Oxygen consumption and apnoea in the shortfin eel,Anguilla australis schmidtii

Patterns of ventilation, oxygen consumption (VO₂), blood gas tensions (PaO₂ and PaCO₂) and pH were determined in shortfin eels (Anguilla australis schmidtii (Phillips)). At rest, shortfin eels (average weight 646.5 ± 64.5 g) had a VO₂ of 20.4 ± 1.2 ml. kg^‐1.h^‐1 (n = 13) at 17.5 ± 0.2°c, with smaller fish having the highest metabolic rates. The frequency of ventilation was inversely proportional to body weight in both A. australis schmidtii and A. dieffenbachii. In air‐saturated water 10 eels exhibited periodic apnoea (mean duration 3.59 min); periods of ventilation were more variable in duration (mean 4.92 min). After 2.62 min of apnoea, the PaO₂ of dorsal aortic blood had fallen from 9.12 to 1.91 kPa. Thus, although the blood has a high affinity for oxygen and the haemoglobins are 30% oxygen‐saturated at this low PaO₂, the eel allows its blood to be significantly depleted in oxygen during apnoeic pauses at rest. When ventilating its gills at rest, PaO₂ does not approach the PO₂ of the inspired water. It is suggested that these features of respiration in eels result in a saving of metabolic costs involved in ventilation. The results are discussed in terms of the eel's ability to withstand hypoxic conditions.     

Effect of size grading on the growth performance of shortfin eel (Anguilla australis) during its yellow stage

It is generally believed that size grading in a fish farm improves the total biomass output, because it will minimise the stress imposed by larger individuals over small individuals, resulting in higher feed intake and growth rate. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of size grading on individual growth performance of yellow New Zealand shortfin eel (Anguilla australis). A 109 day trial was conducted in a recirculation aquaculture system (RAS) with 103 eels of similar initial weight (101 ± 12 g). All eels were individually marked by PIT (passive integrated transponder) tags. On day 42, eels were graded to establish the following groups: only small eels (S-graded ≤ 135 g), only large eels (L-graded > 135 g), and small and large eels together (S-ungraded and L-ungraded). The large eels showed better specific growth rate (SGR), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) than the small eels. Nevertheless, no significant differences were found either between L-graded and L-ungraded or between S-graded and S-ungraded. The age of eels was not significantly different between groups. These findings suggest that the individual growth rate performance of the eels is not primarily a consequence of social interaction among tank-mates.     

The influence of environmental cues on the activity of silver eels (Anguilla dieffenbachii) in Lake Manapouri,New Zealand

Lake Manapouri in the South Island of New Zealand has a significant hydroelectric generation facility, which potentially has a negative impact on the successful emigration of longfin eels (Anguilla dieffenbachii) from the upper Waiau catchment. Consequently, a trap-and-transfer programme has been implemented to allow silver (migratory) eels access to the sea. The present study analysed data on the timing of captures and numbers of silver eels over four seasons, including the influence of possible migration cues. Silver eels were captured over an extended season of seven months (November–May), with peak numbers during December and January. Flow at the lake outflow was found to have a weak relationship with the number of eels caught, as did lake level, but moon phase and rainfall had no significant effect. These results highlight the variability in silver longfin eel behaviour both in terms of timing and response to potential environmental cues.     

泥蚶低氧胁迫后血细胞转录组及耐低氧相关基因的筛选与分析

泥蚶(Tegillarcagranosa)是一种比较特别的具有较强耐低氧能力的贝类,但目前其耐低氧分子调控机理尚不知。为探究泥蚶耐受低氧的分子调控机理,本研究对低氧胁迫下的泥蚶(Tegillarca granosa)血细胞转录组中富集的信号通路及生物学过程进行分析,并初步筛选分析耐低氧基因。对低氧(DO=0.5 mg/L)胁迫6、24、72、120 h的泥蚶血细胞进行转录组测序(RNA-seq)并开展生物信息学分析,筛选出差异基因集,并对胁迫72、120 h的DEGs进行GO富集分析、KEGG通路分析,采用qPCR方法检测7个DEGs的表达量并与转录组比较。结果显示从6 h开始到120 h的4个时间点的DEGs数量呈增多的趋势, GO功能分析主要富集在JUN激酶活性的负调控、蛋白质水解的负调控及免疫系统进程等主动抗凋亡、抗逆进程; KEGG通路分析主要富集在胰岛素及胰腺分泌的信号通路、HIF-1通路、钙信号相关通路和细胞凋亡相关通路。qPCR检测结果显示, 7个基因的表达上调/下调趋势与转录组测序一致,证实了转录组测序结果的可靠性。本研究推测胰腺分泌信号通路、钙信号通路及凋亡通路在泥蚶...     

长江口低氧区的成因及过程

长江口已成为世界低氧海域的一个代表性区域。近年来长江口低氧区的分布范围不断扩大,强度不断加剧。对该低氧区的表现特征、形成机制、生物地球化学过程以及生态环境影响做系统的分析和综述,并结合世界多处典型低氧区开展对比分析,认为长江口低氧区域在地理学、海洋学上均不同于波罗的海、黑海以及东京湾等区域的低氧区,是全球低氧生态学研究的一个新的案例。该区域的深入研究将有望丰富海洋生态学研究范畴。通过综合地球化学、生态学、物理海洋学等多学科方法和技术手段,发展低氧生态学,为研究海洋低氧现象的形成机制和生态效应,以及开展防治提供方法和理论支持。     

台湾屏东县东港溪拦溪对其周边地下水水质及水产养殖的影响

为了解设于屏东县新园乡界河以东港溪上的拦河堰对当地地下水的影响进行一系列研究.首先对台湾西南沿海的屏东县新园乡1989年10月东港溪拦溪建堰前后地下水水质及等水位线数据进行了分析,同时逐月收集东港溪拦溪堰周边的佳冬乡养殖池所用的井水、池水、浮游生物、日本鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica)及虾等数据,进行分析与比较.此外,用以上2个乡的地下水进行了鳗鲡幼苗水族箱养殖试验,并检验分析试验后的鳗鱼.各项分析结果表明,拦溪堰的兴建使新园乡的地下水水位降低,附近污染河川的水渗入了地下,对养殖生物的健康产生不同程度的影响.因此建议,在旱季应减少对东港溪拦溪堰水的抽取量;台湾西部尤其是新园乡的水产养殖活动应予以减少.     

澳门内港水域低氧区空间分布及形成机制研究

澳门内港及附近水域(包括内港、筷子基北湾和南湾)历来是澳门海域富营养化最严重的区域, 水质恶化常引发大规模鱼类死亡。本文利用近10年的澳门水质监测统计数据, 采用三维水动力—水质模型模拟了澳门内港溶解氧的分布特征和水文动力过程。研究结果表明, 内港区低氧现象为澳门海域潮、径流物理及生化过程综合作用的结果。内港没有明显的外海往复流和水体层化现象, 其整体的弱动力和筷子基水域的半封闭造成污染物滞留作用, 是形成低氧区的关键物理机制。筷子基水体自身生化耗氧是导致内港低氧的驱动要素, 底泥耗氧进一步加剧了内港的低氧程度。     

2016—2019年长江口海域季节性低氧对大型底栖动物群落的影响

基于2016—2019年夏季在长江口海域进行的4个航次的生态环境调查,分析了长江口海域季节性低氧对大型底栖动物群落结构的影响。结果表明,2016—2019年长江口海域夏季底层DO最低值为1.51 mg/L,存在不同程度的底层低氧现象。低氧区与非低氧区之间大型底栖动物的种类数量、丰度、生物量和群落结构均存在显著差异。多毛类表现出对低氧较强的耐受能力,为低氧区的主要优势类群,中蚓虫(Mediomastus sp.)、索沙蚕(Lumbrinereis sp.)为低氧区的主要优势种。软体动物、甲壳动物和棘皮动物的分布趋势则与多毛类相反,其中甲壳动物对低氧的耐受能力较弱。MDS多维尺度排序表明,低氧区与非低氧区之间大型底栖动物的群落组成差异明显;CCA分析表明,长江口海域夏季底层低氧已对大型底栖动物的群落结构产生一定程度的影响。     

三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)冻藏过程中肌肉蛋白质生化特性的变化

以三疣梭子蟹肌肉基本营养成分、蛋白质组成、肌原纤维蛋白含量、Ca~(2+)-ATPase活性、总巯基含量、二硫键含量以及肌原纤维蛋白的SDS-PAGE分析作为指标,研究了三疣梭子蟹在不同冻藏温度下肌肉蛋白质生化特征的变化。结果表明,三疣梭子蟹是典型的高蛋白食品;随着冻藏时间的延长,水溶性蛋白含量先增加后减少,盐溶性蛋白和不溶性蛋白含量逐渐减少,碱溶性蛋白含量逐渐增加;肌原纤维蛋白含量、Ca~(2+)-ATPase活性、总巯基含量随着冻藏时间的延长,均呈现下降趋势,而二硫键含量则呈上升趋势,且–20℃和–40℃两组之间差异显著(P0.05)。SDS-PAGE分析结果表明,组成肌原纤维蛋白的各种蛋白质均有不同程度降解,且–20℃比–40℃组降解更明显。因此,–40℃冻藏对梭子蟹肌肉蛋白质生化特性的影响较小。     

长江口邻近海域溶解氧的时空分布及影响因素研究

基于2018年早春和夏季长江口邻近海域的调查数据,分析溶解氧(DO)的时空分布,并讨论其影响因素.结果表明,夏季DO浓度变化范围为1.58～9.37 mg/L,浮游生物光合作用产生的DO是夏季表层水体过饱和的主要因素;夏季调查海域受台湾暖流北上引起海水层化加强,同时水体富营养化导致表层生物大量繁殖所引起有机碎屑的沉降和...     

Influence of water temperature and oxygenation on the aerobic metabolic scope of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)

Environmental influences (temperature and oxygenation) on cod metabolism and their impact on the ecology of this species were investigated. Limiting oxygen concentration curves (O₂ level ranging between 15 and 100% air saturation) were established at 2, 5 and 10°C. The standard metabolic rate (SMR), the maximum metabolic rate and the metabolic scope were then modelled as functions of temperature and/or oxygen saturation. The mean SMR at 2, 5 and 10°C were 19.8±4.9, 30.8±6.1 and 54.3±4.1 mg O₂ h⁻¹ kg⁻¹, respectively. Between 2 and 5°C, the active metabolic rate of cod almost doubled from 65 to 120 mg O₂ h⁻¹ kg⁻¹, to reach 177 mg O₂ h⁻¹ kg⁻¹ at 10°C. In terms of metabolic scope (MS), the temperature rise from 2 to 5°C resulted in a two-fold increase from 45 to 89 mg O₂ h⁻¹ kg⁻¹, with MS reaching 123 mg O₂ h⁻¹ kg⁻¹ at 10°C. Our proposed model describing the impact of temperature and oxygen level provides new insight into the energetic interactions which govern the relationship between Atlantic cod and its environment. We re-examined published experimental and field studies from the angle of the regulation of metabolic power. We suggest that, when faced with heterogeneous or unstable hydrological conditions, cod tend to behaviourally maximise their metabolic scope. Through this adaptive response, fish reduce energy budgeting conflicts and presumably increase the probability of routinely operating away from lethal boundaries.     

风和径流量对长江口缺氧影响的数值模拟

受自然和人类活动的影响,海洋缺氧现象日益严重,威胁着海洋生态环境,海洋缺氧问题已经引起了人们的广泛关注。本文应用区域海洋模式并耦合生态模式,对东海的生态系统进行了数值模拟和分析研究。与观测数据比较显示,该模型能较好地模拟长江口外生态变量的分布趋势。另外本文通过设置不同敏感性实验,探讨风和径流量对长江口底层缺氧现象的影响,结果分析表明,风和径流量对长江口外缺氧区的形成有显著的影响。径流量变化虽然对长江口外缺氧区的季节变化影响并不显著,但是对缺氧区域面积却存在显著的影响。径流量增加,水体层化增强,表层叶绿素浓度增加,最终导致缺氧区域范围扩展;径流量减小,水体层化减弱,表层叶绿素浓度减小,缺氧区域范围缩小。风向和风速的改变不仅影响长江口外缺氧区的季节变化,还影响缺氧区域面积。     

底栖有孔虫壳貌微观特征对海域低氧及酸化环境指示的研究进展

受人类活动和全球变化的影响,河口和近海海域的低氧以及酸化等环境问题日益突出,近年来已成为科学研究的热点问题并受到社会广泛关注。本文通过梳理底栖有孔虫壳貌微观特征对海域低氧及酸化环境指示的研究现状,总结了壳体特征（壳径和壳重）、壳孔特征（密度、孔径、形态）、壳饰（牙突、瘤状物、脐翼）、壳面溶蚀及壳体重新钙化所引起的房室畸变等指标应用的理论基础和方法技术,并分析了影响结果的各种干扰因素,指出了在研究中若干需要注意的问题和研究方向,提出了一些具有可操作性的建议,为更好地将其应用于近岸海域低氧和酸化环境的研究中并推进至地质历史时期此类古环境的演化研究提供参考。     

近50年来长江口及邻近海域溶解氧的时空分布变化

长江口及邻近海域是我国最重要的河口海岸区域之一。基于多源、长时间序列的溶解氧资料,本文对近50年来长江口及邻近海域溶解氧的时空分布特征进行了研究。结果表明,近50年来,长江口及邻近海域表层溶解氧基本保持稳定,仅冬季呈现出一定的上升趋势。冬、春两季溶解氧浓度范围在7-11 mg/L,夏、秋两季为6-8 mg/L。长江口及邻近海域低氧值首先出现于5月,浙闽沿岸底层海域形成低氧水舌。水舌在夏季不断向北推进,北部断面低氧程度明显高于南部断面。到了秋季,低氧区逐渐消退,至冬季完全消失。在过去的50年中,长江口及邻近海域的低氧现象始于20世纪80年代。2000年起,低氧程度逐渐加深,低氧分布深度逐渐升高。本文基于大量的溶解氧历史数据开展研究,研究结论对于探讨长江口及邻近海域低氧区的发展变化具有非常重要的意义。     

基于鲎试剂生产的中国鲎血液质量监测方法研究

为了研究中国鲎血液质量的监测方法,实验选择9只中国鲎检测其血液中铜含量、血细胞数量、血浆蛋白含量、血淋巴蛋白含量等指标,并进行相关性分析。结果表明,中国鲎血液中铜含量与血细胞数相关性r=0.917,与血浆蛋白含量相关性r=0.995,与血淋巴蛋白含量相关性r=0.983,均呈现极显著相关性。中国鲎血液中铜含量与血细胞数的相关关系为Y₁=6.14+0.86X(R²=0.840),与血浆蛋白含量的相关关系为Y₂=2.08+0.78X(R²=0.989),与血淋巴蛋白含量的相关关系为Y₃=1.87+0.62X(R²=0.966)。中国鲎血液中铜含量不但能够直接反映血蓝蛋白的含量,而且可以反映血细胞数、血浆蛋白含量、血淋巴蛋白含量。因此,以中国鲎血液中铜含量作为监测血液质量的指标,可以推动中国鲎可持续采血技术的发展与完善,对中国鲎的利用与保护具有重要意义。