Phytoplankton biornass in relation to the surface hydrography of southern New Zealand and possible effects on the food chain

Abstract

The surface distribution of salinity, temperature, nitrate‐nitrogen (N0₃‐N), and chlorophyll a in the southern New Zealand, Foveaux Strait region in February 1977, 1978, 1979, and 1980 was highly variable. The source of new nitrogen appears to be incursions of high‐salinity water west and east of Stewart Island. Although it seems likely that the source of this high‐nutrient, high‐salinity water is vertical, a horizontal advective source cannot be ruled out The chlorophyll a content of surface waters was not related directly to the NO3‐N concentrations. This lower food chain variability may be linked to variability in economically important species. Oysters grew twice as fast in the summer of 1978/79 as they did in 1979/80. But the mean chlorophyll a values were very similar for February of both years (2.5 and 2.2 μg 1^?1, respectively). The elevated NO₃‐N levels in 1979 may have resulted in much higher phytoplankton levels later that summer and resulted in the higher oyster growth rate that year. The mechanisms driving this variability have yet to be determined.     

西北冰洋表层沉积物中生源和陆源粗组分及其沉积环境

通过中国第1至第3次北极科学考察在北冰洋西部所采集的99个表层沉积物中生源与陆源粗组分的分析,研究了该海域表层生产力的变化,有机质来源以及陆源粗颗粒物质的输入方式和影响因素.研究区域生源组分所反映的表层生产力变化与通过白令海峡进入楚科奇海的3股太平洋洋流密切相关.楚科奇海西侧高盐高营养盐的阿纳德尔流流经区域,表层生产力...     

南大洋浮游植物现存量对颗粒有机碳的贡献

根据中国第15、16次南极考察观测的颗粒有机碳、叶绿素a浓度的数据,探讨浮游植物现存量对南大洋颗粒有机碳的贡献。结果表明,普里兹湾内浮游植物碳对颗粒有机碳的贡献高于湾北部的大洋区,真光层上部浮游植物碳对颗粒有机碳的贡献高于深层水。同时分析两个航次测区叶绿素a浓度和航程途中叶绿素a浓度的分布,以期了解浮游植物在南大洋颗粒有机碳来源中的作用。     

Phytoplankton composition and biomass across the southern Indian Ocean

Phytoplankton composition and biomass was investigated across the southern Indian Ocean. Phytoplankton composition was determined from pigment analysis with subsequent calculations of group contributions to total chlorophyll a (Chl a) using CHEMTAX and, in addition, by examination in the microscope. The different plankton communities detected reflected the different water masses along a transect from Cape Town, South Africa, to Broome, Australia. The first station was influenced by the Agulhas Current with a very deep mixed surface layer. Based on pigment analysis this station was dominated by haptophytes, pelagophytes, cyanobacteria, and prasinophytes. Sub-Antarctic waters of the Southern Ocean were encountered at the next station, where new nutrients were intruded to the surface layer and the total Chl a concentration reached high concentrations of 1.7 ??g Chl a L⁻¹ with increased proportions of diatoms and dinoflagellates. The third station was also influenced by Southern Ocean waters, but located in a transition area on the boundary to subtropical water. Prochlorophytes appeared in the samples and Chl a was low, i.e., 0.3 ??g L⁻¹ in the surface with prevalence of haptophytes, pelagophytes, and cyanobacteria. The next two stations were located in the subtropical gyre with little mixing and general oligotrophic conditions where prochlorophytes, haptophytes and pelagophytes dominated. The last two stations were located in tropical waters influenced by down-welling of the Leeuwin Current and particularly prochlorophytes dominated at these two stations, but also pelagophytes, haptophytes and cyanobacteria were abundant. Haptophytes Type 6 (sensuZapata et al., 2004), most likely Emiliania huxleyi, and pelagophytes were the dominating eucaryotes in the southern Indian Ocean. Prochlorophytes dominated in the subtrophic and oligotrophic eastern Indian Ocean where Chl a was low, i.e., 0.043-0.086 ??g total Chl a L⁻¹ in the surface, and up to 0.4 ??g Chl a L⁻¹ at deep Chl a maximum. From the pigment analyses it was found that the dinoflagellates of unknown trophy enumerated in the microscope at the oligotrophic stations were possibly heterotrophic or mixotrophic. Presence of zeaxanthin containing heterotrophic bacteria may have increased the abundance of cyanobacteria determined by CHEMTAX.     

南极普里兹湾浮游植物现存量与初级生产力粒级结构和新生产力研究

报道1998～1999年夏季在南极普里兹湾及其毗邻海域对细胞丰度、优势种类组成、生物量和初级生产力的粒级结构、新生产力及其环境制约机制的研究.结果表明,调查海区具有显著的空间区域化特征.普里兹湾及其毗邻陆架区浮游植物现存生物量和生产力均较高,大陆坡和深海区明显降低;营养盐浓度由于浮游植物的消耗则有相反的分布趋势.浮游植物生物量和生产力受水体的垂直稳定度、浮游动物摄食、水温和光照等环境条件的控制.粒度分级测定结果表明,对调查海区叶绿素a的贡献,小型浮游生物为52.2%,微型为29.4%,微微型为18.4%;对初级生产力的贡献,小型为52.4%,微型为28.7%,微微型为18.9%.研究海区的平均新生产力和f比分别为230.6mg/(m2·d)和0.43.     

Phytoplankton chemotaxonomy in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean during late summer 2009

A chemotaxonomic investigation of surface phytoplankton was undertaken on a research cruise to the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean during late austral summer 2009. Based on pigment signatures, several distinct regions emerged that were delineated by physical features. CHEMTAX analysis of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) pigment data indicated that diatoms generally dominated communities south of the Antarctic Polar Front (APF), particularly in regions of elevated biomass where chlorophyll-a (chl-a) was >1.5 µg l⁻¹ and diatoms comprised >80% of biomass. Pigment signatures representative of haptophytes-8, indicative of Phaeocystis antarctica, were dominant near the ice shelf. Chl-a concentrations were 0.2–0.6 µg l⁻¹ between the APF and the Subtropical Front (STF) and outputs suggested that chlorophytes, haptophytes-8 and haptophyte-6, in the form of coccolithophores, were the major constituents. Very low chl-a levels (<0.2 µg l⁻¹) were observed north of the STF and the prokaryotes Synechococcus spp. and Prochlorococcus spp. were the dominant groups in these oligotrophic waters.     

泉州湾水域浮游植物群落的昼夜变化

对福建省泉州湾口、大坠岛以北水域的浮游植物群落作了准同步昼夜连续观测,观测时间分别在2001年11月至2002年8月内的秋(11月)、冬(2月)、春(5月)、夏(8月)季大潮期.结果表明,该水域的叶绿素a生物量(以下简称生物量)受湾内高生物量的影响在潮汐作用下出现波动,高潮期出现低生物量,低潮期出现高生物量.靠近内湾的站位生物量大于湾外的站位;底层水体中的生物量普遍大于表层,底栖硅藻成为生物量变化的重要部分.调查海区生物量呈现昼夜节律变化,生物量白天高于夜间.进一步的分析表明,在潮汐和昼夜变化综合作用下,浮游植物的群落结构发生相应变化,白天的多样性指数低于夜间,浮游植物昼夜群落的不相似度很高.群落中一些种类如中肋骨条藻白天大量增殖,出现较高的优势度,昼夜平均密度比值达到9,变化节律明显.研究认为,尽管海区潮汐和流向左右着生物量变化,浮游植物的生态学过程如细胞增殖、再悬浮、扩散等过程在昼夜生物量变化中仍产生较大作用.     

鸭绿江口浮游植物群落特征及与环境因子的关系

于2009年3月对鸭绿江河口进行了10个站的浮游植物生态调查,分析了该海域浮游植物的种类组成、优势种类、群落结构以及水平分布等特征参数.本次调查共鉴定浮游植物48种,其中硅藻种类最多,达41种,甲藻其次,为6种,金藻1种.浮游植物可划分为广温类群、暖水类群和暖温类群3个生态类群,以广温类群为主.浮游植物细胞数量平均4.67×108个/m3,细胞数量自河口向外海逐渐降低.其中,中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)占据绝对优势.浮游植物群落优势种单一且优势度较大,群落结构相对简单.相关性分析表明温度和盐度是浮游植物细胞数量的主要限制性因子.浮游植物数量受鸭绿江径流的影响较大.     

Spatial and temporal variability and size fractionation of chlorophyll a in the tropical and subtropical Pacific Ocean

The spatial and temporal variability and size fractionation of chlorophyll a(Chl a) were investigated in the tropical and subtropical Pacific Ocean during four survey cruises from 2005 to 2009.The surface Chl a(S-Chl a) concentration ranged from 0.002 to 0.497 mg/m 3 and was obviously higher in the eastern Pacific than in the western and central Pacific.The vertical distribution of Chl a displayed a single peak pattern,and the maximum Chl a layer(MCL) was observed at a shallower depth in the eastern Pacific than in the western Pacific.All three size fractions of Chl a measurements in the surface water showed a similar distribution to total Chl a and were found in higher concentrations in the eastern Pacific than in the western and central Pacific.Picoplankton dominated the phytoplankton in the surveyed tropical and subtropical Pacific Ocean.Furthermore,pico-Chl a(0.2-2 μm) accounted for a larger percentage of the total Chl a in the central Pacific than it did in the western Pacific and eastern Pacific.In the western Pacific,there seemed to be a latitudinal variability in the phytoplankton community composition where small-sized phytoplankton(<2 μm) were more dominant in the tropical than in the subtropical western Pacific.The spatial and temporal variability and size fractionation of Chl a were controlled by hydrological and chemical characteristics and climate events,such as El Nin o and La Nin a.     

2002年夏季南极普里兹湾及其邻近海域浮游植物现存量、初级生产力粒级结构和新生产力研究

2002年1～2月,在南极普里兹湾及其北部海区对浮游植物生物量、优势种类组成、细胞丰度、初级生产力和新生产力的观测结果表明,叶绿素a浓度、初级生产力和新生产力的高值均出现在湾内及湾口陆架区,并且远高于陆坡和深海区.湾内和湾口陆架区表层叶绿素a浓度均高于1 mg/m3,平均为(2.34±0.85)mg/m3,而陆坡区和深海区平均只有(0.19±0.14)和(0.15±0.05)mg/m3.湾内和陆架区平均初级生产力[(355.8±192.1)mg/(m2·d)]高于陆坡区[(82.0±20.8)mg/(m2·d)]和深海区[(100.5±83.4)mg/(m2·d)].在陆坡和深海区初级生产力的粒级结构以微微型浮游生物(<2 μm)对初级生产力的贡献最大(分别为49.6%和46.2%),湾内和陆架区则以小型浮游生物(为20～280 μm)的贡献为主(66.2%).在湾内和湾口陆架区同时具有较高的新生产力和再生生产力.     

春季海州湾临洪河口浮游植物粒级结构及环境因素

2017年4月作者对海州湾临洪河口海域16个站位的常规理化因子以及浮游植物粒级结构进行了采样和分析,结果表明:调查海域盐度和温度均值分别为35.2和11.2℃,均由近岸到外海逐渐增大;悬浮物质量浓度在3.4 mg/L～137.6 mg/L变化,均值为22.8 mg/L,由近岸到外海逐渐减少,水体逐渐清澈; pH均值为8.29,近岸低,外海高; DO均值为9.8 mg/L, COD在0.34 mg/L～6.55 mg/L变化,均值为3.42mg/L,DO和COD分布规律不明显;浮游植物粒级组成以微型与小型浮游植物为主,其叶绿素a质量浓度平均值与范围分别为1.48μg/L(0.68μg/L～3.13μg/L)、9.14μg/L(2.69μg/L～25.50μg/L),且呈现自沿岸河口向外海逐渐递减的趋势;而微微型浮游植物叶绿素a质量浓度平均值仅为0.27μg/L,且分布较不规律;小型浮游植物对浮游植物总生物量的贡献率最大,高达83.89%,微型及微微型浮游植物的贡献率分别为13.60%和2.52%;在相关性分析中,各项环境因子对小型浮游植物的分布有较大的影响,其中悬浮物、pH与小型浮游植物叶绿素a浓度表现出显著相关(P0.05),溶解氧、盐度与小型浮游植物叶绿素a质量浓度呈极显著相关(P0.01),微型、微微型浮游植物的分布与各项环境因子的相关性不明显。     

The distribution of phytoplankton size and major influencing factors in the surface waters near the northern end of the Antarctic Peninsula

The waters near the Antarctic Peninsula have always been a study hot spot because of their variable and unique oceanographic conditions.To determine the distribution and possible influencing factors on phytoplankton size and abundance near the Antarctic Peninsula,a large-scale survey was conducted during the austral summer of2018.Samples were collected in 27 stations located in the Drake Passage(DP),South Shetland Islands(SSI),and South Orkney Islands(SOI).Phytoplankton communities were described using chlorophyll a(Chl a),flow cytometry and light microscopy to cover a size range from pico-to microphytoplankton.Nanophytoplankton,especially small nanophytoplankton(2-6 μm) with abundance ranging from 0.66 ×10~3 cells/mL to 8.46 ×10~3 cells/mL,was predominant throughout the study area.Among different regions,there was an obvious size shift.The proportion of picophytoplankton near the Elephant Island(EI) and DP was higher than other regions,and larger cells were found mainly in east of SOI.The distribution of phytoplankton abundance detected by flow cytometry was not completely consistent with Chl a concentrations due to the contribution of larger cells to Chl a.Possible influencing factors on the phytoplankton size distribution were discussed.The properties of water masses such as temperature and salinity can influence the phytoplankton size distribution.Correlation analysis revealed that only picophytoplankton is significantly correlated with salinity.Light and Fe availability might affect phytoplankton abundance and size distribution especially near the waters of SSI and EI in this study.It was also speculated that the abundance of cryptophytes is possibly related to ice melting.     

东海、南黄海浮游植物粒级结构及环境影响因素分析

对粒径分级叶绿素a含量进行分析,探讨了南黄海和东海海域2000年秋季表层浮游植物的粒级结构特征及其环境影响因素.在整个调查海域范围内,叶绿素a平均含量为0.72 mg*m-3,各粒级浮游植物叶绿素a含量对叶绿素a总量的贡献有显著差异,小型(Microplankton,>20 μm)、微型(Nanoplankton,3～20 μm)和微微型(Picoplankton,0.45～3 μm)浮游植物的贡献率分别为31.2%,49.0%和19.8%.小型浮游植物主要分布在江苏沿岸和长江口附近;微型浮游植物在整个海域的分布较均匀,以浙江沿岸和南黄海东部为高值区;微微型浮游植物主要分布在南黄海中部和东海东南部.通过浮游植物粒径分级叶绿素a和环境因子的相关性分析,发现在调查海域营养盐与浮游植物叶绿素a的相关系数随着浮游植物粒径的增大而从负逐渐变正,说明高的营养盐含量区域较大粒径的浮游植物占有较大优势.依据浮游植物粒径分级叶绿素a和环境因子对调查站位进行的聚类分析结果和海域水团的分布以及卫星遥感图显示的水色差异之间有密切联系,聚类分析方法是研究浮游植物分布和环境因子之间关系的一种有效方法.     

Phytoplankton community adaptation to changing light levels in the southern Beaufort Sea,Canadian Arctic

The chlorophyll a specific absorption coefficient of phytoplankton, a_φ^∗(λ) is an important parameter to determine for primary production models and for the estimation of phytoplankton physiological condition. Knowledge of this parameter at high latitudes where nutrient rich cold water submitted to low incident light is a common environment is almost nonexistent. To address this issue, we investigated the light absorption properties of phytoplankton as a function of irradiance, temperature, and nutrients using a large data set in the southern Beaufort Sea during the open water to ice cover transition period. The a_φ^∗(λ) tended to increase from autumn when open water still existed to early winter when sea ice cover was formed, resulting from a biological selection of smaller-size phytoplankton more efficient to absorb light. There was no significant correlation between a_φ^∗(λ) and irradiance or temperature for both seasons. However, a_φ^∗(λ) showed a significant positive correlation with NO₃ + NO₂. Implications of the results for phytoplankton community adaptation to changing light levels are discussed.     

Dissolved iron in the Australian sector of the Southern Ocean (CLIVAR SR3 section): Meridional and seasonal trends

We report measurements of dissolved iron (dFe, <0.4 μm) in seawater collected from the upper 300 m of the water column along the CLIVAR SR3 section south of Tasmania in March 1998 (between 42°S and 54°S) and November–December 2001 (between 47°S and 66°S). Results from both cruises indicate a general north-to-south decrease in mixed-layer dFe concentrations, from values as high as 0.76 nM in the Subtropical Front to uniformly low concentrations (<0.1 nM) between the Polar Front and the Antarctic continental shelf. Samples collected from the seasonal sea-ice zone in November–December 2001 provide no evidence of significant dFe inputs from the melting pack ice, which may explain the absence of pronounced ice-edge algal blooms in this sector of the Southern Ocean, as implied by satellite ocean-color images. Our data also allow us to infer changes in the dFe concentration of surface waters during the growing season. South of the Polar Front, a comparison of near-surface with subsurface (150 m depth) dFe concentrations in November–December 2001 suggests a net seasonal biological uptake of at least 0.14–0.18 nM dFe, of which 0.05–0.12 nM is depleted early in the growing season (before mid December). A comparison of our spring 2001 and fall 1998 data indicates a barely discernible seasonal depletion of dFe (0.03 nM) within the Polar Frontal Zone. Further north, most of our iron profiles do not exhibit near-surface depletions, and mixed-layer dFe concentrations are sometimes higher in samples from fall 1998 compared to spring 2001; here, the near-surface dFe distributions appear to be dominated by time-varying inputs of aerosol iron or advection of iron-rich subtropical waters from the north.     

An analysis on the error structure and mechanism of soil moisture and ocean salinity remotely sensed sea surface salinity products

For the application of soil moisture and ocean salinity（SMOS） remotely sensed sea surface salinity（SSS） products,SMOS SSS global maps and error characteristics have been investigated based on quality control information.The results show that the errors of SMOS SSS products are distributed zonally,i.e.,relatively small in the tropical oceans,but much greater in the southern oceans in the Southern Hemisphere（negative bias） and along the southern,northern and some other oceanic margins（positive or negative bias）.The physical elements responsible for these errors include wind,temperature,and coastal terrain and so on.Errors in the southern oceans are due to the bias in an SSS retrieval algorithm caused by the coexisting high wind speed and low temperature; errors along the oceanic margins are due to the bias in a brightness temperature（TB） reconstruction caused by the high contrast between L-band emissivities from ice or land and from ocean; in addition,some other systematic errors are due to the bias in TB observation caused by a radio frequency interference and a radiometer receivers drift,etc.The findings will contribute to the scientific correction and appropriate application of the SMOS SSS products.     

利用南极走航观测评估卫星遥感海表面温度

利用1989-2005年间南极走航观测的海表面温度,对目前3个主要的卫星反演的SST产品AVHRR(Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer),TMI(TRMM Microwave Imager)和AMSR-E(Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System)进行了较为系统的评估,并着重检验了它们在南大洋的准确性.结果表明,AVHRR SST比观测数据偏冷,白天的偏差为-0.12℃,夜晚的偏差为-0.04℃,而且南大洋的冷偏差更为显著.TMI SST比观测数据明显偏暖,白天的偏差为0.48℃,夜晚的偏差为0.57℃,其温差ΔT受37GHz风速影响,在强风速(>6m/s)下这种影响仍然存在.AMSR-ESST比观测数据偏暖,白天的偏差为0.34℃,夜晚的偏差为0.27℃,而且南大洋的暖偏差相对较大.AMSR-E SST温差受水汽影响,并在南大洋随着水汽的增加而增加.通过进一步比较微波(AMSR-E和TMI)和红外(AVHRR)遥感的SST在2004年北半球冬季(即南半球夏季)的差别,发现微波遥感在热带(15°S-15°N)和南大洋区域(45°S以南)比红外遥感偏暖,而且在南大洋区域的偏差相对较大,相反在北半球中纬度区域(15°~40°N)偏冷.AMSR-E与AVHRR SST的温差,从白天到夜晚有减小的趋势,而TMI与AVHRR SST的温差无明显的变化.     

印尼爪哇上升流海域次表层叶绿素最大值层的浮游植物色素分布特征

Upwelling occurs on the coast of Java between June and October, forced by local alongshore winds associated with the southeasterly monsoon. This causes variations in phytoplankton community composition in the upwelling zone compared with the surrounding offshore area. Based on pigments analysis with subsequent calculations of group contributions to total chlorophyll a(Chl a) using CHEMTAX, we studied the distribution and composition of phytoplankton assemblages in the subsurface chlorophyll maximum along the south coast of Java and the influence of upwelling. Nineteen phytoplankton pigments were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography, and CHEMTAX analysis associated these to ten major phytoplankton groups. The phytoplankton community in the coastal area influenced by upwelling was characterized by high Chl a and fucoxanthin concentrations, indicating the dominance of diatoms. In contrast, in the offshore area, the Chl a and fucoxanthin concentrations declined to very low levels and the community was dominated by haptophytes represented by 19′-Hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin. Accordingly, microphytoplankton was found to be the major size class in the coastal area influenced by upwelling, while nanophytoplankton was most abundant in the offshore area. Low concentrations of other accessory pigments indicated less contribution from dinoflagellates,prasinophytes, chlorophytes and cryptophytes. Photo-pigment indices revealed that photosynthetic carotenoids(PSCs) were the largest component of the pigment pool, exceeding the proportion of Chl a, with the average PSCTP up to 0.62. These distribution trends can mainly be explained by phytoplankton adaption strategies to upwelling and subsurface conditions by changing species composition and adjusting the pigment pool.