DNA and morphological identification of an invasive swimming crab,Charybdis japonica,in New Zealand waters

Mitochondrial DNA sequences were used to identify an invasive swimming crab found in Waitemata Harbour, New Zealand. A 457 base sequence of the cytochrome oxidase 1 gene was compared in New Zealand specimens and nine species of Charybdis from Australia and Asia. The New Zealand specimens aligned with C. japonica. The diagnostic morphological characters of C. japonica were also checked in 54 specimens of the species collected in Waitemata Harbour, and concur with the mtDNA result. This is the first record of C. japonica establishing populations outside its native range. C. japonica, along with C. hellerii and the Lessepsian migrant C. longicollis, are the only known invasive species of Charybdis. C. japonica and C. hellerii are two of the few Charybdis species that inhabit the intertidal zone, and it is likely that the intertidal characteristics of these species contribute to their success as invasive species.     

Burrowing behaviour of the paddle crab Ovalipes catharus (White, 1843) (Brachyura: Portunidae)

The burrowing behaviour of Ovalipes catharus (White, 1843) is described and compared with that of some other burrowing crabs. O. catharus is a fast, back burrowing crab which makes temporary burrows in soft sand. The average time from initiation of burrowing to complete submergence was 6.5 s, there was no difference between males and females but burrowing time increased significantly with crab size. Similar morphological adaptations are required for burrowing and swimming: streamlined body shape, smooth lightly constructed exoskeleton, and flattened legs. O. catharus has a reversed respiratory current like O. guadulpensis but it differs in its burrowing behaviour. Compared to some other crabs, burrowing in O. catharus is rapid.     

线粒体基因片段在梭子蟹系统发育及物种鉴定中的应用

测定三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)9个个体COI基因部分序列467 bp,7个个体16S rRNA基因部分序列519 bp,同时测定样品蟹1个个体COI基因部分序列468 bp.结合GenBank中收集的梭子蟹科COJ,16S rRNA两个基因所有同源序列信息,使用Kimura双参数模型采用邻接法(NJ)、最大简约法(MP)构建梭子蟹科分子系统发育树;将样品蟹测得的COI基因序列和已知鲟属的其他蟹同源序列(429 bp)进行比对分析.结果分析表明:两个基因片段序列平均碱基AT数量分数都明显高于GC数量分数;梭子蟹属与美青蟹属关系最近,蟳属应为区别于梭子蟹属、美青蟹属、青蟹属的另一支,支持蟳属应划分在短桨蟹亚科的观点;根据遗传距离以及转换/颠换(R)值分析,判定出样品蟳为锐齿蟳.本试验运用线粒体基因片段探讨了梭子蟹类的系统发育关系以及样品蟹的种类鉴定,为线粒体基因片段在梭子蟹的物种鉴定和系统发育重建中的开发和利用提供重要参考.     

日本蟳捕食栉孔扇贝机制的初步研究

在现场和室内条件下研究了日本蟳(Charybdis japonica)对栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)的捕食机制。现场实验表明,成年日本蟳可以捕食壳高小于5.0 cm的栉孔扇贝,其捕食强度随着水温的升高而增大,而壳高大于5.9 cm的栉孔扇贝则可以免遭日本蟳的捕食;相对于栉孔扇贝,日本蟳更倾向于捕食贻贝;室内实验表明水温低于10℃时,日本蟳对大规格扇贝的捕食作用不明显。相同温度条件下,室内实验日本蟳的捕食强度要低于现场,但其温度系数(Q10)差别不大。在上述实验基础上,本文提出了提高底播栉孔扇贝成活率的方法,即选择大规格的扇贝在水温较低的秋、冬季进行底播,同时添加一部分贻贝作为牺牲诱饵以减少日本蟳对扇贝的捕食。     

日本蟳酚氧化酶的分离纯化及其部分生物化学性质研究

利用离子交换层析和凝胶过滤层析等方法,从日本(Charybdis japonica)血淋巴中分离纯化出了酚氧化酶,并以L-二羟苯丙氨酸(L-DOPA)作为特异性底物对其生化性质和酶性质进行了研究。结果表明,酚氧化酶和酚氧化酶原的分子质量分别为64.5 ku和69.5 ku。以L-DOPA为底物对酚氧化酶纯品进行研究发现,其最适pH值为6.0、最适温度为40℃。对底物L-DOPA和儿茶酚的米氏常数Km值分别为3.41和7.97 mmol/L。该酶对亚硫酸钠、苯硫脲极为敏感,对硫脲、苯甲酸非常敏感,表明该酶很可能是一种儿茶酚酶型的酶。此外,EDTA,DETC,Zn2 ,Mg2 和Cu2 均能显著抑制该酶活性,且10 mmol/L Cu2 能有效地回复该酶被DETC所抑制的酶活性,表明该酶确为一种Cu-金属酶。     

日本蟳(Charybdis japonica)微卫星位点的分离及遗传多样性分析

采用磁珠富集法,以生物素标记的(cA)12寡核苷酸为探针,构建了日本蟳基因组微卫星富集文库.通过PCR法从文库中共筛选出89个微卫星位点,其中完全型(perfect)共75个,占84.27%;不完全型(imperfect)12个,占13.48%;复合型(compound)2个,占2.25%.根据微卫星位点的侧翼序列,设...     

山东半岛近岸海域蟹类群落结构特征的研究

根据2014年8月和10月、2015年2月和5月使用单船底拖网进行的4个航次调查数据,对山东半岛近岸海区的莱州湾及渤海南部、山东半岛北部和山东半岛南部等3个海域蟹类种类组成、时空分布、优势种、群落结构稳定性等群落结构特征进行了研究。结果显示,4次调查共捕获蟹类20种,隶属于10科17属,其中日本蟳（Charybdis japonica）和三疣梭子蟹（Portunus trituberculatus）是主要经济种类,其余均为小型饵料型蟹类;海区内主要的优势种为双斑蟳（Charybdis bimaculata）、日本蟳（Charybdis japonica）和三疣梭子蟹（Portunus trituberculatus）,3个海域优势种季节更替均十分明显;莱州湾及渤海南部和山东半岛南部2个海域生物量季节变化明显,春季较低,在夏季达到峰值,夏季到冬季呈降低趋势,山东半岛北部海域生物量季节变化不明显。3个海域蟹类群落物种多样性指数（H'）、丰富度指数（D）及均匀度指数（J'）均处于较低水平,并有一定的季节变化;水深、水温和盐度是影响蟹类群落结构的重要因子,渤莱沿岸流、黄海暖流和黄海冷水团通过影响海域内水温与盐度影响蟹类群落结构。研究表明山东半岛近岸海区蟹类以小型饵料型蟹类为主,蟹类多样性水平较低,优势种更替明显,群落季节更替指数较高,季节间迁移频繁,蟹类群落不稳定。     

环境要素驱动下的长江口无脊椎动物群聚特征

为探讨2013年长江口及其邻近海域游泳动物中无脊椎动物群落特征,作者根据5月(春季)和11月(秋季)长江口渔业资源综合调查数据,探讨无脊椎动物优势种分布和群落结构与环境因子的关系。结果显示, 2013年共采集无脊椎动物25种,隶属于2纲5目11科,甲壳动物为优势类群。春季优势种为三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)和日本枪乌贼(Loliolus japonica);秋季优势种为三疣梭子蟹、中华管鞭虾(Solenocera melantho)、口虾蛄(Oratosquilla oratoria)和双斑蟳(Charybdis bimaculata),其中三疣梭子蟹在两季节优势度均为最高。春、秋两季无脊椎动物群落差异极显著,两个季节都存在南、北两个群聚组。无脊椎动物资源量主要集中在优势种群,秋季丰度和生物量均高于春季。无脊椎动物群落季节内站位之间相似性较低,季节间差异较高,表现出较明显的空间异质性和季节演替。冗余分析(RDA)结果显示,春、秋季无脊椎动物群落时空差异显著,两季节均存在南、北两个群聚组。优势物种对悬浮物的选择性不同,三疣梭子蟹、口虾蛄和双斑蟳丰度的高值区均集中在高浊度海域,日本枪乌贼和中华管鞭虾更倾向于分布在清澈的海域。温度主要影响物种的季节洄游而驱动无脊椎动物群落的时间变异,悬浮物含量主要影响动物生存条件而驱动群落的空间变异。     

日本蟳血细胞及血液生化指标的研究

以光镜和电镜观察了日本蝠（Charybdisjaponica）血细胞的形态结构,分析了各类血细胞的大小、数量比例及功能,并测定了不同发育时期及饥饿状态的日本蝽血清主要生化指标。结果表明：日本蝠血细胞可分为4种类型,从小到大依次为：无颗粒细胞、小颗粒细胞、中间型细胞和大颗粒细胞;其核质比分别为：53．23％、33．64％...     

应用流式细胞术测定中国四种经济蟹类的基因组大小

The genome size(C-value) of an organism is referring to the DNA content of its non-replicated haploid chromosome complement,generally deduced from measuring somatic diploid nuclei.We presented genome size(C-value) data obtained by flow cytometry for four commercially important crabs(Portunus trituberculatus,Charybdis japonica,Scylla paramamosain,and Eriocheir sinensis) common in the coast of China.Gallus domesticus(2C=2.5 pg) was used as the internal standard.The results showed that the C-value for P.trituberculatus,C.japonica,S.paramamosain,and E.sinensis were(2.31±0.01) pg,(2.33±0.03) pg,(1.64±0.02) pg,and(2.29±0.03) pg,respectively.The C-value of P.trituberculatus,C.japonica and S.paramamosain were reported for the first time.The data represented by the four species indicated that they had lower DNA contents than average DNA values in crustaceans((4.99±0.48) pg),and three of the four values were very similar if not identical.The results provide useful data for future studies in the fields of biodiversity,species conservation,and phylogeny of these commercial crabs.They will also be helpful in instructing the hybridization breeding program and estimating the cost of the whole genome sequencing project.     

Occurrence of Hydroclathrus clathratus in northern New Zealand waters

Hydroclathrus clathratus (C. Agardh) Howe (Phacophyta: Punctariales) is recorded from two harbours on the Northland east coast, North Island, New Zealand. The possibility of its being a recently introduced species is discussed.     

日本蟳精子结构及环境因子对精子存活率的影响

以光镜和电镜观察了日本蟳精子的形态结构,对雄体贮精囊和雌体纳精囊中的精子结构进行了比较,并研究了pH,盐度对日本蟳精子存活率的影响规律,结果表明:日本蟳精子为非鞭毛型,主要由顶体、核杯、膜复合体和辐射臂等组成,其中顶体呈球形或近球形,可分成头帽、顶体管和顶体囊三部分。核杯包裹整个顶体外围,染色质呈细丝状或颗粒状。辐射臂向精子四周发出,内含核质,没有运动能力。雄体贮精囊中的精子包裹在椭球形精荚中,而雌体纳精囊中的精子呈弥散状,精子顶体管中有囊泡状结构、中心体位置前移、胞质透明区扩大,而且有些精子已崩解。精巢表面pH为6.5±0.2,精液pH为7.0±0.2,精子密度平均为(3.47×10⁹±0.42×10⁹)个/cm³。精子的适宜pH为7~9,最适pH为8;适宜盐度为20~30,最适盐度为25。     

日本(虫寻)和底栖短桨蟹线粒体DNA 12SrRNA基因序列的初步研究

以相应引物对日本和底栖短桨蟹的线粒体 DNA1 2 S r RNA基因片段进行了 PCR扩增和序列测定 ,分析比较了 2种间序列差异。结果表明 :日本 1 2 S r RNA基因片段长度为 41 4 bp,底栖短桨蟹为 41 5bp,2种的 A,T,G,C含量分别为 1 51 bp(36.47% ) ,1 53bp(36.96% ) ,43bp(1 0 .39% ) ,67bp(1 6.1 8% )和 1 50 bp(36.1 4 % ) ,1 55bp(37.35% ) ,44bp(1 0 .60 % ) ,66bp(1 5.90 % )。 2种间共出现了 3个碱基的缺失 /插入和 38bp的序列差异 ,其碱基转换与碱基颠换比约为 2 .1 7。     

Copper,chromium, and lead in Manukau Harbour sediments

A limited survey was undertaken to determine the concentrations of copper, lead, and chromium in sediments of the upper Manukau Harbour, New Zealand. The concentrations of copper and chromium (33–70 and 70–107 μg g^‐1 respectively) were of the same order of magnitude as those reported for other New Zealand harbours. However, lead concentrations (98–247 μg g^‐1) were higher than those found for the other harbours. This may be a consequence of higher traffic densities in the surrounding area.     

Temporal dynamics of subtidal Zostera marina and intertidal Zostera japonica on the southern coast of Korea

The temporal dynamics of two seagrass species, Zostera marina and Z. japonica, were monitored monthly in Dadae Bay, Geoje Island, on the southern coast of Korea. Plant morphological characteristics, shoot density, biomass, leaf production, reproductive effort, and environmental characteristics were monitored from July 2001 to July 2002. Zostera japonica occurred in the intertidal zone and Z. marina occurred in the subtidal zone from 0.5 to 2.5 m below the mean low water level. Shoots and rhizomes were significantly larger in Z. marina than in Z. japonica, whereas the shoot density was greater in Z. japonica than in Z. marina. Despite differences in morphology and shoot density, biomass did not differ significantly between the species. Reproduction occurred from April to June in Z. marina and from May to July in Z. japonica. The proportion of reproductive shoots was approximately three times higher in Z. marina than in Z. japonica. Seasonal variation in the biomass of Z. japonica was caused by changes in both shoot size and density, whereas that of Z. marina was mainly caused by changes in shoot length. Leaf production in Z. marina and Z. japonica showed clear seasonal variation, and leaf production in Z. marina (2.6 ± 0.2 g DW·m⁻²·day⁻¹) was higher than that in Z. japonica (1.7 ± 0.2 g DW·m⁻²·day⁻¹). The mean plastochrone interval was not significantly different between the two species, whereas the leaf lifetime of Z. marina was longer (69 ± 7.8 days) than that of Z. japonica (59 ± 8.3 days). Our results indicated that seasonal leaf growth patterns in Z. japonica are correlated with irradiance and temperature, whereas those in Z. marina respond most to irradiance. Seasonal changes in irradiance appeared to control the temporal variation in above‐ground biomass in both species.     

南麂列岛海域蟹类群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

根据2013年11月、2014年2月、5月、9月在南麂列岛国家海洋自然保护区海域进行生物资源调查所获得的资料,分析了南麂列岛海域蟹类种类组成、优势种、生物多样性等群落结构特征,并定量分析了群落结构与水文环境因子之间的关系。结果表明,周年4个季度月调查共鉴定出蟹类21种,隶属7科、12属,其中优势种为三疣梭子蟹（Portunus trituberculatus）、日本蟳（Charybdis bimaculata）和双斑蟳（Charybdis bimaculata）3种。不同季节的蟹类种类组成差异较大,而优势种类组成变化较少,其中,以秋季的蟹类种类数最多,冬季最少。从不同水深区域的渔获种类分布趋势来看,蟹类种类以20~30 m水深带较多,30~40 m水深带较少。夏季多样性指数低于其他季节,以水深来看,多样性指数在10~20 m水深带较高,30~40 m水深带较低,蟹类多样性指数与水深呈反比。根据冗余分析认为,水深、水温和盐度是影响调查海域蟹类种类组成和群落结构特征的主要环境因子。     

日照近岸海域春秋季虾蟹类的种类组成特征

作者根据2012年5月和2013年11月对日照近岸海域进行的底拖网调查资料,分析了该海域虾蟹类的种类组成、优势种和生物多样性。调查海域共捕获虾蟹类25种,根据相对重要性指数计算优势种为8种,其中经济价值较高的中大型虾蟹类5种,分别为:口虾蛄(Oratosquilla oratoria)、戴氏赤虾(Meraenaeopsis dalei)、鹰爪虾(Trachypenaeus curvirostris)、日本[虫寻](Charybdis japonica)和三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)。分别计算了日照近岸海域春、秋季虾蟹类群落的多样性指数(H')、丰富度指数(D)和均匀度指数(J)。该海域虾蟹类群落多样性整体处在较低的水平,在生物量和丰度上经济较高的中大型虾蟹类物种占据优势。     

Foreign barnacles transported to New Zealand on an oil platform

Twelve species of barnacles were identified from the fouling community on the parts of the ‘Maui’ oil platform that were submerged during its tow from Japan in 1975 and after its arrival in New Zealand. The stalked barnacles Lepas anatifera L. var. (a) Darwin, L. anserifera L., Conchoderma auritum (L.), and C. virgatum (Spengler) probably settled during the tow across the tropical Pacific, and have been recorded in New Zealand waters before from ships (the Lepas spp.) and vertebrates (the Conchoderma spp.). The acorn barnacles were small, and probably settled in Japanese waters; Balanus variegatus Darwin and B. amphitrite Darwin already occur in northern New Zealand waters. The other six species—B. improvisus Darwin, B. albicostatus Pilsbry, B. reticulatus Utinomi, Megabalanus volcano (Pilsbry), M. rosa (Pilsbry), and Tetraclita squamosa japonica Pilsbry—have not been recorded from New Zealand before.