饵料对中间球海胆生长发育的影响初探

实验结果表明 :单独投喂牟氏角毛藻或与三角褐指藻、绿色巴夫藻混投 ,中间球海胆幼虫成活率最高 ,其生长速度也最快 ,中间球海胆稚幼海胆培育的最好饵料是前期投喂的石莼等薄嫩的海藻 ,后期投喂海带其生长速度最快     

饵料对中间球海胆生长发育的影响初探

实验结果表明：单独投喂牟氏角毛藻或与三角褐指藻、绿色巴夫藻混投，中间球海胆幼虫成活率最高，其生长速度也最快，中间球海胆稚幼海胆培育的最好饵料是前期投喂的石莼等薄嫩的海藻，后期投喂海带其生长速度最快。     

海洋动物群体遗传学的研究进展

近年来，海洋动物群体遗传学已经成为海洋生态研究的热点和重要研究领域。介绍了影响海洋动物群体遗传结构的因素，阐述了海洋动物群体遗传的变化规律，概括了多年来国内外海洋动物群体遗传学的研究成果和研究进展，详细介绍了海洋动物群体遗传类型和海洋动物群体遗传学常用的遗传标记，并对今后海洋动物群体遗传学的研究方向进行了展望。     

中间球海胆人工育苗附着基改良及不同规格种苗养殖效果的比较

人工育苗是我国培育中间球海胆养殖业种苗的主要手段,然而传统的海胆附着基的人工育苗效果不尽如人意,尤其是在控制稚胆剥离损伤方面。目前,海上吊笼养殖是中间球海胆人工养殖最主要的养成方式之一,而随着室内工厂化养殖技术的更新和优化,海胆的室内工厂化养殖产业发展迅速并受到广泛关注。为探明以软质塑料膜作为中间球海胆附着基的育苗效果以及不同规格种苗养殖的效果,分别使用硬质波纹板和软质塑料膜作附着基进行中间球海胆人工育苗,并开展了大、小两种规格（壳径分别为0.5 cm和2.0 cm）的海胆种苗室内工厂化养殖和海区养殖研究,旨在明确软质塑料膜替代传统硬质波纹板作海胆育苗附着基的可行性以及中间球海胆室内工厂化养殖和海区养殖效果的优劣。实验结果表明：软质塑料膜在采苗效率方面与波纹板无异,但在促进稚胆生长和提高存活率方面优势显著（p<0.05）;在不同规格中间球海胆种苗的工厂化养殖和海上养成研究中,相同养殖条件下,养殖12月龄的大规格种苗相较于小规格种苗在生长和存活方面优势显著（p<0.05）,同时工厂化养殖能确保更高的养殖成活率和更优的生长性能（p<0.05）,然而中间球海胆的工厂化养殖在...     

温度对海刺猬(Glyptocidaris crenularis)和中间球海胆(Strongylocentrotus intermedius)遮蔽行为的影响

本文以贝壳作为遮蔽材料,研究不同温度水平和温度变化下海刺猬(Glyptocidaris crenularis)和中间球海胆(Strongylocentrotus intermedius)的遮蔽行为。温度实验结果表明:海刺猬在5°C条件下具有遮蔽行为的个体数以及利用的贝壳数显著少于15°C和25°C两组(P0.05),而后两组没有显著差异(P0.05);中间球海胆在25°C下具有遮蔽行为的个体数以及利用的贝壳数要显著少于15°C和5°C两组(P0.05),而后两组没有显著差异(P0.05)。温度变化的结果表明:5°C→20°C组海刺猬遮蔽行为所利用的贝壳数最少(P0.05),另外两组没有显著差异(P0.05);25°C→20°C组中间球海胆遮蔽行为所利用的贝壳数最少(P0.05),另外两组差异不显著(P0.05)。本研究为海胆行为生态学提供了新的思路和信息。     

光棘球海胆育苗技术的初步研究

作者摸清了光棘球海胆的繁殖季节、胚胎发育及幼体生长时序,掌握了诱导产卵和人工授精技术,对浮游幼体及稚海胆的培育提出了一系列的技术措施.     

庙岛群岛海域光棘球海胆生态的初步研究

庙岛群岛的光棘球海胆主要分布于北四岛,砣矶岛及大、小竹山岛等,而南五岛极少分布。砣矶岛的海胆多是２－３年生壳径４－６ｃｍ的个体,海胆性腺成熟期为７月中旬至８月中旬,性腺发育与水温,栖息场和饵料等有关。     

缢蛏群体微卫星分析中样本量对遗传多样性指标的影响

采用微卫星标记进行缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)群体遗传研究时,群体的样本量多少对遗传多样性指标准确性有影响。实验设置了11个样本量梯度,并对观测等位基因数(Na),有效等位基因数(Ne),表观杂合度(Ho),期望杂合度(He)和Nei’s遗传多样性指数(H)的变化趋势进行了分析。结果表明,样本量与观测等位基因数和有效等位基因数具有高度的正相关性,与杂合度和内氏遗传多样性指数呈中度相关。当样本量小于20时,遗传多样性指标均呈现迅速增加的趋势;当样本量大于30,杂合度和内氏遗传多样性指数趋于稳定。建议在利用微卫星进行群体遗传结构评估时,最适参数为期望杂合度和内氏遗传多样性指数,最小样本量为30。     

4种养殖扇贝的群体遗传多样性及特异性AFLP标记研究

应用AFLP技术对我国4种主要养殖扇贝进行了遗传分析.虾夷扇贝、海湾扇贝、华贵栉孔扇贝、栉孔扇贝4种养殖扇贝群体中,种内遗传相似度依次分别为0.841 5,0.786 3,0.719 0和0.673 1,香侬氏指数分别为43.52,58.87,80.16和92.83,栉孔扇贝和华贵栉孔扇贝的遗传多样性水平明显高于海湾扇贝和虾夷扇贝;AFLP标记共享位点分布表明,在4种扇贝中栉孔扇贝与华贵栉孔扇贝之间的共享位点最多,同时4种扇贝的种间遗传相似度也以栉孔扇贝和华贵栉孔扇贝之间为最高(0.769 5),海湾扇贝和虾夷扇贝之间为最低(0.662 6),揭示所研究的几种扇贝中栉孔扇贝和华贵栉孔扇贝的遗传关系最近(遗传距离为0.262 1);找到了21个种内特异性AFLP标记和种间共享标记,可用于种质鉴定和分子辅助分类.     

2种分子标记应用于澄黄滨珊瑚群体遗传多样性研究中的可行性

利用PCR技术对澄黄滨珊瑚的2种分子标记（线粒体细胞色素氧化酶亚基1基因COI和核糖体RNA内转录间隔区基因ITS）进行测序,探讨COI序列和ITS序列在澄黄滨珊瑚（Porites lutea）群体研究中的适用性,并从中选出最适合研究澄黄滨珊瑚群体遗传多样性的分子标记．结果显示COI序列变异位点少,成对序列差异在群体内、群体间都很小,不适于澄黄滨珊瑚的群体研究;而ITS区序列个体内成对的序列差异仅为0．35％,可以作为研究澄黄滨珊瑚群体遗传多样性的分子标记;通过对ITS1、ITS2、5．8SrRNA、ITS1＋ITS2及ITS区序列的比较,认为ITS1＋ITS2序列是最适合研究澄黄滨珊瑚群体遗传多样性的分子标记．本研究为以后研究我国沿岸造礁石珊瑚澄黄滨珊瑚的群体遗传结构提供方法依据,从而为保护管理扣恢复受损珊瑚礁生态系统提供遗传学数据支持．     

Environmental features of deep-sea habitats linked to the genetic population structure of a crustacean species in the Mediterranean Sea

The deep-sea habitat, from 200 to 2000 m depth, has long been thought as an ecosystem where biotic and abiotic factors vary very little and consequently species are not disturbed by processes and phenomena which could promote fast evolutionary mechanisms. Unfortunately, biological information relating to deep water is limited, especially regarding the population genetics of species inhabiting the Mediterranean Sea, and general patterns cannot be inferred. In this study we report data on the population genetic structure of Aristeus antennatus , a deep-sea decapod crustacean species which has been widely studied due to its important economic value. We surveyed and examined the variation in a 369-bp fragment of the mtDNA control region from individuals caught by Spanish and Italian trawlers in eight localities. High levels of mitochondrial control region haplotypic diversity (ranging from 0.884 to 0.989) were observed. AMOVA showed a high level of genetic variation, more within than between populations, and a low but significant Φ_ST value was recovered. Minimum spanning network did not separate any haplotype group and haplotype distribution does not mirror the geographic origin of the samples. The absence of population substructuring was also observed with a principal coordinates analysis, which uses an individual-by-individual comparison. These results revealed extensive gene flow among populations. Information on demographic history based on mismatch analysis revealed an unstable population, showing an alternate pattern of growth and decline. Our results indicated that in the western and central Mediterranean basins A. antennatus is a large panmictic population with a fluctuating abundance. The absence of deep-sea barriers and adult migration may prevent the structuring of the species into genetically differentiated populations.     

皱纹盘鲍野生与养殖群体遗传多样性的研究

用随机扩增多态DNA（RAPD）技术,对山东长岛（CW）、辽宁大连（DW）两个野生群体和山东崆峒岛（KC）一个养殖群体的皱纹盘鲍遗传多样性进行了分析.结果表明,CW和DW群体间的遗传距离为0.170 3,CW和KC群体间的遗传距离为0.367 3,DW和KC群体间的遗传距离为0.347 7,显示野生群体与养殖群体之间的亲缘关系已发生了变化.CW,DW和KC三个群体的多态位点比例分别为49.22%、50.78%和43.75%;平均杂合度分别为0.350 6,0.340 8和0.307 9.与野生群体相比,养殖群体的多态位点比例和杂合度都有不同程度的降低.     

历史DNA在鱼类群体遗传与进化研究中的应用

历史耳石、鳞片作为鱼类群体遗传与进化研究宝贵的DNA来源,记录了几十年甚至几百年间的遗传信息,使得鱼类群体遗传与进化研究可以扩展到历史时间尺度,从而可以直接反映人类活动对鱼类遗传多样性及适应性进化的影响。近十几年来,随着高通量测序技术的蓬勃发展,历史耳石、鳞片作为基因组数据的来源成为现实,可提供更为精细的遗传数据。然而,历史样本具有DNA高度降解、外源DNA污染等特点,利用历史DNA进行群体遗传学研究仍然是一项十分困难的工作。作者对历史耳石、鳞片样本DNA的提取方法,基因分型技术进行了总结,以期为克服这些困难提供思路。另外,作者综述了利用历史样本进行鱼类群体遗传与进化研究的现状与热点。伴随新一代分子技术的普及与发展,历史DNA可以提供更为丰富的遗传信息,将为鱼类群体遗传与进化相关研究提供新的思路与证据,未来势必拥有更广阔的应用前景。     

Lack of population genetic structure in the marine nematodes Ptycholaimellus pandispiculatus and Terschellingia longicaudata in beaches of the Persian Gulf,Iran

We investigated genetic diversity and population genetic structure of two common benthic nematode species, Ptycholaimellus pandispiculatus and Terschellingia longicaudata, from sandy beaches in the area of Bandar Abbas (Iran), Persian Gulf. Based upon partial mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase c subunit 1 (COI) gene data, 17 and two haplotypes were found for P. pandispiculatus and Te. longicaudata, respectively. Analysis of molecular variance did not reveal a significant population genetic structure for either species. The absence of genetic structuring indicates substantial dispersal and gene flow in our study area. To assess the species structure of Te. longicaudata at a larger geographic scale, we compared 18S rDNA and COI sequences from Iran and the Scheldt Estuary in The Netherlands to ascertain whether they truly belong to the same species. Our data confirmed previous studies that Te. longicaudata likely constitutes a complex of multiple cryptic species, with one of these species having a (near) cosmopolitan distribution.     

A pilot study of genetic differentiation between two phenotypes of a Mediterranean population of the bivalve Cerastoderma glaucum and genetic discrimination with other Cerastoderma glaucum and Cerastoderma edule populations outside the Mediterranean

The internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region of 29 individuals of Cerastoderma glaucum (from the Mediterranean Sea, the Atlantic and the North Sea) and 18 individuals of Cerastoderma edule (from the Atlantic and the North Sea) and the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) region of 43 individuals of C. glaucum (from the Mediterranean Sea, the Atlantic and the North Sea) and 9 individuals of C. edule (from the Atlantic and the North Sea) were PCR amplified and sequenced. The ITS1 sequences led us to describe 27 genetic haplotypes, while 21 genetic haplotypes were determined via the COI sequences. The ITS1 and the COI sequences revealed an important genetic variability within the Mediterranean population of C. glaucum, which contained two different phenotypes: orange foot and yellow foot. A genetic differentiation between the two phenotypes was revealed by the nucleotide diversity index (π) and is strengthened by the AMOVA analysis. This result leads us to suspect the presence of two different groups in the same population of C. glaucum. Nevertheless to be confirmed this hypothesis requires further studies using more locations and a larger number of sample sizes.     

Application of the first internal transcribed spacer(ITS-1) of ribosomal DNA as a molecular marker to population analysis in farrer''s scallop Chlamys farreri

Sequence variation of the first internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA （ ITS - 1 ） was examined and its application to the study of genetic variation was explored in four populations of farter＇ s scallop Chlamys farreri. ITS - 1 fragments, with a length of about 300 bp,of 78 individuals collected from Dalian, Qingdao, Yantai in China and Korea respectively were amplified via PCR, cloned and sequenced. Intra-genomic variation was examined by sequencing several clones of single individuals. Alignment and polymorphism analysis detected 44 haplotypes and 50 polymorphic sites which consist of 30 substitutions and 20 indels, indicating a high level of polymorphisms. Sequence analysis also showed a very low level of intra-individual variation. All these features validated the feasibility of application of ITS - 1 fragment to population analysis. Polymorphism analysis showed that the Korea sample has the richest genetic variation, followed by Yantai and Qingdao samples. AMOVA （analysis of molecular variance） showed that the majority （96.26%） of genetic variation was distributed within populations and 3.74% resulted from among populations, but with P 〈 0.05 （ = 0.042）, indicating that the populations in this study have significant divergence. This output was basically concordant with the result arising from RAPD data and different from that from mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequence data. Discussion on this inconsistency was made accordingly.