国际渔业法律制度的发展及其对世界海洋渔业的影响分析

1982年签署的《联合国海洋法公约》确立了专属经济区制度；《联合国海洋法公约》签订以后出台的一系列国际渔业协定、决议或公约使新的公海渔业制度得以建立。本文简要介绍了专属经济区制度和新公海渔业制度的主要内容，分析了这两项制度对国际渔业及我国海洋渔业生产与管理的影响，并探讨了公海渔业制度的当前特征及发展趋势。     

我国海洋渔业资源保护制度的生态贡献分析

为保护渔业资源以及遏制渔业资源衰退,我国实施了一系列保护行动,海洋渔业资源保护制度化、机制化的局面逐步形成。文章从国家级水产种质资源保护区建设、海洋牧场创建、增殖放流行动、伏季休渔以及遏制过度捕捞5个方面阐述我国海洋渔业资源保护制度建设现状,从海洋渔业资源发展现状、发展模式、生态环境3个方面解析我国海洋渔业资源保护制度的生态贡献,并从海洋渔业资源调查监测、评估评价、制度优化3个方面对我国海洋渔业资源保护制度建设提出建议,以期更好地助力我国海洋渔业可持续健康发展。     

地球峰会达成保护海洋渔业资源协议

约翰内斯堡可持续发展世界首脑会议(地球峰会)的目的是探讨及制定21世纪全球环境与发展计划,并提出全球性的行动纲领。2002年8月28日,各国代表围绕该次会议主要文件《执行计划草案》的磋商取得了一系列比较重要的进展,并达成了第一项旨在保护海洋生态系统、控制商业捕捞,以期在2015年恢复世界受损海洋渔业资源的最终协议,成为本次大会的突破性进展。     

我国海洋渔业资源开发利用的现状和前景

我国海洋捕捞资源总体上已被过度利用,尚有潜力不大;海水养殖资源开发不足,潜力巨大;海洋渔业资源开发利用正逐步进入历史性的转折时期。但进一步加快海水养殖业的发展速度,将面临投入、技术、市场等一系列因素制约,加上海水增殖业体系尚处于幼稚发育阶段,海洋渔业要实现“从捕到养”的战略转变尚需经历一个较长时期,2000年我国海洋渔业产量预计在1000万吨左右,其中海洋捕捞产量600～700万吨,海洋渔业产品结构中以海捕产品为主体的格局不会改变。     

山东海洋渔业资源问题分析及其可持续发展策略

着重分析了山东海洋渔业资源状况及其存在的问题,提出了未来海洋渔业资源的发展对策。渔业生态环境恶化,过度捕捞,养殖种质退化,使渔业资源严重衰退;海产品加工技术落后,缺乏高附加值产品,渔业资源利用率低。开展海洋渔业资源相关基础研究,运用海洋生物技术等高新技术,重点进行海洋环境与渔业资源保护,发展生态渔业,科学、合理地开发利用渔业资源,是实现渔业资源可持续利用和长久发展的可行策略。     

激励工具对海洋渔业资源养护的功能分析

激励工具是经济学理论在海洋资源养护领域的具体应用.通过对激励工具的设计原则、概念与功能的分析,倡导设立能合理公平分配行政资源的激励工具体系,使之对行为主体发生自律与他律的双重功能.我国应采取多个激励工具理性组合的对策实现环境成本的最小化目标.     

浅谈山东省的海洋渔业资源,环境状况及保护措施

山东省濒临黄海和渤海,海岸线长达3000多公里,约占全国大陆海岸线的1/6。岸线曲折,岛屿众多,水域辽阔,可供增养殖用的浅海(水深15米以内)及潮间带滩涂面积近3000万亩,近海捕捞作业渔场总面积22万余平方公里,约占黄渤海总水域面积的51.4％。近年来,全省渔业经济稳步发展,水产品产量不断提高,     

韩国海洋渔业TAC制度安排及其启示

总可捕量(Total Allowable Catch,TAC)制度是海洋渔业产出控制管理的一种有效措施,是与投入控制管理措施的耦合,对海洋渔业资源管理具有推进作用。韩国成功地导入并摸索出独自的TAC制度,其对象鱼种由1999年的5个品种演进并增至2009年的11个品种,海洋渔业资源管理已取得显著性成效。韩国在渔业科学数据收集、奠定TAC制度法律基础、培育和发展渔民协会组织、探讨TAC制度基本架构等方面的制度安排及其经验和做法,对中国具有借鉴与参考价值。     

大海洋生态渔业理论与海洋渔业的持续发展

一、海洋生态系统现状,地球上有90％以上的生物量存在于海洋中,即使我们目前仅利用了其中的0．2％,它们已经为人类提供了超过20％的动物蛋白质来源。海洋渔业生产为人类作出了重要贡献,是人类重要的食物保障。但由于过度开发、资源滥用、环境破坏等因素,世界主要渔场均处于崩溃边缘,严重影响了海洋生态系统的持续发展。     

江苏省海洋渔业可持续发展的思考

占地球表面积70％的海洋,是孕育人类生命的摇篮,又是全球支持系统的重要组成部分。尤其在当今社会面临人口、资源、环境三大问题时,人类生存的欲望和社会的进步,使得世界沿海国家普遍将资源丰富的海洋视为新的生存、发展空间,以及新的经济增长点。联合国第41届大会也确定21世纪为海洋开发的新时代。海洋被誉为人类社会生存的第二空间和可持续发展的重要根基。一场以海洋资源开发为目标的“蓝色革命”已经引发。     

基于渔获量平均营养级的东印度洋渔业资源可持续利用评价

渔业资源可持续利用是渔业经济可持续发展的基础。本文根据联合国粮农组织提供的1950−2018年东印度洋渔业生产统计数据,结合Fishbase提供的相关鱼种的营养级,探讨了69年间东印度洋渔获量平均营养级(MTL)以及营养级平衡指数的长期变化趋势,以此来判定其渔业资源可持续利用状况。研究认为,1950−2018年东印度洋渔获量呈现稳步增长趋势,其中云鲥(Tenualosa ilisha)、鲱鱼(Clupea pallasi)、印度鲭(Rastrelliger kanagurta)为重要渔获种类,其累计年产量占总产量的比重均在10%以上。MTL变动大致可分3个阶段：1950−1974年渔获MTL总体处在高位,其值范围为3.39～3.71,平均值为3.60±0.07,期间年渔获量呈现稳定的增长趋势,平均年增长率为6.4%;1975−1999年渔获MTL呈现波动,其值范围为3.21～3.51,平均值为3.35±0.08,期间年渔获量呈现稳定的小幅度增长趋势,平均年增长率为4.8%;2000−2018年渔获MTL年间波动较小,其值为3.31～3.43,平均值为3.38±0.03,期间年渔获量呈现缓慢稳定的增长趋势,平均年增长率为1.6%。3个阶段的平均营养级平衡指数分别为0.59±0.22、0.94±0.14、1.25±0.04,其值呈现稳定的增长趋势且年间变化幅度越来越小,说明其群落结构越来越趋稳定。渔业资源的开发利用程度增加,而MTL下降程度较小,营养级平衡指数呈现上升趋势,说明渔获量的增加能够弥补MTL的下降;且仅统计营养级大于3.25的种类时,1950−1974年、1975−1999年、2000−2018年3个阶段的MTL平均值分别为4.16±0.04、4.18±0.04、4.19±0.03,呈现小幅稳定增长的趋势,表明高营养级种群渔业资源未受到破坏。研究认为,东印度洋海洋生态系统稳定,高营养级种群渔业资源处于未充分开发状态。     

基于生态通道模型的我国渔业资源生态容量研究进展

随着人类活动对于海洋资源的过度开发,渔业资源的衰退趋势愈发显著。因此,渔业资源亟待科学合理的理论指导来保护和利用有限的渔业资源。Ecopath生态通道模型是一种研究生态系统特征与变化的经典模型,除了可用于分析生态系统结构与功能以及评估生态系统的成熟稳定程度外,该模型还可以评估物种的生态容量,为增殖放流活动等渔业资源提供保护措施,因此被广泛应用于渔业资源生态容量研究。本文综述了生态容量的概念以及目前国内研究生态容量的常见方法,对Ecopath模型的发展历史做了简要概述,介绍了模型的原理、建立、调试方法以及使用Ecopath模型评估物种生态容量的操作方法,随后对模型中的各项参数指标做了详细的介绍。本文根据Ecopath模型在我国渔业资源研究中的应用方向进行了分类讨论,并对我国当前基于Ecopath的水域生态容量研究进展进行了汇总,对比了不同类型生态系统之间生态特征参数的异同,重点归纳了不同水域生态系统下的物种生态容量评估研究,最后提出了模型的限制性以及发展前景。     

人工鱼礁对渔业资源和海洋生态环境的影响及相关技术研究

介绍了国内外在不同水深海域实施人工鱼礁工程的现状。分析并研究了不同水深海域人工鱼礁工程的建筑和投放技术,分析并研究了与人工鱼礁工程相关的一些问题及解决这些问题的途径,分析并研究了人工鱼礁区渔业资源增值和改善海洋生态环境的机理。分析得出的结论是:人工鱼礁工程在增值渔业资源和改善海洋生态环境方面是很有发展前景的。     

美国渔业资源的管理和保护

美国当前的渔业管理强调地方的参与、管理与科学技术的紧密结合以及区域的机动性,这些都是可取的。然而,在过去的三十年由于过度捕捞和栖息地退化,对生态系统和鱼类群落有着很大的负面影响。为实现渔业长期的可持续发展,实现社会效益和经济效益的最大化,本着保证海洋生物资源为     

The evolution of legal instruments and the sustainability of the Peruvian anchovy fishery

Landings statistics of the Peruvian anchovy fishery show that the fishery went through a phase of explosive and uncontrolled growth from its establishment in the mid-fifties until its collapse in 1972. After the collapse, a second phase from 1973 to 1984 was characterized by unfavorable warm ocean conditions and low catches. A third phase, from 1984 to the present, with propitious ocean-environmental conditions and modern governance, can be further divided into a controlled growth period (1985-1994) and a sustainable landings' period (1995 to present). The most recent period of the third phase has enabled the fishery to maintain its catches and be labeled as one of the most sustainable fisheries worldwide. This article highlights the evolution of the legal system that provides for the current sustainable landings and governance of this fishery. Results show that General Fisheries Acts were enacted independently of failures to sustain anchovy landings. The three Peruvian Fisheries Acts were a reflection of broader national socio-political changes and were enacted mainly to define the role of the state and private investment and to delimit foreign involvement in the fishery industry. By contrast, the enactment of secondary legislation to control quotas and fishing seasons increased as the fishery moved towards stable landings. During this phase, enacted secondary legislation showed also a clear peak during strong positive sea surface anomalies driven by the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) 1997-1998, providing evidence of rapid adaptive management. The role of Fisheries Acts in defining access rights at the national level from a multilevel governance approach is discussed and further key elements that contributed to the transition towards sustainability are suggested.     

Incentive instruments for the sustainable use of marine resources

The Australian Government recently ratified the “Oceans Policy” which provides a policy framework to effectively manage the resources and uses of the Australian Exclusive Economic Zone. The Oceans Policy is to be implemented through Regional Marine Plans that are based on the notion of large marine ecosystems and have the objective to integrate sectoral commercial interests and conservation objectives. This paper makes a theoretical contribution to the development of Regional Marine Plans which will demand the specification of detailed policies for regulating the various marine uses and impacts in the respective marine regions. The paper discusses a wide range of policy instruments and exemplifies their potential role for the management of marine resources and uses. The term incentive instrument includes financial and economic instruments as well as legal and regulatory instruments, education, co-management, voluntary approaches, community-based mechanisms and research. A set of criteria is established for the evaluation of individual incentive instruments. They are further placed in the context of a series of principles for policy design. The paper explores potential management instruments to: improve water quality of streams, estuaries and oceans, create sustainable fisheries, ensure sustainable marine tourism and recreation, manage conflict between user and interest groups, ensure environmentally sound marine transport and petroleum exploration and mining.     

The ecological and social basis for management of a Red Sea marine-protected area

The Farasan Islands in the southern Red Sea of Saudi Arabia have nationally and internationally significant conservation values, and are important for a range of marine-based resource uses. In preparation for the establishment of a marine protected area around the Farasan Islands and its management, surveys were undertaken to assess the state of the coastal and marine resources, and the issues associated with human activities. Stakeholders were interviewed about issues and their attitudes towards the proposed protected area, and constraints to planning and management were identified. Marine habitats included seagrass beds, mangroves, and extensive areas of fringing reef dominated by a diverse coral community or a mixture of coral and macroalgae. Although used for a diverse range of human activities (fishing, shipping, transport, military purposes, recreation, waste dumping, sand extraction) impacts were minimal and localized. The most immediate threat to the marine resources was over-exploitation by fisheries. The types of management activities appropriate to the MPA, and the scale of management, were constrained by a number of unique and important factors: declines in national financial support for conservation efforts, a lack of trained personnel, difficulties in attracting staff to this remote location, loss of community support, the absence of a tourist base from which economic instruments could be developed, and the lack of local non-governmental organizations. Management recommended for the Farasan Islands Marine-Protected Area included zoning, community participation in management, public awareness, and training as a first step, followed by site-specific management actions, research and monitoring, and infrastructure development.     

Status of Kuwait's fishery resources: Assessment and perspective

For the first time, the production of fisheries in Kuwait was assessed both quantitatively and qualitatively by comparing the production of the late 1980s and the mid-2000s using official data. The results indicate that total fisheries production has declined over time, with local production (artisanal and industrial) having decreased by approximately 25%, while imports increased by 25%, representing 62% of the total fisheries production over time. Current consumer preferences have led to increased demand of fish species formerly having inferior commercial importance. The verified per capita fish consumption in 2010 was 22.32 kg yr⁻¹ suggesting the existence of an unrecorded supplementary supply of fish. Predictions show a dramatic decrease in fishery production by 2025, with a low supply of only 0.5 kg per individual per annum. The results have practical implications for legislators’ management strategies for the sustainability of local fishery stocks.