Growth and survival of early juvenile trumulco snail Chorus giganteus (Gastropoda: Muricidae) fed two prey species

Comparative data were obtained on the growth and survival of early juveniles of the trumulco snail Chorus giganteus from settlement to an age of 4 months when fed either of the mussel species Semimytilus algosus or Perumytilus purpuratus. Growth of the snails after 4 months was significantly greater when fed S. algosus, ending with a mean size of 6162 μm compared with 5192 μm with P. purpuratus. Survival between the two fed groups was not prey‐specific. Survival of the unfed control group was significantly lower beginning at 14 days post‐metamorphosis. After 63 days, survival within the fed groups was 63.2% and only 16.5% in the unfed control group. The similarity of growth and survival of these juveniles during the first 2 months in culture suggested that both prey species had the same food value. The energy cost to the snails of penetrating the different prey species diverged after the second month, as the shells of P. purpuratus became thicker and thus more difficult to penetrate than those of S. algosus. This was reflected as differences in growth rates for snails fed the 2 species in the following 2 months of the experiment. Unfed snails grew by 107 μm in average during the first 2 weeks of the experiment and then ceased demonstrating the importance of nutritional reserves carried by the larva from hatching through early benthic survival.     

中国近海核果螺属和小核螺属(腹足纲,骨螺科,红螺亚科)的分类研究

核果螺属(Drupa)和小核果螺属(Drupella),隶属于骨螺科(Muricidae)、红螺亚科(Rapaninae)。它们为暖水性较强的热带种类,主要分布于南中国海(海南岛以南),栖息于潮间带至浅海珊瑚礁或岩礁质环境中。对中国科学院海洋生物标本馆收藏的骨螺科标本进行了整理分类,共鉴定出2属,7种。并对以往使用混乱的种名进行了修订。     

中国近海刍秣螺亚科的研究（腹足纲，骨螺科）

为了摸清中国沿海分布的刍秣螺亚科(Ocenebrinae)的物种数量,以及分布状况和生活习性,完成刍秣螺亚科的系统分类研究.采用传统的形态分类学方法,对中国科学院海洋研究所历年来在中国沿海采集的刍秫螺亚科标本进行了整理分类,共鉴定出刍秣螺亚科4属,9种,其中1种在中国沿海为首次报道.文中对刍秣螺亚科动物的形态特征、习性及地理分布等进行了较详细的描述.     

Broodstock conditioning of New Zealand geoduck (Panopea zelandica) within different temperature and feeding ration regimes

Two-year-old New Zealand geoducks (Panopea zelandica) were conditioned within combinations of three water temperatures (7–8, 11–12 and 16–17 °C) and three feeding rations (10,000, 50,000 and 100,000 cells mL^?1 of Chaetoceros mulleri and Isochrysis galbana) for 73 days. Similar percent matured and dry condition index values were observed among temperatures. However, significantly higher dry gonadosomatic indices (GSI_dw) were recorded at 8 and 12 °C. Although no difference was detected in percentage of spawned individuals and connective tissue occupation indices, a higher percent matured were recorded when fed 10,000 and 50,000 cells mL^?1. A reference group conditioned in pond water became matured 2 months later than the other nine experimental groups, but GSI_dw were similar. To maximise reproductive output, we suggest that 2-year-old P. zelandica may be conditioned in pond water for a month and then in 8 or 12 °C seawater with 50,000 cells mL^?1.     

Influence of water temperature and oxygenation on the aerobic metabolic scope of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)

Environmental influences (temperature and oxygenation) on cod metabolism and their impact on the ecology of this species were investigated. Limiting oxygen concentration curves (O₂ level ranging between 15 and 100% air saturation) were established at 2, 5 and 10°C. The standard metabolic rate (SMR), the maximum metabolic rate and the metabolic scope were then modelled as functions of temperature and/or oxygen saturation. The mean SMR at 2, 5 and 10°C were 19.8±4.9, 30.8±6.1 and 54.3±4.1 mg O₂ h⁻¹ kg⁻¹, respectively. Between 2 and 5°C, the active metabolic rate of cod almost doubled from 65 to 120 mg O₂ h⁻¹ kg⁻¹, to reach 177 mg O₂ h⁻¹ kg⁻¹ at 10°C. In terms of metabolic scope (MS), the temperature rise from 2 to 5°C resulted in a two-fold increase from 45 to 89 mg O₂ h⁻¹ kg⁻¹, with MS reaching 123 mg O₂ h⁻¹ kg⁻¹ at 10°C. Our proposed model describing the impact of temperature and oxygen level provides new insight into the energetic interactions which govern the relationship between Atlantic cod and its environment. We re-examined published experimental and field studies from the angle of the regulation of metabolic power. We suggest that, when faced with heterogeneous or unstable hydrological conditions, cod tend to behaviourally maximise their metabolic scope. Through this adaptive response, fish reduce energy budgeting conflicts and presumably increase the probability of routinely operating away from lethal boundaries.     

温盐度对波部东风螺胚胎发育的影响

本文采用突变和渐变两种方法分别研究了温度和盐度对波部东风螺胚胎发育的影响。由渐变实验获得的胚胎发育温、盐度范围均相应地比突变实验的结果宽;波部东风螺胚胎发育适应的盐度范围比较宽,需要的温度比较高,通常在２００℃以上;在适宜范围内,胚胎发育速度随着温度或盐度的升高而加快,低温、低盐是限制胚胎发育速度的主要因素,然而高温、高盐也会使胚胎发育速度变慢。     

Effects of stocking density on the growth and immunity of Atlantic salmon salmo salar reared in recirculating aquaculture system(RAS)

Atlantic salmon reared in recirculating aquaculture system(RAS) may lead to inappropriately high stocking density, because ?sh live in a limited space. Finding the suitable stocking density of Atlantic salmon reared in RAS is very important for RAS industry. In this paper, the in?uence of stocking density on growth and some stress related physiological factors were investigated to evaluate the ef fects of stocking density. The ?sh were reared for 220 days at ?ve densities(A: 24 kg/m^3; B: 21 kg/m^3; C: 15 kg/m^3; D: 9 kg/m^3 and E: 6 kg/m^3). The results show that 30 kg/m^3 might be the maximum density which RAS can af ford in China. The stocking densities under 30 kg/m^3 have no ef fect on mortality of Atlantic salmon reared in RAS. However, the speci?c growth rate(SGR), ?nal weight and weight gain in the high density group were signi?cantly lower than the lower density groups and middle density groups. Moreover, feed conversion rate(FCR) had a negative correlation with density. Plasma hormone T_3 and GH showed signi?cant decrease with the increase of the stocking density of the experiment. Furthermore, thyroid hormone(T 3), GH(growth hormone) activities were decreased with stocking density increase. However, plasma cortisol, GOT(glutamic oxalacetic transaminase) and GPT(glutamic pyruvic transaminase) activities were increase with stocking density increase. And the stocking density has no ef fects on plasma lysozyme of Atlantic salmon reared in RAS. These investigations would also help devise effcient ways to rear adult Atlantic salmon in China and may, in a way, help spread salmon mariculture in China.     

Influence of diet on growth, condition and reproductive capacity in Newfoundland and Labrador cod (Gadus morhua): Insights from stable carbon isotopes (δC)

Cod populations in Newfoundland and Labrador waters have shown differing growth, condition and recruitment since near-universal declines in these properties during the cold period of the late 1980s and early 1990s. To assess the influence of variable prey communities on these parameters, we compared cod energetics and diet in populations off Labrador and the northeast and south coasts of Newfoundland. Many properties were highest in the southern group(s) and lowest in the northern group(s), including growth, somatic condition, liver index and age-at-maturity. Most differences could be explained by variations in diet, as measured by stomach contents and stable carbon isotopes (δ¹³C). The diet of Labrador cod consisted almost entirely of northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis), and these cod displayed the most benthic δ¹³C signatures. Northeast cod had a more varied diet that included capelin and other fish, but still had mostly benthic δ¹³C signatures, suggesting the importance of benthic prey like shrimp in this population. South coast cod exhibited the most varied diet, including capelin (Mallotus villosus), zooplankton, crabs and other fish, and had the most pelagic δ¹³C signatures. Among and within populations, the benefits of a more pelagic diet in medium-sized (30–69 cm) cod included higher somatic condition, higher liver index (lipid stores) and greater spawning potential (decreased incidence of atresia). It is hypothesized that major rebuilding of Newfoundland and Labrador cod stocks will require a return to a system that supports mostly pelagic feeding (i.e. capelin) in cod.     

Effects of rising temperature on growth and energy budget of juvenile Eogammarus possjeticus(Amphipoda:Anisogammaridae)

Growth and energy budget of marine amphipod juvenile Eogammarus possjeticus at different temperatures(20°C,24°C, 26°C, 28°C, 30°C, 32°C and 34°C) were investigated in this study. The results showed that the cumulative mortality rate increased significantly with rising temperature(p0.01), and exceeded 50% after 24 h when temperature was above 30°C. With the temperature increasing from 20°C to 26°C, the ingestion rate and absorption rate increased, but decreased significantly above 28°C(p0.01), indicating a decline in feeding ability at high temperatures. The specific growth rate increased with rising temperature, but decreased significantly(p0.01) after reaching the maximum value at 24°C. Similarly, the oxygen consumption and ammonia emission rates also showed a trend of first increase and then decrease. However, the O:N ratio decreased first and then increased with rising temperature, indicating that the energy demand of E. possjeticus juvenile transferred from metabolism of carbohydrate and lipid to protein. In the energy distribution of amphipods, the proportion of each energy is different. With rising temperature, the ratio of the energy deposited for growth accounted for ingested gross energy showing a trend of decrease, while the energy lost to respiration, ammonia excretion, and feces accounted for ingested gross energy being showed a trend of increase. It seemed that rising temperature increased the metabolism and energy consumption of the amphipods and, meanwhile, decreased the energy used for growth, which may be an important reason for the slow growth and small body size of the amphipods during the summer high-temperature period.     

温度和饵料对双刺纺锤水蚤产卵率和孵化率的影响

Acartia bifilosa (Copepoda: Calanoida) is a common species in offing of global waters and it often becomes dominant species in some estuaries. This species develops different strategy according to variation of environment. Despite its ecological role, Acartia bifilosa also has been concerned as live feeds in aquaculture, but study on egg production rate of this species in saturated diet in different temperature and different diet is so far not available. In order to interpret the importance of temperature and diet on natural population variation and also on aquaculture as foods of larval fish, the functional response of reproductive success of Acartia bifilosa was quantified in the laboratory using different temperatures and diets. Acartia bifilosa was captured in Jiaozhou Bay and acclimated to corresponding temperature for 3~4 days. In order to reduce the effect of large extent temperature range on organism, we captured Acartia bifilosa from March to June and acclimated them to temperature which is adjacent to natural temperature. Daily egg production rate (EPR, eggs female-1day-1) was detected for 11~15 days at 5 different temperatures ranged from 8.0 to 23 °C and all the females was feed on saturated diet all through the experiments. EPR on first day was not calculated in the mean EPR to eliminate the effect of different diets. This result showed that Acartia bifilosa spawned continuously during the experiment days and no obvious regulation was found. EPR was positively correlated with temperature from 8.0 to 23 °C. The highest mean EPR was observed at 23 °C (7.3 eggs female-1day-1), and the lowest value was found at 8 °C (3.8 eggs female-1day-1). The effect of diets on EPR was evaluated at two different temperatures (8.0 °C and 12.5 °C). Same trends were found at the two temperatures: mean EPR fed on Chaetoceros sp. was higher than that fed on Skeletonema costatum, and during the 14-day experiments, EPR was higher for females fed on Skeletonema costatum than chaetoceros sp. in the first few days (3~5 days), but it changed reversely in the subsequent days until the end of the experiments. Hatched eggs were observed in the two experiments at temperature 8°C and 12.5 °C and no diapause eggs were found. The hatching success rate was low at 8°C but reached 93.2% at 12.5 °C. According to the results in this paper, we detected the comfortable temperature range for EPR, and evaluated the effect of Skeletonema costatum which often brings out red tide in natural waters. These results are beneficial to ecological research for explaining population variation and population recruitment of this species, These data also can be used in Acartia bifilosa aquaculture.     

Embryonic and larval development of Babylonia formosae habei (Altena and Gittenberger, 1981) (Gastropoda:Buccinidae) on China''''s coast

The development of embryos and larvae of Babylonia formosae habei living along the southeast coast of China is observed under laboratory conditions. The egg masses are laid by females on hard substrate at night and each capsule contains 100-500 eggs. Each egg is 250-280 mm in diameter. The first two cleavages of the embryo are meridional and equal, and a polar lobe is produced. Larval kidney, which only consists of a single cell, appears during the gastrula stage on each side of the embryo. The right tentacle develops prior to the left one. At 25-27℃, an intracapsulate veliger stage is reached about 4.5 d after deposition. The larvae hatch on the fifth day as swimming veligers with a shell length of 360 -500 mm. The newly hatched larva can ingest suspended algal cells from the water column and remains in the pelagic stage for 8-10 d. The newly settled juveniles are 900-1 200 mm in shell length.     

日本蟳繁殖生物学的初步研Ⅱ.雄性繁殖习性及胚胎发育

根据精巢形态、切片组织学观察及扫描电镜观察 ,可将日本虫寻的精巢发育划分为三期 :未发育期、发育期与成熟期。通过扫描电镜观察可知 ,它的精子为无鞭毛精子 ,呈圆球形 ,大小为 30 μm。并运用实地调查、解剖、分析样本及光镜观察等手段 ,对其性腺形状、交配行为及胚胎发育等作了初步的描述。     

温、盐度对海湾扇贝稚贝迁移行为、生长和存活影响的实验

本文在实验室条件下,研究了温、盐度与海湾扇贝稚贝迁移、生长及存活的关系。其适合生长的温、盐度范围分别为16～28℃和19～34,最适温度和盐度分别为22℃,31.2;适合存活的盐度范围为19～39,盐度低于11或高于43,稚贝死亡严重;适合存活的温度为10～28℃。本文同时对温、盐度与稚贝附着后的迁移行为的关系进行了探讨。     

不同投喂方式对中国明对虾幼体生长发育及抗病力的研究

研究β-1,3/1,6-D-glucan及不同投喂方式对中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)幼体的存活、生长、发育、非特异性免疫及抗副溶血弧菌能力的影响.将β-glucan以0.25%的剂量添加到微黏合饲料中,以不同的投喂方式投喂对虾幼体,即D0(一直投喂基础饲料);D1(一直投喂含0.25%β-葡聚糖饲料);3D1-3D0(3 d投喂含0.25%β-葡聚糖的饲料-3 d投喂基础饲料);1D1-3D0(1 d投喂含0.25%β-葡聚糖的饲料-3 d投喂基础饲料),共4个处理,每个处理随机设置3个重复,对虾幼体养殖于可控温的半开放系统中,每个养殖桶中盛有50 L盐度为30～32消毒海水,养殖密度为100尾/L.实验结果表明,在孵化后14 d,投喂D1饲料组在总存活率,变态指数,体长,特定生长率方面均高于其它各组,虽然有时差异不显著.在免疫指标方面,在9和14 dph分别进行了酚氧化酶(PO)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活力的测定,结果表明,投喂D1饲料组的4个免疫指标均高于其它3组,虽然有时差异不显著.在14 dph的攻毒实验结果表明,对照组的累积死亡率显著高于D1组(P<0.05),而1D1-3D0和3D1-3D0的累积死亡率则与其它各组均不显著.实验结果表明,间隔投喂方式并不适合于对虾幼体,在中国明对虾幼体饲料中使用β-葡聚糖时,建议添加量为0.25%,并采用一直投喂的方式.     

Effects of protandric sex change on radula,pedal morphology,and mobility in Crepidula fecunda (Gastropoda: Calyptraeidae)

Protandrism was confirmed in Crepidula fecunda Gallardo 1979 by histological analysis of the gonad. Individuals were classified as immature (12 mm or less in shell length), male (13–26 mm), intersex (25–28 mm), and female (over 26 mm). There was an evident loss of mobility with growth— large females became completely sessile. The presence of epithelial glands in mobile individuals was associated with the need for lubrication during crawling, whereas the proliferation of subepithelial glands in sessile females was associated with adhesion. Mobility of immature and male individuals was related to grazing activities on biofilms, and in males was also associated with copulation. Grazing activity of motile individuals was carried out so that the radula teeth did not come into direct contact with the substratum, but rather harvested the biofilm surface. Sessile females used the radula to rasp the area under their shells, thus cleaning the substratum in preparation for oviposition. Since this process required that the radula enter into direct contact with the substratum, it suffered abrasion of radular teeth and loss of radular denticles, producing important alterations in its appearance in mature females. A complex interaction was observed between size, mobility, histological changes in the foot, activity, and tooth‐wear of the radula, which have been related to the sessile habit, sex change, and the oviposition process in this species.     

Embryonic and larval development of Babylonia formosae habei(Altena and Gittenberger, 1981)(Gastropoda: Buccinidae) on China''s coast

The development of embryos and larvae of Babyloniaformosae habei living along the southeast coast of China is observed under laboratory conditions. The egg masses are laid by females on hard substrate at night and each capsule contains 100-500 eggs. Each egg is 250-280 mm in diameter. The fast two cleavages of the embryo are meridional and equal, and a polar lobe is produced. Larval kidney, which only consists of a single cell, appears during the gastrula stage on each side of the embryo. The right tentacle develops prior to the left one. At 25-27 ℃, an intracapsulate veliger stage is reached about 4.5 d after deposition. The larvae hatch on the fifth day as swimming veligers with a shell length of 360 -500 mm. The newly hatched larva can ingest suspended algal cells from the water column and remains in the pelagic stage for 8-10 d. The newly settled juveniles are 900-1 200 mm in shell length.     

Population Structure of Blennius incognitos BATH 1968 (Pisces: Teleostei: Blen-niidae) during the Reproductive Period with Comments on Age and Growth of Small Benthic Littoral Fishes

Abstract. Length frequency distribution, condition factor and parasite infection of Blennius incog-nitus from three different areas near Rovinj, Yugoslavia have been investigated. Differences between considered parameters in three populations of B. incognitus have been found and discussed. Fishes were aged by otolith reading. Mean life span, growth rate, sex ratio and a sexual dimorphism in body size were noted in this littoral blenny. Our findings are discussed and compared with data on comparable littoral fishes.     

温度、光照强度和盐度对海柏果孢子放散与附着的影响

在实验室条件下,研究了不同温度、光照强度和盐度对海柏(Polyopes polyideoides)果孢子的放散及附着的影响。结果表明:温度10~26℃的条件下,海柏果孢子均能够完成放散附着;18℃时,海柏果孢子放散附着速度最快且总量最大,而当温度低于5℃或者高于30℃时,海柏果孢子的放散附着受到抑制,几乎不放散附着;海柏果孢子放散附着的适宜光照条件为80?mol/(m2·s),光照强度过高时海柏果孢子的放散附着明显受到抑制;盐度为22~36之间利于果孢子的放散附着,当盐度低于8,高于40的时候,海柏果孢子由于受到了盐胁迫,几乎不放散及附着。     

刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)幼参对高温和低盐协同胁迫的生理响应:生长和诱导型热休克蛋白基因表达

全球气候变化背景下的极端高温和强降雨频发天气导致的养殖池塘持续性的高温和低盐环境给刺参池塘养殖带来了严峻的挑战。为了研究刺参对高温和低盐环境的生理响应,本实验分析了高温和低盐协同胁迫对刺参幼参生长及诱导型hsp70和hsp90基因表达的影响。实验设置4个温度梯度（16℃、20℃、24℃和28℃）和3个盐度梯度（22、27和32）,共12个不同的胁迫组。经过40 d的长期胁迫,研究发现,随着温度的升高和盐度的降低,幼参的体重增加量减少,并在高温、低盐组出现体重负增长。长期胁迫提高了刺参幼参的诱导型hsp70和hsp90基因表达量,从而在一定程度上增强了对极端天气的抵抗能力。同时,高温下盐度22处理组刺参幼参诱导型hsp70和hsp90基因的表达量较盐度27条件下低。双因子方差分析结果显示,高温和低盐对幼参特定生长率和诱导型hsp70和hsp90基因表达量的交互作用均不显著,并且盐度对诱导型hsp70和hsp90基因表达量没有显著的影响。因此,相较低盐,高温对刺参幼参的影响更大,可作为刺参育种的选择压力。在高温期应该采取有效措施降低海水温度,并防止极端天气造成的养殖水体温度分层。该研究丰富了刺参生理生态学理论,可为刺参良种选育工作提供思路,并为指导极端天气下刺参生产实践活动提供一定的理论依据。