南沙永暑礁表层珊瑚年代结构及其环境记录

南沙群岛永暑礁7个表层礁坪原生块状珊瑚的高精度TIMS U-Th和12个常规^14C测年结果表明,永暑礁表层礁坪形成于现代,与钻探研究结果吻合。全新世永暑礁系从约7300aBP开始,以现代礁坪面以下17m左右的晚更新世礁灰岩为基底连续发育至今,因此,与南海周边地区的珊瑚礁不同,南沙群岛珊瑚礁的表层块状珊瑚不能够提供全新世高海平面的证据。由于现代珊瑚礁的堆积速率大于地壳沉降速率,可能会形成更多的灰沙洲或灰沙岛。     

A new coral reef province in the Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia: Colonisation, growth and submergence during the early Holocene

Multibeam sonar mapping, drill cores and underwater video data have confirmed the existence of a previously unknown coral reef province in the Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia. Seven reefs, comprised of coral limestone that support living corals have been mapped so far and as many as 50 other reefs may exist in the region. U/Th ages show that reef growth commenced shortly after limestone pedestals were submerged by rising sea level around 10.5 kyr BP, making them the oldest Holocene reefs known in Australia. Reef growth persisted for ~ 2.0 kyr but it had ceased at most locations by ~ 7.0 kyr BP. Measurements of reef growth rates (0.95 to 4 m kyr^− 1), indicate that the reefs were unable to keep pace with contemporaneous rapid sea level rise (> 10 m kyr^− 1), which is consistent with a “give up” reef growth history. Core samples from reef platforms demonstrate that Pleistocene limestone is exposed at depths of 27 and 30 m below present mean sea level. These depths represent regionally significant phases of reef growth during a prolonged sea level still stand. We conclude that the reefs are therefore mostly relict features, whose major phase of growth and development relates to an earlier, pre-Holocene sea level still stand.     

西沙海区新近纪碳酸盐岩台地地震响应特征和控制因素

利用西沙海域最新采集的高分辨率二维地震资料及钻井资料,结合前人研究成果,建立了西沙海区高精度层序地层格架;并在西沙海区新近纪识别出点礁、塔礁、台地边缘礁和环礁这4种不同类型生物礁,总结了不同生物礁的地震反射特征.早中新世时,西沙碳酸盐岩台地开始发育,台地数量较少且规模有限;中中新世,随着海平面的持续上升,海平面上升速率...     

Seismic geomorphology and growth architecture of a Miocene barrier reef,Browse Basin,NW-Australia

The Cenozoic succession of Browse Basin is characterized by a carbonate system, that developed from a non-tropical ramp in Eocene-lower Miocene times to a tropical rimmed platform in the middle Miocene. The evolution of the platform was unraveled through the interpretation of the seismic geomorphology and borehole data of the middle Miocene tropical reef system. The first reef structures developed during the early middle Miocene as narrow linear reef belts with an oblique orientation with respect to shelf strike direction. Subsequently, they prograded toward the platform margin to form a barrier reef with a minimum length of 40 km. The barrier reef itself comprises three distinct ridges separated by progradational steps. The second and third step are separated by a karstified horizon, which is interpreted to represent the global sea-level fall shortly before the Serravallian/Tortonian boundary. The following third ridge formed in a slightly downstepped position during the sea-level lowstand and initial transgressive phase. Further sea-level rise during the early Tortonian first drowned the barrier-reef system and subsequently also the patch reefs and relic atolls that had established in a backstepped position in the platform interior. The similar evolution of the Browse Basin reef system and other contemporaneous carbonate systems indicates a strong impact of eustatic sea-level changes. Relatively large subsidence rates in the study area possibly augmented the eustatic sea-level rise in the Tortonian and hence contributed to the drowning of the reef system. However, the initiation and final demise of the reef system was also governed by global and regional climate variations. The first seismically-defined reefs developed simultaneous to a maximum in the transport capacity of the Indonesian throughflow, which brings warm low-salinity waters to the North-West Shelf. Reef drowning followed the restriction of this seaway close to the middle to early Miocene boundary. This near closure of the Indonesian seaway possibly led to a regional amplification of the global middle to late Miocene cooling trend and hampered the potential of the reef system to keep up with the rising sea-level.     

The effects of trophic interactions and spatial competition on algal community composition on Hawaiian coral reefs

Much of coral reef ecology has focused on how human impacts change coral reefs to macroalgal reefs. However, macroalgae may not always be a good indicator of reef decline, especially on reefs with significant sea urchin populations, as found in Kenya and Hawaii. This study tests the effects of trophic interactions (i.e. herbivory by fishes and sea urchins) and spatial competition (between algae and coral) on algal community structure of reefs surrounding two Hawaiian Islands that vary in their level of human impacts. Reef‐building organisms (corals and crustose coralline algae) were less abundant and turf algae were more abundant on Maui as compared to Lanai, where human impacts are lower. In contrast to previous studies, we found no evidence that macroalgae increased with human impacts. Instead, low turf and macroalgal abundance were best explained by the interactive effects of coral cover and sea urchin abundance. Fishing sea urchin predators appeared to have cascading effects on the benthic community. The absence of sea urchin predators and high sea urchin densities correspond to a disproportionately high abundance of turf and crustose coralline algae. We propose that high turf algal abundance is a better indicator of reef decline in Hawaii than high macroalgal abundance because turf abundance was highest on reefs with low coral cover and few fish. The results of this study emphasize that understanding changes in community composition are context‐dependent and that not all degraded reefs look the same.     

海南岛鹿回头珊瑚礁与全新世高海平面

通过实地考察和资料分析,海南岛南部全新世以来以沉降活动为主要特征,鹿回头珊瑚礁能够反映全新世以来的海平面变化,鹿回头岸礁礁坪面上的原生珊瑚礁是全新世高海平面时期的产物。全新世以来南海北部至少存在过 4 期相对高海平面阶段:7300~6000、4800~4700、4300~4200和3100~2900cal.aBP。其中 7300~6000aBP 是整个全新世最高海平面时期,也是鹿回头珊瑚礁发育的繁盛期,基本形成了现代珊瑚礁的地貌格局,后来不同时期发育的珊瑚礁是在此时期形成的礁塘或礁坑等低洼地中形成,并在鹿回头半岛两侧向外发展,现代珊瑚礁则发育于全新世珊瑚礁的外礁坪和礁前斜坡带。另外,鹿回头珊瑚礁反映的南海北部全新世高海平面时间与南海其他地区高海平面时间可以衔接或对应,说明南海地区全新世高海平面具有全球背景,至少在南海是一致的,且与气候变暖紧密相联。     

南海珠江口盆地东沙隆起区生物礁演化模式

南海是西太平洋最大的边缘海,其在形成演化过程中出现了有利于生物礁生长发育的环境。东沙隆起在中新世时期属于浅海环境,远离物源区,温度、盐度和水深适宜生物礁的生长和发育。通过地震资料的解释、测井、岩心资料的综合分析,并与相对海平面变化曲线对比,认为东沙隆起发育大量规模不等的生物礁,且其发育演化与相对海平面变化曲线和区域构造演化阶段可以对应起来。相对海平面的旋回性变化和复杂的构造演化过程结合,使得研究区生物礁具有较好的孔渗性,可以成为有潜力的油气储层。     

Holocene reef growth in Torres Strait

The platform and fringing reefs of Torres Strait are morphologically similar to reefs of the northern Great Barrier Reef to the south, except that several are elongated in the direction of the strong tidal currents between the Coral Sea and the Gulf of Carpentaria. Surface and subsurface investigations and radiocarbon dating on Yam, Warraber and Hammond Islands reveal that the initiation and mode of Holocene reef growth reflect antecedent topography and sea-level history. On the granitic Yam Island, fringing reefs have established in some places over a Pleistocene limestone at about 6 m depth around 7000 years BP. Emergent Holocene microatolls of Porites sp. indicate that the reefs have prograded seawards while sea level has fallen gradually from at least 0.8 m above present about 5800 years BP. On the Warraber Island reef platform drilling near the centre indicated a Pleistocene limestone foundation at a depth of about 6 m over which reefs established around 6700 years BP. Reef growth lagged behind that on Yam Island. Microatolls on the mature reef flat indicate that the reef reached sea level around 5300 years BP when the sea was around 0.8–1.0 m above present. On the reef flat on the western side of Hammond Island bedrock was encountered at 7–8 m depth, overlain by terrigenous mud. A progradational reef sequence of only 1–2 m thickness has built seaward over these muds, as sea level has fallen over the past 5800 years. Reef-flat progradation on these reefs is interpreted to have occurred by a series of stepwise buildouts marked by lines of microatolls parallel to the reef crest, marking individual coalescing coral heads. Detrital infill has occurred between these. This pattern of reef progradation is consistent with the radiocarbon dating results from these reefs, and with seismic investigations on the Torres Reefs.     

西沙岛礁白云岩化特征与成因模式分析

关于碳酸盐岩的白云岩化作用至今仍是一个争论颇大的科学问题。在2012-2013年期间,中海石油（中国）有限公司湛江分公司在西沙石岛钻取了长达1 268.02 m的“西科1井”岩心,在0~1 257.52 m主要由碳酸盐岩组成的岩心中存在有7个白云岩层。本文基于西科1井岩心样品的矿物组成、常量、微量及稀土元素含量等地球化学特征分析,探讨了西沙岛礁特有的白云岩化作用过程。结果表明:西科1井7层白云岩在成因上与埋深和压实成岩作用无关,其分布与海平面下降的地质事件有良好的对应关系,白云岩层元素地球化学特征表明白云岩成岩流体为浓缩的高盐度海水。根据白云岩层的矿物学和地球化学特征,提出了礁滩潟湖环境下高盐卤水渗透回流作用的白云岩化模式:伴随海平面的升降,礁体处于淹没与暴露的交替之中,海平面下降导致了礁滩潟湖的形成,由于西沙海区蒸发量大于降水量而使澙湖中海水盐度增高,最终形成富Mg卤水;澙湖中高盐度富Mg卤水在礁体内下渗和侧向扩散,Mg逐渐替代早期CaCO₃晶格中Ca而形成白云石;海平面的升降变化和礁体淹没与暴露的交替导致了钻井岩心多个白云岩层的形成。海平面升降直接控制了岛礁碳酸盐岩的发育和白云岩化作用,导致海平面升降的古气候变化在岛礁的形成发育中起到主导作用。     

Morphological indicators of structural control,relative sea-level fluctuations and platform drowning on present-day and Miocene carbonate platforms

The morphology of Carbonate platforms may be influenced by tectonic activity and eustatic variations. 3D seismic data and satellite imagery are used in order to investigate the morphological similarities between present-day carbonates platforms, East of Borneo Island and Miocene carbonate platforms of the South China Sea. The morphological similarities exhibit platform fragmentation, that could be caused by subtle faulting, sufficient to drown reef rims; platform contraction, which is a result of back-stepping of the reef margin during a relative sea level rise and polygonal patterns in internal lagoons, described as mesh reefs in modern platforms and possibly interpreted as karst in Miocene platforms.Vertical movements may trigger the formation of new geomorphological conditions that modify the distribution of coral growth with respect to the new hydrodynamic conditions in space and time. These movements (uplift and tilting) reduce and localize the space necessary for the coral ecosystem, explaining the contraction leading to drowning of parts of and, ultimately, the whole platform.     

对我国沿海全新世海面变化研究的讨论

距今6 000a的高海面及其后海面波动论点的主要依据是对渤海西岸贝壳堤、华南海岸海滩岩和珊瑚礁、天津市宁河县俵口牡蛎礁剖面和江苏北部建湖县庆丰剖面的研究,然而这些资料无法证明高海面和海面波动,因为珊瑚礁、牡蛎礁、贝壳堤、海滩岩和潮滩沉积物都不能提供古海平面的精确信息.     

DARWIN'S Coral Reef Research - a Review and Tribute

Abstract. In rememberance of the death of CHARLES DARWIN 100 years ago, a review is given on his coral reef research from the point of view of present knowledge. Although during DARWIN'S time no one was aware of the changing level of the glacial sea or of the important function of the symbiotic zooxanthellae in the life of hermatypic corals, his observations and considerations on the ecology of corals and on the formation of coral reefs are relevant to this day. But of course his ideas need new causal interpretations. The origin of the different reef types can no longer be explained by subsidence alone, but by different modes biologists and geologists described during the following century. To summarize all the many existing theories, the all enclosing "theory of compensation" is put forward here in honour of this great man.     

Development patterns of fringing and barrier reefs in New Caledonia (southwest Pacific)

In New Caledonia, core data indicate that the fringing reefs grew during the last interglacial and the Holocene, while the barrier reefs developed during several high sea level stands of the Quaternary. These growth periods are archived in a 128-m-long core from Ilot Amédée, offshore of Nouméa. Directly upon the peridotitic substrate (reached at 126.50 m), a basal unit comprising abundant rhodoliths, molluscs and rare corals is characteristic of the pioneer stage of barrier reef development. Above it, a severely calcitized unit contains corals, molluscs and abundant micritic levels. Then, a sequence punctuated by several minor discontinuities and by a downward increase in diagenetic alteration is found. At 47 m core depth, a unit, which is thought to be related to isotopic stages 7 and 9, contains thin beds of coralgal frameworks and muddy detritus. The 125 ka-old reef, from 14 to 37 m core deep, is predominantly composed of biocalcarenites and rare coral colonies. Finally, the Holocene reef is composed of sands and scarce coral buildups. Drilling results indicate that the distributional patterns of the 125-ka-old reef bodies around New Caledonia express an increasing tendency of island subsidence northward, southwestward and more markedly seaward, mainly controlled by isostatic readjustments and margin collapse.     

Dynamic simulation of tropical coral reef ecosystem being disturbed by multiple situations

In consideration of the rapid degradation of coral reef ecosystems, the establishment of models is helpful to comprehend the degradation mechanism of coral reef ecosystems and predict the development process of coral reef communities. According to the characteristics of complex ecosystem of tropical coral reefs in China, the coral reef functional group is the core level variable; combined with the multiple feedback effects of coral reef functional groups and environmental changes, the study presents a coral reef ecosystem dynamics model with hermatypic corals as the core. Based on the simulation of the assumed initial value and the internal feedback of the system, the results show that in the basic simulation(relative health conditions), the coverage area of live corals and coral reefs generally decreased first and then increased, and increased by 4.67% and 6.38% between2010 and 2050, respectively. Based on the calibration model and the current situation of the studied area, the multi-factor disturbance effects of coral reef communities were simulated and explored by setting up three scenarios involving fishing policy, terrestrial deposition, and inorganic nitrogen emissions. Among them, in the single factor disturbance, the fishing policy exerts the most direct impact on the community decline; and the succession phenomenon is obvious; the terrestrial sedimentation has a faster and more integrated effect on the community decline; the effect of inorganic nitrogen emission on the community decline is relatively slow. In the double/multi-factor disturbance, the superimposed disturbance will aggravate the multi-source feedback effect of the coral reef communities development, accelerate the community decay rate, and make its development trajectory more complicated and diverse. This method provides a scientific and feasible method for simulating the damage of long-term coral reef community and exploring the development law and adaptive management of coral reef ecosystems. In the future, it can be further studied in the ecological restoration process and decisionmaking direction of coral reefs.     

防海胆食害藻礁的设计及实验研究

人工藻礁是进行藻场建设的重要手段,但由于海胆等食藻类生物的摄食,将会影响藻类的生长,从而影响人工藻场的建设效果.为解决人工藻场建设中海胆的食害问题,从礁体自身设计出发,实验设计了8种不同形状的藻礁,选用光棘球海胆和中间球海胆为实验对象,观察比较了不同形状藻礁对海胆攀爬的阻碍效果,实验发现:侧周面为锯齿形或侧周面缠挂多孔柔性材料的礁型可有效阻止海胆攀爬,起到防止海胆摄食礁顶藻类的目的.研究结果为人工藻礁的设计提供了参考依据.     

基于相位差测深声呐(PDBS)技术的莱州湾人工鱼礁探测

相位差测深声呐(Phase Differencing Bathymetric Sonar,PDBS),也被称作干涉式声呐(Interferometric Sonar),可以同步采集水深点云数据和双频侧扫声呐图像,完全适用于大范围的近海人工鱼礁探测。本文采用基于PDBS原理的Edge Tech 6205地形地貌一体化测量设备对莱州湾某海域海洋牧场投礁区进行全覆盖探测,获取了高精度水深数据以及双频侧扫声呐图像。对水深数据进行地形特征变量计算,精细刻画了研究区的微地形地貌特征,并结合侧扫声呐图像通过多数据融合实现了对鱼礁边界的精准识别。在此基础上利用地理信息系统中的空间分析方法对人工鱼礁的水下物理参数进行计算和统计,并探讨了研究区地形地貌的成因及其演化模式,最后论证了基于PDBS的近海人工鱼礁探测技术具有高效率、低成本、高精度等诸多优势。研究结果表明,研究区水深介于4.1~7.3 m,鱼礁分布区有较大的海底起伏且在礁体周围存在明显的沉降和冲刷现象;鱼礁总占地面积约占研究区的14.04%,总空方量共计2 528.22 m³,鱼礁高度介于1.26~3.63 m且呈正态分布。本研究为近海人工鱼礁探测提供了数据和技术支撑,具有较强的实践意义。     

南沙群岛珊瑚礁岩体结构特征及工程地质分带

珊瑚礁是发育于海洋环境之中、由造礁珊瑚和生物历经生物和地质作用形成的地质体，是一种特殊的岩土介质类型。在南沙群岛珊瑚礁体上，水动力作用和沉积类型、地形地貌都具有成带分布的特点，因而岩体结构和工程地质性质亦具有分带性。在珊瑚礁海洋水动力环境分带的基础上．研究了南沙群岛珊瑚礁的剖面结构、内部结构和浅地层结构特征以及工程地质分层和岩性，将珊瑚礁岩体结构划分为4种类型和5个工程地质相带，并对各分带的工程特性及适宜性进行了评价。     

基于QuickBird影像上珊瑚礁发育状况监测实验研究

珊瑚礁生态系统具有很高的生物多样性和重要的生态功能。20世纪80年代以后全球范围内珊瑚礁的大面积退化引起了人们广泛的关注。利用高分辨多光谱QuickBird影像,基于珊瑚礁几何参数与发育指数对南沙典型岛礁发育进行遥感监测,在珊瑚礁体迎风面水域由破波形成的纹理特征表明了海面粗糙度与水下礁坪的发育特性。结果表明,南沙岛礁受地质与气候的影响发育程度不一,半月礁发育较好,发育指数为0.38,仙娥礁发育指数为0.27。建立几何参数等指标能够监测南沙珊瑚礁的发育状况,可对珊瑚礁的保护提供科学依据。     

Numerical Study of the Impact of Climate Change on Irregular Wave Run-up Over Reef-Fringed Coasts

Wave hydrodynamics over fringing reefs is largely controlled by the reef surface roughness and hydrodynamic forcing. It is believed that climate change will result in a net increase in the water depth over the reef flat, a degrading of the surface roughness of coral reefs and changes in extreme incident wave heights. For an accurate assessment of how climate change affects the safety of reef-fringed coasts, a numerical study of the impact of climate change on irregular wave run-up over reef-fringed coasts was carried out based on a Boussinesq wave model,FUNWAVE-TVD. Validated with experimental data, the present model shows reasonable prediction of irregular wave evolution and run-up height over fringing reefs. Numerical experiments were then implemented based on the anticipated effects of climate change and carried out to investigate the effects of sea level rise, degrading of the reef surface roughness and increase of extreme incident wave height on the irregular wave run-up height over the backreef beach respectively. Variations of run-up components(i.e., spectral characteristics of run-up and mean water level) were examined specifically and discussed to better understand the influencing mechanism of each climate change-related effect on the run-up.     

The Gulf of Suez—northern Red Sea neogene rift: a quantitive basin analysis

Subsidence analysis (backstripping) was carried out on a series of wells from the Gulf of Suez and northern Red Sea region of Egypt in order to examine the interplay between tectonic events, basin subsidence, sedimentation and sea level changes in a young, developing ocean basin and continental margin. Using constraints on chronostratigraphy and paleodepth from various sources combined with stratigraphic and structural information from industry wells and other geophysical sources it has been possible to compile the data necessary to perform geohistory analyses throughout the region.Major subsidence due to crustal thinning began ∼25 Ma with sedimentation initially occurring in isolated sub-basins. These earliest sediments record the transition from continental to marine depositional environments. Subsequently during early and middle Miocene times subsidence was rapid and uniform along and across the entire rift basin. Open marine sedimentation occurred across all structural regimes. The mid-Clysmic tectonic event (16.5 Ma) resulted in structural rearrangement of the rift basin and uplift of the rift shoulders. Rapid subsidence continued as global sea level fell, producing a series of prograding, siliciclastic fan-deltas at the rift margins. At ∼15.5 Ma, opening of the Suez rift was terminated, tectonic subsidence decreased dramatically in the southern rift and ceased entirely in the northern rift. Tensional plate motion probably was transferred from the Gulf of Suez to sinistral strike-slip movement on the Dead Sea transform at this time. The quiescence in subsidence combined with a lowered global sea level resulted in the deposition of a thick (up to 4 km) series of evaporites within the central trough of the rift from the middle to latest Miocene. The accumulation of such a thick sequence of sediments during a phase of decreased tectonic subsidence is interpreted as a ‘filling-in’ of the rift topography which developed during the earlier period of rapid subsidence and rift-shoulder uplift and continued compaction.A rapid global sea level rise concomitant with a subsequent pulse of increased tectonic activity in the latest Miocene—earliest Pliocene returned the rift to dominantly marine conditions.