Age and hydrological significance of lichen limits on sandstone river channels near Sydney,Australia

Trimmed lichen communities (lichen limits) are abrupt changes from a lichen community to a scoured bare rock surface and have been used to determine bankfull channel capacity on bedrock channels and their response to the combined disturbances of flow regulation and climate change. They can also be used to set flushing flows in bedrock channels. In sandstone gorges of the Nepean River, Australia, the crustose lichen, Lecidea terrena Nyl, was common at both gorge and cemetery (sandstone headstones) sites, enabling construction of growth curves for above and below dam areas. Growth curves were used to date lichen colonisation of sandstone surfaces in rivers. The oldest, highest lichen limit at all sites represented the pre‐flow regulation lichen community because its characteristics above and below Nepean Dam were similar and were trimmed to a level that produced consistent discharges across a range of catchment areas. They corresponded to return periods of less than 2 years on the annual maximum series and was developed during the flood‐dominated regime (FDR) of 1857–1900. Lichen limits form by the phycobiont dominating the mycobiont and hence degrading lichen thalli due to water inundation causing weak or dead thalli to be scrubbed from the rock surface. Trimming to the unregulated lichen limit represents a small flood of frequent occurrence appropriate for flushing bedrock channels. A lower lichen limit was only found below a diversion weir and was formed by frequent dam spills between 1950 and 1952 during an extraordinary wet period at the start of the FDR between 1949 and 1990. Lichens colonised exposed sandstone between the level of frequent flows from 1949 to 1952, and the high lichen limit. On the Avon River, an additional lower limit reflected a massive downward shift in flow duration following the start of interbasin diversions to Wollongong in 1962.     

黄河内蒙古段洪峰特征及水沙关系变化

本文通过黄河头道拐站1950-2009 年水沙年系列进行突变点分析, 识别出1969 年、1986 年、1996 年3 个突变点, 将黄河内蒙古段水文过程划分为4 个时期。在此基础上, 利用内蒙古段6 个水文站长系列日流量、日含沙量及泥沙组成数据, 划分了各站的夏汛洪峰, 并统计分析了分期洪峰的水沙分布特征和洪峰水沙关系, 揭示出夏汛洪峰流量和输沙率逐渐减少的规律:1996-2006 年与1954-1968 年相比, 夏汛洪峰水沙量占全年水沙的比例都减少了约一半, 流量级频率与输沙率乘积的峰值对应的流量也降低了约一半。分析认为, 黄河内蒙古段夏汛洪峰特征阶段性变化既有大型水库的影响, 又有气候变化及人类活动的影响, 而且后者的作用越来越大。分析发现, 20 世纪90 年代以前, 黄河上游水沙变化只是改变了内蒙古段来沙中粗颗粒泥沙的水沙关系, 显示出大流量输送粗颗粒泥沙能力相对增强的趋向;进入内蒙段后, 通过泥沙冲淤调整, 分粒径组泥沙水沙关系变化比较复杂。近期在水沙条件巨大变化下, 河流的输沙特性并没有发生根本变化, 但是无论全沙还是分组沙, 水沙关系曲线变陡, 大流量输送泥沙能力相对增强。     

长江河口悬沙的运动方式与沉积形态特征分析

长江河口为三级分汊四口入海的中等潮汐强度的三角洲河口。长江河口的悬沙输运有净上移、净下泄、上层下泄而下层上溯、潮滩与主槽之间的泥沙交换及涨潮槽泥沙倒灌落潮槽等五种形式。根据悬沙沉积的不同地点不同沉积形态可分为暗沙、拦门沙、口外水下三角洲以及河口潮滩四种类型。     

Effects of Flow Regulation in Flow Regime on the Murrumbidgee River,South Eastern Australia: an assessment using a daily estimation hydrological model

In this paper, modelled hydrological data are used to quantify the effects of regulation on the flow regime of the lower Murrumbidgee River in the period 1970–1998. Although other studies report historical changes in flood frequency and duration, this study uses modelled natural daily flow data rather than pre-regulation records or aggregated modelled monthly data. The comparison of modelled natural and regulated daily flows shows the magnitude of changes to mean and seasonal flows, flood peaks and flow duration. At gauges upstream of major irrigation off-takes, mean flows have been increased by approximately 10 per cent, flood peaks have been reduced by 21–46 per cent, and there has been a seasonal redistribution such that flows in summer and autumn have been increased at the expense of those in winter and spring. At gauges downstream of the major irrigation off-takes, mean flows have been reduced by 8–46 per cent, flood peaks have been reduced by 16–61 per cent, and flows have been decreased in all seasons.     

EFFECT OF DAMS ON MOUNTAINOUS BEDROCK RIVERS

This study examines the adjustment of river systems in the Golan Heights to reservoir construction in small basaltic mountainous catchments where total water flow is impounded, and discusses comparisons with the effects of large dams on alluvial rivers. Annual rainfall ranges from 500 mm to 900 mm, and no major springs are found in the area. About 3/4 of total runoff is in the form of floods caused by rainstorms. The 11 dams receive drainage from about 20% of the total catchment, and a third of the total runoff. Changes in the river channels were studied at 28 field stations. Flood marks provided peak stage levels for largest season discharge, and 8 nearby hydrometric stations provided a continuous hydrological record. Bed material was sampled at each cross-section site. The main effect of river impoundment is a sharp decrease in flood peaks below the reservoirs to about one-third of their previous natural regime. The channel cross-sectional area decreased, but no temporal adjustment can be established, as most of the reservoirs were built in the last 5–8 years. Channel-flow hydraulics are competent enough to transport the suspended material, but evidence of aggradation was found in the channel reaches close to the dams. Bedload transport and the size of transported cobbles and boulders decreased downstream from the dams. Increased vegetation cover downstream from the dams was the most pronounced effect. Adjustment of the fluvial system to dam building in mountainous streams seems to be less sensitive than in alluvial channels. [Key words: fluvial geomorphology, dams, water reservoirs, environmental changes, Israel.]     

天山北坡“96.7”洪水致灾原因分析

１９９６年７月中，下旬，天山北坡发生了特大洪水，其洪峰之高，洪量之大为历史上所罕见，形成了建国以来新疆从未有过的特大洪灾，本文综合实地考察结果，在对洪水特点分析基础上，结合对本次洪水致灾过程的研究，详尽分析了天山北坡“９６．７”洪水致灾原因。     

Effectiveness of monsoon floods on the Tapi River, India: role of channel geometry and hydrologic regime

Geomorphic effects of floods are a function of several controlling factors, such as magnitude, frequency, rate of sediment movement, flood power, duration of effective flows, sequence of events and the channel geometry. In this paper, these measures of effectiveness have been evaluated for the monsoon-dominated, flood-controlled and incised Tapi River, India by defining four flow categories: low flows, moderate flows, floods and large floods. Ratios between effectiveness parameters of moderate flows on one hand and the floods, large floods and maximum floods on the other, were computed to understand the relative importance of moderate and large flows. In addition to this, stream-power graphs for large floods were constructed, and the changes in channel form were analyzed by using multi-date cross-sections. The results of the study indicate that the morphological characteristics of the bedrock as well as the alluvial channels of the monsoonal and incised Tapi River are maintained by large-magnitude, but low frequency floods that occur at long intervals. Because the channel is incised the effectiveness of large flows is accentuated. The incised channel form enhances the role of large floods by reducing the width–depth ratio, and by increasing the velocity as well as the energy per unit area. The low and moderate flows are superior to high-magnitude flows, only in terms of suspended sediment transport and frequency of occurrence. Another conclusion is that the suspended sediment carried by flows may not be the most appropriate criterion for measuring the geomorphic effectiveness of flows, particularly for monsoonal rivers.     

中国2010-2020年汛期旱涝灰预测研究

选取194个中国地面气候资料国际交换站1971—2000年汛期(5—8月)降水资料序列,应用灰预测方法对中国2010—2020年汛期降水的旱涝趋势进行预测。结果表明:2010—2020年中国由“南涝北旱”转为“北涝南旱”的可能性不大,但是每年汛期都有旱涝灾害发生,北京、银川、石家庄等地区旱灾严重,重庆、南昌、广州等地区汛期水患频繁。有关职能部门应采取相关措施应对未来气候变化,尤其是气候突变可能带来的旱涝灾害。     

Annual floods in New England (USA) and Atlantic Canada: synoptic climatology and generating mechanisms

New England and Atlantic Canada are characterized by mixed flood regimes that reflect different storm types, antecedent land surface conditions, and flood seasonality. Mixed flood regimes are known to complicate flood risk analyses, yet the synoptic climatology and precipitation mechanisms that generate annual floods in this region have not been described in detail. We analyzed a set of long-term annual flood records at climate-sensitive stream gauges across the region and classified the synoptic climatology of each annual flood, quantitatively describing the precipitation mechanisms, and characterize flood seasonality. We find that annual floods here are dominantly generated by Great Lakes-sourced storms and Coastal lows, known locally as ‘nor’easters.’ Great Lakes storms tend to be associated with lower magnitude annual floods (<75th percentile) and Coastal lows are more clearly associated with higher magnitude events (>75th percentile). Tropical cyclones account for few of all annual floods, including extreme events, despite causing some of the region’s largest and most destructive floods. Late winter/early spring is when the greatest number of annual floods occur region wide, and rainfall is the dominant flood-producing mechanism. Rainfall in combination with snowmelt is also important. Both mechanisms are expected to be impacted by projected regional climate change. We find little evidence for associations between flood-producing synoptic storm types or precipitation mechanisms and large-scale atmospheric circulation indices or time periods, despite upward trends in New England annual flood magnitudes. To more completely investigate such associations, partial duration flood series that include more floods than just the largest of each year, and their associated synoptic climatologies and precipitation mechanisms, should be analyzed.     

黄河中下游水沙变化趋势

本文论述由于黄河上游清水区水资源的优先开发,中上游地区工农业用水的增长,而黄河中游地区的水土保持和支流治理的减沙作用不甚明显,龙羊峡水库投入运用后,汛期进入河口镇的水量大幅度减少,使汛期进入黄河下游的基流减小含沙量增加,高含沙洪水出现的机会增多.面临水少沙多的不利情况,应加强宽浅河道的改造及利用窄深河道输送高含沙水流的研究.     

Controls on overbank deposition in the Upper Mississippi River

Floodplains contain valuable stratigraphic records of past floods, but these records do not always represent flood magnitudes in a straightforward manner. The depositional record generally reflects the magnitude, frequency, and duration of floods, but is also subject to storm-scale hysteresis effects, flood sequencing effects, and decade-scale trends in sediment load. Many of these effects are evident in the recent stratigraphic record of overbank floods along the Upper Mississippi River (UMR), where the floodplain has been aggrading for several thousand years. On low-lying floodplain surfaces in Iowa and Wisconsin, ¹³⁷Cs profiles suggest average vertical accretion rates of about 10 mm/year since 1954. These rates are slightly less than rates that prevailed earlier in the 20th Century, when agricultural land disturbance was at a maximum, but they are still an order of magnitude greater than long-term average rates for the Holocene. As a result of soil conservation practices, accretion rates have decreased in recent decades despite an increase in the frequency of large floods.The stratigraphic record of the Upper Mississippi River floodplain is dominated by spring snowmelt events, because they are twice as frequent as rainfall floods, last almost twice as long, and are sometimes associated with very high sediment concentrations. The availability of sediment during floods is also influenced by a strong hysteresis effect. Peak sediment concentrations generally precede the peak discharges by 1–4 weeks, and concentrations are usually low (<50 mg/l) during the peak stages of most floods. The lag between peak concentration and peak discharge is especially large during spring floods, when much of the runoff is contributed by snowmelt in the far northern reaches of the valley.The great flood of 1993 on the Mississippi River focused attention on the geomorphic effectiveness and stratigraphic signature of large floods. At McGregor, where the peak discharge had a recurrence interval of 14 years, the flood was most notable for its long duration (168 days above 1600 m³s⁻¹), high sediment concentrations (three episodes >180 mg/l), and large suspended load (1.71 Mt). The flood of 2001, despite its greater magnitude (recurrence interval 70 years), was associated with relatively low sediment concentrations (<60 mg/l). The 1993 and 2001 floods each left 30–80 mm of silty fine sand on most low-lying floodplain surfaces, but the 2001 flood produced sandy levees near the channel while the 1993 flood did not. The stratigraphic signature of these recent floods is more closely related to the duration and total suspended load of the event than to the magnitude of the peak discharge.     

黄河内蒙古段淤积泥沙洪水冲刷效应

为了探讨黄河内蒙古段淤积泥沙的洪水冲刷效应,于2012年对其三湖河口水文站河道监测断面汛期（7-10月）流量、悬移质泥沙含量以及洪水期间（2012年8月20日-2012年10月1日）悬移质泥沙含量、粒度百分含量的垂直变化特征与流量的关系进行了统计和分析。结果表明：（1）该次洪水具有峰高量大、洪峰过程在河段内持续时间长、洪水起涨和消退缓慢、峰形矮胖的特点;（2）洪水过程中,小于0.05 mm的细颗粒泥沙在2 000 m³·s^-1左右的流量下就能输移通过,在2 000～2 400 m³·s^-1时输沙强度最大,对河道淤积泥沙可以达到输沙最优的效果;而粒径大于0.05 mm的泥沙输移的效果不好。     

1998年长江洪水的特点与警示

1998年长江洪水是自1954年以来又一次全流域性特大洪水,其特点是：气候异常,受厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜影响;水位高,持续时间长;上中下游洪水遭遇;受灾经济损失大。1998年洪水给人们的警示是：历史洪水多成组出现,防洪不能松懈;平垸行洪,势在必行;分蓄洪区不能形同虚设;大规模退田还湖,并不现实可行;长江上游分洪是防洪上的奇迹;调用“土壤水库”是防洪治本之策。     

基于ArcGIS的渭河下游洪水淹没面积的计算

计算洪水淹没面积一直是灾害评估研究中的一个热点问题以GIS技术为基础,运用Arc-GIS软件的特殊功能,以渭河为研究背景实现了无需编程即可完成对洪水淹没面积的提取及计算。在地形图数字化基础上,分别对有源淹没和无源淹没进行分析,并运用ArcMap和ArcView软件自身的功能,对洪水淹没面积进行统计计算,并以2003年渭河下游洪水淹没数据为依据进行对比验证,取得了良好的效果。     

黄河下游游荡性河道小水致灾研究

20世纪80年代中期以来,黄河下游游荡性河道的洪水灾害是在下游水量明显减少、洪峰流量也不断减小的情况下发生的。即使是水量比较小的普通洪水,也能造成下游滩区大面积受淹、控导工程决口、桥梁被冲毁、房屋倒塌等严重灾害。小水致灾的形成机理主要是:河道游荡,引发“横河、斜河”;小水淤积,河床抬高,行洪能力下降;人与河床争地,造成滩区阻塞。     

塔里木河流域突发性洪水初步研究

突发性洪水是干旱区河流重要的水文事件，塔里木河流域突发性洪水主要包括暴雨突发性洪水和冰川湖崩决洪水，本文例举了发生在上游支流的两种类型突发性洪水，对其发生、发展进行了比较分析，同时，分析了不同类型不同支流发生的突发性洪水对干流的影响。     

蚌埠闸及上游闸坝对淮河自然水文情势的影响

淮河流域建设了许多闸坝,为揭示如此密集的闸坝对河流自然水文情势的影响,选取比较典型的淮河干流上的蚌埠闸作为控制节点,用成熟的IHA法和RVA法,研究蚌埠闸及其上游闸坝对水文情势的影响程度,同时通过蚌埠水文站水文情势变化的估算来分析闸坝对淮河河流生态水文条件的影响。结果显示,这些闸坝对河流水文情势的影响强烈,特别是在枯水季节。由此得出的淮河蚌埠段生态水文目标可为蚌埠闸开展生态系统管理、生态修复以及进行生态调控提供理论支持。     

Groundwater control on the suspended sediment load in the Na Borges River, Mallorca, Spain

Groundwater dominance has important effects on the hydrological and geomorphological characteristics of river systems. Low suspended sediment concentrations and high water clarity are expected because significant inputs of sediment-free spring water dilute the suspended sediment generated by storms. However, in many Mediterranean rivers, groundwater dominance is characterised by seasonal alternations of influent and effluent discharge involving significant variability on the sediment transport regimes. Such areas are often subject to soil and water conservation practices over the centuries that have reduced the sediment contribution from agricultural fields and favour subsurface flow to rivers. Moreover, urbanisation during the twentieth century has changed the catchment hydrology and altered basic river processes due to its ‘flashy’ regime. In this context, we monitored suspended sediment fluxes during a two-year period in the Na Borges River, a lowland agricultural catchment (319 km²) on the island of Mallorca (Balearic Islands). The suspended sediment concentration (SSC) was lower when the base flow index (i.e., relative proportion of baseflow compared to stormflow, BFI) was higher. Therefore, strong seasonal contrasts explain the high SSC coefficient of variation, which is clearly related to dilution effects associated with different groundwater and surface water seasonal interactions. A lack of correlation in the Q-SSC rating curves shows that factors other than discharge control sediment transport. As a result, at the event scale, multiple regressions illustrate that groundwater and surface water interactions are involved in the sedimentary response of flood events. In the winter, the stability of baseflow driven by groundwater contributions and agricultural and urban spills causes hydraulic variables (i.e., maximum discharge) to exert the most important control on events, whereas in the summer, it is necessary to accumulate important volumes of rainfall, creating a minimum of wet conditions in the catchment to activate hydrological pathways and deliver sediment to the drainage network. The BFI is also related to sediment delivery processes, as the loads are higher with lower BFI, corroborating the fact that most sediment movement is caused by stormflow and its related factors. Overall, suspended sediment yields were very low (i.e., < 1 t km^− 2 yr^− 1) at all measuring sites. Such values are the consequence of the limited sediment delivery attributable to soil conservation practices, low surface runoff coefficients and specific geomorphic features of groundwater-dominated rivers, such as low drainage density, low gradient, steep valley walls and flat valley floors.     

黄河内蒙古段异源水沙输移特性

河流悬移质泥沙的输移方式按照水沙来源可以分为水沙同源与水沙异源两大类。黄河内蒙古段水沙来自不同的区域,冲泻质泥沙主要来源于陇西黄土高原区,而径流则主要来自唐乃亥以上的山区,呈现异源特性。通过分析内蒙古河段石嘴山与巴彦高勒水文站1951-2003年的水文数据,发现期间共发生了13次大流量和29次高含沙事件且大流量、高含沙量同时出现现象很少,多呈现大流量、低含沙量,或者小流量、高含沙量的态式。同时,通过改变传统流量-含沙量幂函数公式C_i=aQ^b(C_i为悬移质浓度,Q为流量)的参数项,建立了2种水沙异源情况下流量-含沙量的公式。     

广东的洪涝及其对农业的危害与防御对策

对广东省的洪涝灾害进行了分类，主要从气候的角度揭示洪涝的成因，及其对农业生产的危害。广东的洪涝按水分过多的程度，可分为洪水、涝害和湿害；按季节划发，洪涝分成春季洪涝、春夏洪涝、夏秋洪涝和连阴雨等几种类型。洪涝与湿害的气候指标常用年或某的降雨异常来描述。洪涝和湿害的农业气象指标用水分平均旱涝指标来表示。洪涝灾害的形成与季风活动密切有关。地形对洪涝影响明显，洪涝对农业的危害主要有物理性破坏、生理性损伤、生态性危害。防御洪涝的对策主要有加强防灾减灾的组织管理，改善生态环境，提高天气预报准确率等措施。