有限长导线源频率测深有限内存拟牛顿一维反演

本文采用有限内存拟牛顿法实现有限长导线源频率测深阻抗响应数据的一维反演。水平层状介质有限长导线源阻抗频率响应由基于虚界面法获得的地表水平正交电场和磁场计算得到;一维反演优化问题的求解利用有限内存拟牛顿法,结合光滑模型约束,直接对阻抗的频率响应数据进行反演。在反演过程中,正则化参数的调整采用目标函数自适应技术。反演模型剖分为多层,各层厚度自地表按比例增加。反演从均匀半空间开始,终止条件为目标函数相对变化小于10~(-4)。分别对理论模型和实际数据进行了反演模拟。为考察反演的稳定性,还对理论数据添加10%随机噪声后进行了反演。数值计算结果表明:有限内存拟牛顿方法可以用于有限长导线源频率测深阻抗频率响应的反演;该反演方法对初始模型的依赖性弱,从均匀半空间模型出发基本可以恢复到真实模型;反演初期收敛较快,后期收敛速度变慢,反演结束一般需要迭代40次左右。噪声数据反演结果表明,随机噪声对反演结果影响不大,说明有限内存拟牛顿法具有较好的抗干扰能力。本文研究成果给出了可控源电磁数据反演的一种新方法;同时,利用本文的研究成果,可以为二维或三维反演建立合适的初始模型。     

空间域和频率域平面位场延拓影响因素和稳定性分析

位场延拓是重、磁位场数据处理的重要方法之一,高精度的位场延拓结果对后续的数据处理和解释尤为重要。笔者从平面位场延拓的基本公式出发,分析了空间域和频率域位场延拓结果精度的影响因素以及稳定性。通过理论模型测试比较了这些影响因素(场源体顶面埋深、剖面长度、扩边方法、窗口大小、点距和延拓高度)在空间域和频率域进行位场延拓时的异同性。经过测试表明,点距和延拓高度对延拓结果的影响最大,其次是剖面长度、扩边方法以及窗口大小,场源体的顶面埋深影响最小。随着顶面埋深的增大,会使延拓结果的精度降低;增大剖面长度和进行扩边会提高位场延拓结果的精度;选择合适滑动窗口可以提高计算效率,窗口越大延拓结果精度越高,窗口半径一般选择20倍延拓高度。空间域和频率域中位场延拓结果精度相当,但在空间域中,当延拓高度小于1倍点距时,延拓结果误差很大,此时需要用插值方法加密点距。     

近地表隐伏断层地震波场响应特征与初至波成像应用研究

近地表隐伏断层直接影响工程安全施工。通过构建浅覆盖层下方陡立界面断层数值模型,分析近地表隐伏断层地震波场的传播与转换规律。通过工程实测数据验证了数值模拟波场响应特征的可靠性,并利用初至波走时层析成像技术对地下介质波速进行成像。研究结果表明：(1)初至波转换形成的断点绕射波具有1频率升高、速度突变的特点,可清晰指示测区内断裂带的存在,可作为现场数据采集时断层的直观反映;(2)工程实测中通过原始波形到时、频率信息可初步判断断层的存在,基于射线追踪的初至波层析成像结果与后期钻孔揭露情况基本吻合,说明初至波层析成像在浅层地震勘探中的实用性;(3)接收测线排列内布设震源的方式,两侧震源延拓距离短,无需额外为震源激发提供场地,在工程施工中具有经济、快速、高效的特点,可作为野外复杂地表条件地下浅层结构探测的有效观测系统使用。     

一个CSAMT非平面波效应的实例及数值分析

本文以实例结合数值模拟说明CSAMT中非平面波效应对资料解释的重要影响。实际数据测量于河南卢氏县,在同一条测线测量,发射源长度1.3 km,收发距离分别为4.5 km和7 km。通过对数据进行必要的校正后进行了光滑模型反演,为了对比反演结果,整个处理过程的参数都保持一致。反演的电阻率断面显示,两种收发距离反演的电阻率断面其异常形态基本一致;但在电阻率的数值上,4.5 km的收发距离反演的电阻率较7 km的大。分析发现上述现象主要是源的非平面波效应造成的,并通过三维正演数值模拟得到了验证。由于在有限收发距离时,计算卡尼亚视电阻率靠近源受非平面波效应影响偏大,远离源后,该视电阻率趋于平面波视电阻率。因此,为了采用目前的可控源音频大地电磁测深解释理论,要求收发距离尽可能大。否则,必须采用带源效应的真正可控源电磁反演技术完成数据分析。     

Modelling flash flood propagation in urban areas using a two-dimensional numerical model

This paper reports on the numerical modelling of flash flood propagation in urban areas after an excessive rainfall event or dam/dyke break wave. A two-dimensional (2-D) depth-averaged shallow-water model is used, with a refined grid of quadrilaterals and triangles for representing the urban area topography. The 2-D shallow-water equations are solved using the explicit second-order scheme that is adapted from MUSCL approach. Four applications are described to demonstrate the potential benefits and limits of 2-D modelling: (i) laboratory experimental dam-break wave in the presence of an isolated building; (ii) flash flood over a physical model of the urbanized Toce river valley in Italy; (iii) flash flood in October 1988 at the city of Nîmes (France) and (iv) dam-break flood in October 1982 at the town of Sumacárcel (Spain). Computed flow depths and velocities compare well with recorded data, although for the experimental study on dam-break wave some discrepancies are observed around buildings, where the flow is strongly 3-D in character. The numerical simulations show that the flow depths and flood wave celerity are significantly affected by the presence of buildings in comparison with the original floodplain. Further, this study confirms the importance of topography and roughness coefficient for flood propagation simulation.     

波的传播及其与介质间断相互作用的数值模拟研究

本文用有限差分法模拟研究二维空间中波的传播、散射及其与介质间断的相互作用。文章第一部分运用所模拟的纵波波源讨论了半无限空间表面台阶地形或槽形裂隙所造成的波的散射。这些间断可模拟具有波长量级的悬崖或狭谷。第二部分用差分法与扰动法结合而成的混合法处理半无限空间表面有另一种物质构成的表面浅障碍时波的传播,以模拟山脊、堑沟等地形的影响。此混合法也被用于讨论半无限空间内含有水平夹层或孔隙的问题。所得研究结果对波的传播及其与介质间断的相互作用的理论研究和地震波破坏效应的分析和隔离等应用研究有一定的意义。     

Quantifying and analyzing neighborhood configuration characteristics to cellular automata for land use simulation considering data source error

Cellular Automata (CA) simulation models have been increasingly used in land use studies. However, neighborhood configuration, an essential element of CA model, remarkably impacts the accuracy of simulated results. Moreover, errors from data source may propagate through the CA modeling process. The objective of this study is to analyze the effect of neighborhood configuration to CA model and further on to explore its capacity of resisting disturbance from data source error. With statistic-based CA model and several neighborhood configurations respectively, the land use changes of Wuhan, China were analyzed. It is demonstrated that there are significant differences on the simulated results produced by different neighborhoods. Besides, different neighborhoods respond differently to data source error. In light of these results, we find out that (1) neighborhood configurations with larger neighborhood size and planar neighborhood type, introduced in this paper, contribute to higher prediction accuracy; and (2) the neighborhood configurations above also have higher capacity of resisting disturbance from data source error and give rise to more stable simulated results. This study provides a comprehensive basis for scale selection of CA model with a meaningful consideration of data source error and thus will improve the research on land use change.     

Numerical basin modelling of the Sleipner field, North Sea

Both one-dimensional (1-D) and two-dimensional (2-D) basin modelling has been carried out in the Sleipner area in the North Sea. Thermal refraction by salt and more minor convection by fluid transport combine to provide a temperature regime which is hotter at the Sleipner East field relative to the Sleipner West field by approximately 5°C at the same sub-surface depth. These results are obtained only with 2-D modelling, and show that such simulations are necessary to explain the spatial variations of temperature distribution at the least. Modelling of hydrocarbon generation in the Sleipner kitchen shows that the source rocks are presently in a late gas generation state, and that a gas-condensate is to be expected in fields draining this kitchen. Such hydrocarbon phases are encountered in the Sleipner field, confirming that the model can simulate satisfactorily hydrocarbon generation in the Sleipner area.     

弹性介质分向插值无限元

无限元是一种有效的人工边界,可用于处理弹性波的传播问题。在传统动力无限元的基础上,提出了一种采用分向插值技术的新型动力无限元,详细地推导了这种无限元的形函数,建立了完全解析形式的刚度矩阵,以提高计算效率,采用该无限元边界,计算了弹性介质中的线源Lamb问题,通过对比解析解答的地基表面位移,验证了该无限元的有效性。算例分析表明,采用此类无限元时,有限元单元边长建议取不超过1/8剪切波波长,网格边界到激励源点的距离宜取5倍剪切波波长。无限单元中的幅值衰减系数对计算结果影响甚微,建议取较小值。     

二维声波方程稳健迭代速度反演

从二维声波方程初、边值问题出发,通过引进一个广义幂指数误差分布函数,以及对波动方程的Ｌｉｐｐｍａｎ－Ｓｃｈｗｉｎｇｅｒ方程的解进行Ｂｏｎ近似,导出一个残差加权迭代最小二乘（稳健迭代）算法,进而实现对地下介质剖面的速度结构以演计算。模拟计算表明,本方法具有较高的精度和较强的抗干扰能力,是求解声波方程反演问题的一种有效方法,同时也为地下介质的速度分布成像提供一种新的技术。     

有耗媒质中脉冲响应的研究

本文详细论述了一维有耗媒质中脉冲响应的正演理论及其模拟技术。深入研究了导电率、介电常数对脉冲响应的影响。以平面脉冲电磁波在一维介质中的传播理论为基础，编制脉冲响应的仿真模拟软件。最后，用实际模型验证了该模拟技术的正确性和可靠性。     

天然源槽波勘探的可行性研究

常规炸药震源在高瓦斯矿井受到了十分严格的管制,迫切需要一种新型非炸药震源的槽波勘探方法作为替代。基于此,开展了矿井中天然源槽波勘探方法的可行性实验研究。通过理论分析和数值模拟实验,论证了煤层具备天然源槽波发育的地球物理基础。通过构建“三随机”天然源槽波模型,即震源的空间位置随机、震源初始激发时刻随机和震源的振幅随机,成功实现了天然源槽波的时间域数值模拟实验。采用相移法对天然源槽波数值模拟数据进行了频散谱计算,结果具有明显的频散特征。数值模拟实验结果证明了理论模型中天然源槽波的存在,且基阶和高阶形态均发育。在安徽淮南某煤矿工作面进行实测实验,成功采集到天然源槽波三分量数据,对实测数据进行频散谱计算,结果表明3个分量均具备频散特征,其中X分量频散曲线能量脊较为清晰,达到了验证天然源槽波存在的预期目标。总的来说,数值模拟结果表明天然源槽波的地球物理基础和形成机理是正确的,现场实验结果证明了天然源槽波在煤层中自然存在,该方法在矿井地质勘探中具有可行性和潜力。     

Seismic Ground Motion Expected for the Eastern District of Naples

The seismic ground motion of a test area in the eastern district of Naples is computed with a hybrid technique based on the mode summation and the finite difference methods. This technique allows us the realistic modelling of source and propagation effects, including local soil conditions. In the modelling, we consider the 1980 Irpinia earthquake, a good example of strong shaking for the area of Naples, which is located about 90 km from the epicenter.The detailed geological setting is reconstructed from a large number of drillings. The sub-soil is mainly formed by alluvial (ash, stratified sand and peat) and pyroclastic materials overlying a pyroclastic rock (yellow neapolitan tuff), representing the neapolitan bedrock. The detailed information available on mechanical properties of the sub-soil and its geometry warrants the application of the sophisticated hybrid technique.As expected, the sedimentary cover causes an increase of the signal's amplitudes and duration. If thin peat layers are present, the amplification effects are reduced, and the peak ground accelerations are similar to those observed for the bedrock model. This can be explained by the backscattering of wave energy at such layers, that tend to seismically decouple the upper from the lower part of the structure.For SH-waves, the influence of the variations of the S-wave velocities on the spectral amplification is studied, by considering locally measured velocities and values determined from near-by down-hole measurements. The comparison between the computed spectral amplifications confirms the key role of an accurate determination of the seismic velocities of the different layers.The comparison performed between a realistic 2-D seismic response and a standard 1-D response, based on the vertical propagation of waves in a plane layered structure, shows considerable difference, from which it is evident that serious caution must be taken in the modelling of expected ground motion at a specific site.     

河流中污染源垂向紊动混合过程研究

着重研究了河流中点源及线源污染物的垂向紊动混合过程.根据大江河中污染物在排放口近区范围内的垂向紊动混合过程,提出了部分均匀混合水深的新概念,建立了点源及线源的垂向紊动混合过程基本方程.通过求解方程,得到部分均匀混合水深随纵向距离变化的基本规律和全水深垂向均匀混合距离的理论公式,且用相关实测资料进行了验证.将所建立的垂向紊动混合过程基本规律引入数值模型中,建立了部分均匀混合水深平均二维水质模型,并用现场罗丹明示踪实测资料进行验证,表明该模型较传统的全水深平均模型在近区具有更高的计算精度,与三维模型相比则有更高的计算效率.     

长江中游洞庭湖防洪系统水流模拟——Ⅰ．建模思路和基本算法

针对长江中游洞庭湖防洪系统规模庞大、水流复杂、资料短缺和预报时限紧迫的实际条件,提出了具有层次和模块结构特点、一维与二维水流模拟、水力学与水文学方法、理论模型与补充信息相结合的建模途径.所建模型的湖泊部分采用无结构网格二维非恒定流高性能有限体积格式,以适应湖区复杂的边界形状和保持水量平衡;河网部分采用一维非恒定流守恒型显格式,避免隐格式矩阵算法的复杂性,同时有利于与二维模型的耦合及与各种复杂连通关系的显式连接.这种一、二维混合非恒定流模型可用于长江干流、洞庭湖河网及湖泊、堤垸区的洪水演进和防洪调度的水流仿真.     

Validation study of the distinct lattice spring model (DLSM) on P-wave propagation across multiple parallel joints

A validation study of the distinct lattice spring model (DLSM) for wave propagation problems is performed. DLSM is a microstructure-based numerical model, which is meshless and has advantages in modelling dynamic problems where stress wave propagation is important. To verify the applicability of DLSM to modelling wave propagation through a discontinuous medium, the virtual wave source (VWS) method is used to obtain analytical solutions for wave propagation across a jointed rock mass. Numerical modelling results of the commercial code UDEC are selected as the reference. The effects of particle size and lattice rotation angle on wave propagation are first studied. Then, the results of wave transmission across a single joint with a different joint stiffness and across multiple parallel joints with different joint spacings are derived with DLSM, UDEC and VWS. These results are in good agreement with each other. Therefore, the capability of DLSM to model P-wave propagation across jointed rock mass is verified, which provides confidence for the further application of DLSM to modelling more complex problems.     

Interface error analysis for numerical wave propagation

The numerical error associated with finite-difference simulation of wave propagation in discontinuous media consists of two components. The first component is a higher-order error that leads to grid dispersion; it can be controlled by higher-order methods. The second component results from misalignment between numerical grids and material interfaces. We provide an explicit estimate of the interface misalignment error for the second order in time and space staggered finite-difference scheme applied to the acoustic wave equation. Our analysis, confirmed by numerical experiments, demonstrates that the interface error results in a first-order time shift proportional to the distance between the interface and computational grids. A 2D experiment shows that the interface error cannot be suppressed by higher-order methods and indicates that our 1D analysis gives a good prediction about the behavior of the numerical solution in higher dimensions.      

A statistical assessment of the uncertainty in a 3-D geological framework model

Three-dimensional framework models are the state of the art to present geologists’ understanding of a region in a form that can be used to support planning and decision making. However, there is little information on the uncertainty of such framework models. This paper reports an experiment in which five geologists each produced a framework model of a single region in the east of England. Each modeller was provided with a unique set of borehole observations from which to make their model. Each set was made by withholding five unique validation boreholes from the set of all available boreholes. The models could then be compared with the validation observations. There was no significant between-modeller source of variation in framework model error. There was no evidence of systematic bias in the modelled depth for any unit, and a statistically significant but small tendency for the mean error to increase with depth below the surface. The confidence interval for the predicted height of a surface at a point ranged from ±5.6 m to ±6.4 m. There was some evidence that the variance of the model error increased with depth, but no evidence that it differed between modellers or varied with the number of close-neighbouring boreholes or distance to the outcrop. These results are specific to the area that has been modelled, with relatively simple geology, and reflect the relatively dense set of boreholes available for modelling. The method should be applied under a range of conditions to derive more general conclusions.     

On the depth to anomaly estimation using Karous and Hjelt filter in VLF-EM data

The Karous and Hjelt filter has been long time used as a qualitative interpretation of VLF-EM data. It is derived directly from the concept of magnetic fields associated with the current flow in the subsurface and resulted in a 2-D cross section showing the current density distribution at different depths. Practically, as the distance between measuring points increases, the total depth of the 2-D current density distribution section increases. Theoretically, the common guide to estimate the depth of penetration of an electromagnetic wave is the skin depth, which depends on the frequency of the electromagnetic wave and the conductivity of the host geological material, regardless of the distance interval between measuring points. Accordingly, the accuracy of the Karous and Hjelt filter regarding depth estimation of the anomaly is tested in this study. We proposed a conductive anomaly in a definite dimension and depth. The response of this conductive body is calculated as in-phase and out-of-phase synthetic VLF data via forward modeling. The synthetic VLF data is filtered by the Karous and Hjelt filter at 1, 5, and10 m of interval distance between measuring points. The present study showed that the Karous and Hjelt filter is characterized by a large degree of accuracy in depth estimation.     

Modelling in-situ upgrading of heavy oil using operator splitting method

The in-situ upgrading (ISU) of bitumen and oil shale is a very challenging process to model numerically because of the large number of components that need to be modelled using a system of equations that are both highly non-linear and strongly coupled. Operator splitting methods are one way of potentially improving computational performance. Each numerical operator in a process is modelled separately, allowing the best solution method to be used for the given numerical operator. A significant drawback to the approach is that decoupling the governing equations introduces an additional source of numerical error, known as the splitting error. The best splitting method for modelling a given process minimises the splitting error whilst improving computational performance compared to a fully implicit approach. Although operator splitting has been widely used for the modelling of reactive-transport problems, it has not yet been applied to the modelling of ISU. One reason is that it is not clear which operator splitting technique to use. Numerous such techniques are described in the literature and each leads to a different splitting error. While this error has been extensively analysed for linear operators for a wide range of methods, the results cannot be extended to general non-linear systems. It is therefore not clear which of these techniques is most appropriate for the modelling of ISU. In this paper, we investigate the application of various operator splitting techniques to the modelling of the ISU of bitumen and oil shale. The techniques were tested on a simplified model of the physical system in which a solid or heavy liquid component is decomposed by pyrolysis into lighter liquid and gas components. The operator splitting techniques examined include the sequential split operator (SSO), the Strang-Marchuk split operator (SMSO) and the iterative split operator (ISO). They were evaluated on various test cases by considering the evolution of the discretization error as a function of the time-step size compared with the results obtained from a fully implicit simulation. We observed that the error was least for a splitting scheme where the thermal conduction was performed first, followed by the chemical reaction step and finally the heat and mass convection operator (SSO-CKA). This method was then applied to a more realistic model of the ISU of bitumen with multiple components, and we were able to obtain a speed-up of between 3 and 5.