than in the other areas of the lake; shallow-water macrophytes accumulate more polyarenes than deep-water macrozoobenthos.     

Bottom sediments and their role in surface water pollution with mercury (with a special reference to the Northern Dvina River Mouth and the Dvina Bay of the White Sea)

Mercury content in bottom estuarine sediments of the Northern Dvina River and the Dvina Bay of the White Sea is studied. Major regularities of the behavior of the metal and its compounds in bottom sediments of the water area are defined. The role of lithological composition, pH and Eh of the environment, the presence of hydrogen sulfide for determining the content and forms of the mercury presence in the bottom sediments of the region are studied. The sediments related to technogenic formations are specified. The paths and forms of mercury coming from bottom sediments to the near-bottom water level are detected, and the methylmercury content in the sediments is calculated.     

Levels of persistent organic pollutants in the components of the Lake Baikal unique ecosystem

Experimental results are presented of the estimation of pollution levels of Lake Baikal unique ecosystem (air, surface and deep water, soil, bottom sediments, and aquatic biota) with persistent organic pollutants (POPs) which were included to the list of Stockholm Convention (polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, toxaphene, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers). The ranges of POPs concentration are determined and statistical characteristics (mean and median) over the period of observations are calculated. It is demonstrated that the wide variation range of POPs concentration depends on environmental factors and on the POPs source (local sources or global transport).     

Methane emission at the main stages of technological cycle of sewage waste water purification at Rostov-on-Don aeration station

The methane concentration in the waste water coming to the aeration station is 1130 μl/l on average and it decreases to 11 μl/l after all purification stages. Experimentally measured methane fluxes to the atmosphere from the waste water under purification and sewage sediments of silt fields varied within 0.2–50.1 and 98.3–188.8 mg/m² per hour, respectively, and correlated closely enough with the gas content in them. An approximate total methane emission by the purification plants is about 475 kg per day and the major contribution (83%) belongs to the silt field sediments characterized by its extremely high content (42.42–199.49 μg/g of the damp sediment). It is demonstrated that the regression equations obtained by the authors before and approximating the relation of the methane content in the water and bottom deposits of water bodies with its fluxes to the atmosphere can be used to estimate the methane amount emitted during the waste water purification.     

Forecasting environmental contamination development in the coastal and water area of the Russian far east under the effect of the radiation factor and industrial anthropogenic load under conditions of catastrophes

Studies of seasonal variability (including the winter season) of the main hydrodynamic, sedimentation, physicochemical and other characteristics of the Chazhma Bay of the Sea of Japan, in the zone of the atomic submarine K-431 nuclear accident of 1985 that influence the radioecological state of the environment was carried out. The substance fluxes required for estimating radionuclide balance are defined based on the expedition survey of radioactivity of bottom sediments, sea water, and suspension in the epicenter of the accident and over the water area of the bay together with hydrophysical, sedimentation, and meteorological observations. Modern trace methods and 3D prognostic modeling of interaction of natural and anthropogenic processes of evolution of radioactive contamination of the bottom sediments in the zone of the atomic submarine accident are used; a new approach to estimating the maximum contamination of the marine environment is proposed.     

The fate of Lake Baikal: how climate change may alter deep ventilation in the largest lake on Earth

Lake Baikal is the oldest, deepest, and most voluminous freshwater lake on Earth. Despite its enormous depth, episodically (almost twice a year) large amounts of surface, cold, and oxygenated water sink until the bottom of the lake due to thermobaric instability, with consequent effects on the ecology of the whole lake. A minimal one-dimensional model is used to investigate how changes in the main external forcing (i.e., wind and lake surface temperature) may affect this deep ventilation mechanism. The effect of climate change is evaluated considering the IPCC RCP8.5 and some idealized scenarios and is quantified by (i) estimating the mean annual downwelling volume and temperature and (ii) analyzing vertical temperature and dissolved oxygen profiles. The results suggest that the strongest impact is produced by alterations of wind forcing, while deep ventilation is resistant to rising lake surface temperature. In fact, the seasons when deep ventilation can occur can be shifted in time by lake warming, but not dramatically modified in their duration. Overall, the results show that Lake Baikal is sensible to climate change, to an extent that the ecosystem and water quality of this unique lacustrine system may undergo profound disturbances.     

2009年冬季新疆北部持续性暴雪的环流特征及其成因分析

利用台站观测和NCEP/NCAR大气再分析等资料,通过与历史同期降水事件比较,分析了 2009年冬季发生在我国新疆阿勒泰地区持续的水汽和环流异常特征以及北极涛动(Arctic Oscillation,AO)和ENSO现象对该地区持续性暴雪的影响.结果发现,位于贝加尔湖以西的对流层持续性异常冷性低槽活动是影响2009年冬...     

Roadside, Urban, and Rural comparison of size distribution characteristics of PAHs and carbonaceous components of Beijing, China

Size-segregated aerosol samples were collected with a low-pressure impactor (LPI) at urban, roadside and rural sites in winter in Beijing. The size distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) were measured and this study focused on their size distributions and relationships of PAH to OC/EC. All PAHs show uni-modal at the accumulation mode (0.1–1.8 μm) and almost all PAHs are associated with fine particles. The absence of PAHs in the nucleus mode contributes to the coagulation under the condition of high concentration of the accumulation mode particles. The absence of PAHs in the coarse mode was probably attributed to the low temperature that restrained the redistribution of PAHs from the accumulation mode to the coarse mode. Flu(fluoranthene) and Pyr(pyrene, 4-ring) were the most abundant particulate PAHs ; however, IcdP(indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene) and BghiP(benzo[ghi]perylene, 6-ring) were rather low. Diagnostic ratios show vehicle and coal burning were the major sources of PAHs in winter. Ratios at rural site are obviously different from those found at roadside and urban sites. Lower value of OC/EC in the rural area than that in the urban area was probably resulted from coal burning prevailed in the rural area. OC1 and OC2 exhibit uni-mode distribution similar to their particle surface area distribution indicating their existence on particles by adsorption. OC3 and OC4 show bi-mode distribution. Grinding of biomass debris can be a probable source of OC3 and OC4 in the coarse mode. EC1 is mostly from the pyrolysis of OC; however, both the natural and anthropogenic emissions contribute to EC2. The correlation between size-segregated PAHs and carbonaceous component is also discussed to identify their sources.     

A model of the wind-driven circulation in Lake Baikal

A numerical model based on the Navier–Stokes equations is used to simulate the circulation produced by a strong wind in a cross-section of Lake Baikal. Temperature distributions have been obtained for different stages of the spring warming of the lake, using available measurements and simulating the faster warming of the near-shore areas in accordance with the local stability conditions. These have been used as initial conditions for the prediction of the wind-driven circulation. The results presented suggest that buoyancy forces have little impact on the magnitude of vertical currents descending towards the bottom of the lake, but the action of buoyancy forces could initiate additional motions that have been found to generate strong vertical currents far from the shores. Furthermore, there appears to be evidence in our data of local acceleration linked to changes in the bottom topography of the section.     

Geochemical aspects of accumulation of macroelements in the subcolloidal fraction of bottom sediments at the Razdol’naya River-Amur Bay cross-section (the Sea of Japan)

The concentration of Si, Al, Mg, K, Ca, Na, Sr, and Ba in the subcolloidal fraction of sediments at the Razdol’naya River-Amur Bay cross-section is determined using the atomic emission spectroscopy method. Computed is the mean content of studied elements in the soil and river bottom sediments (to the mixing zone). Revealed are river bottom sediments with the high concentration of macroelements corresponding to the zone of mixing of fresh river water and salt sea water. It is demonstrated that the additional accumulation of macroelements (Ca, Na, and Sr) in these sediments is associated with the formation of hydroxides of Fe and Mn and processes of sorption (Mg, Ca, Na, K, Sr, and Ba) on clay minerals (hydromica and smectites).     

2012年7月21—22日兴安盟地区暴雨天气过程分析

通过高空、地面观测资料、云图和物理场,对2012年7月21—22日兴安盟地区的区域性暴雨进行分析,发现此次暴雨是在东高西低的环流背景下,贝加尔湖低涡底部小槽携带的冷空气与副热带高压外围暖湿气流在兴安盟地区形成交汇,在850h Pa切变触发下形成的,而高低层湿度的配置不同导致了前后两种不同性质的降水;在各个降水条件满足的前提下,云系的"列车效应"是产生暴雨的一个重要条件。     

Peculiarities of distribution and accumulation of heavy metals in anthropogenic silts of the Pakhra River basin

The bottom sediments of minor rivers undergo the considerable changes in industrial urbanized and agricultural regions. They differ from the river alluvium in the content and form of chemical elements that is caused by the specificity of enterprises located on the territory adjoining the rivers.     

2006-2007年夏季重庆大旱、大涝的阻高时空特征分析

2006年和2007年夏季,重庆地区分别遭受大旱和大涝。利用这两年6-8月NCEP逐6 h再分析资料,对其月平均500 hPa高度场对比分析发现,这两年重庆地区附近槽脊配置、鄂霍茨克海附近环流和贝加尔湖附近环流有较大差异。利用逐日平均高度场以重庆地区为基点进行月内相关检验也发现,两年主要环流形势差别集中于中高纬度阻塞形势。为了进一步揭示重庆地区气候异常时阻高的时空分布特征,分别对这两年逐日平均高度场进行EOF分解,对其主要空间模态进行分析,并根据其时间演变信息,结合阻高、副高及青藏高压的主要指数对分析结果进行了综合分析,结果表明:贝加尔湖西侧的稳定阻高是造成2006年干旱的主要原因,而2007年的洪涝则是由不稳定的贝加尔湖阻高偏西造成的。     

Dynamics of accumulation of heavy metals by subcolloidal fraction of bottom sediments is a result of biochemical processes in the marginal filter of the Razdol’naya River (the Amur Bay, the Sea of Japan)

Determined is the content of Fe, Mn, V, Cr, Cu, Zn, Pb, As, and Sc in the subcolloidal fraction of sediments of the Razdol’naya River marginal filter using the method of atomic emission spectroscopy. Proposed is one of the variants of separating biochemical zones with the increased content of Fe and Mn and other metals in the bottom sediments of the marginal filter: the river zone, the zone of flocculation and formation of Fe and Mn hydroxides, and the zone of biochemical metal accumulation (marine). In the sediments of the river zone and the zone of flocculation and formation of Fe and Mn hydroxides, two bottom areas are identified with the high content of the elements under study that is associated with long-term and seasonal variations of the river runoff.     

Assessment of possible mechanisms of decreasing <Superscript>137</Superscript>Cs concentrations in river waters affected by the Chernobyl NPP accident

The analysis of possible mechanisms of ¹³⁷Cs concentration changes in surface waters was performed in the process of preparation of reliable long-range forecasts of radioactive river contamination after the Chernobyl accident. The following mechanisms were considered: (1) radioactive decay; (2) advective transport with river waters; (3) irreversible sorption; (4) vertical migration deep into bottom sediments due to diffusion; (5) burial in clean bottom sediments. The data published on ¹³⁷Cs monitoring at Dobrush, on the Iput’ River in Belarus were used in the analysis. It is shown that the best agreement with the experimental results is achieved when the second, third, and fifth mechanisms are used in calculations. However, a dominating mechanism still cannot be chosen at the present stage of our study. Most probably, all of these mechanisms act simultaneously.     

大气低频振荡对川西持续性强降水的影响

利用1981—2016年川西台站降水资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,通过合成分析、Butterworth滤波等方法,分析了大气低频振荡对川西持续性强降水的影响,以期为该地强降水预报工作提供理论参考.结果表明:川西降水主要表现为15—30 d低频振荡特征.降水期间,低层低频东北风波列和西南风波列在川西相遇,辐合上升....     

Wave-Breaking Features of Blocking over Central Siberia and Its Impacts on the Precipitation Trend over Southeastern Lake Baikal

Precipitation over southeastern Lake Baikal features a significant decreasing trend in July and August over 1979–2018 and is closely related to blocking occurrence over central Siberia(45°–70°N, 75°–115°E). This study investigates the formation and maintenance of anticyclonic and cyclonic wave-breaking(AWB and CWB) blocking events and their climate impacts on precipitation in the southeastern Lake Baikal area. Both AWB and CWB blocking events are characterized by a cold trough deepening from the...     

污泥/煤流化床混烧底灰中的重金属毒性研究

研究了污泥与煤按不同质量比例混烧后,底灰中的重金属形态分布与浸出毒性.结果表明:30:70的泥煤比使底灰中重金属硫化物及有机态和残渣态所占比例最大,即生物无效部分比例最大;在浸出毒性实验中,30:70的泥煤比使底灰重金属浸出量最小.由此推出,对环境毒害程度最小的泥煤质量比为30:70,即该实验条件下最优泥煤质量比为30:70.     

我国南方西南和中东部区域两次持续性低温雨雪过程与关键环流系统的关系研究

利用NCEP再分析资料和国家气象信息中心提供的753站逐日气温和降水资料,对比分析了我国南方西南和中东部区域两次持续10 d以上的低温雨雪过程,结果表明:(1)两次过程中欧亚大陆中高纬东亚大槽均加深,但环流形势有差异。西南过程呈现"北高南低"形势,关键脊区在贝加尔湖,而中东部区域过程"北高南低"和"西高东低"形势共存,关键脊区从乌拉尔山延伸至贝加尔湖。两次过程异常的环流与北大西洋向东传播的波列有关。(2)西南过程关键脊区提前过程3 d发展并东移至贝加尔湖,形成稳定形势;而中东部区域过程关键脊区提前过程一周发展,在开始日达最强。两次过程均伴随蒙古高压东移南压使地面降温,500 hPa关键脊区超前蒙古高压2 d变化。西南过程降温主要受到冷平流和绝热冷却影响,而中东部区域过程主要受到冷平流的影响。(3)西南过程水汽来自孟加拉湾,只受南支槽支配。中东部区域过程水汽来自孟加拉湾、南海和西太平洋,由南支槽和西太平副热带高压的共同影响。两次过程水汽正收支主要来自南边界。     

Influence of intrareservoir and meteorological factors on the rate of oxygen demand by valley reservoir sediments

Analyzed are the spatial and temporal variations of the sediment oxygen demand rate in the Mozhaisk Reservoir. It is demonstrated that this rate in summer depends both on the sediment characteristics and on the biological and meteorological factors. It is revealed that the content of labile organic substances in the silt is of great importance for the oxygen consumption rate (all other factors being equal). The inflow of these substances to the bottom is regulated by the water column stratification depending considerably on weather conditions. Estimated is the contribution of main organic matter consumers in the bottom sediments.