5种除草剂对白鲢鱼种急性毒性试验

以白鲢(Hypophthalmicthysmolitris)为实验材料,研究常用除草剂对鱼类的毒性效应。结果表明:采用直线回归法求得的96hLC50值分别为:2,4_D丁酯0.185mg/L,可信限0.138~0.247mg/L;丁草胺0.080mg/L,可信限0.067~0.097mg/L;使它隆3.80mg/L,可信限2.68~5.40mg/L;艾割18.60mg/L,可信限14.80~23.32mg/L;嗪草酮108.80mg/L,可信限91.46~129.72mg/L。对鱼类安全浓度分别为0.019mg/L,0.38mg/L,0.008mg/L,1.86mg/Land10.88mg/L。     

企鹅珍珠贝人工养殖及育珠的研究

在幼贝中间养成中采用柱形笼养殖法,母贝的养成中采用穿耳开放式养殖法,与全程采用锥形笼的传统式养殖方法相比较,进行企鹅珍珠贝人工养殖。结果表明:采用本技术养殖企鹅珍珠贝,在幼贝中间养成阶段,比传统养殖的壳高生长速率提高32·1%(P<0·05),壳长生长速率提高30·3%(P<0·01),成活率提高36%(P<0·01);母贝养成阶段,比传统养殖的壳高生长速率提高28·1%(P<0·05),壳长生长速率提高26·7%(P<0·01),成活率提高18·3%(P<0·01)。同时进行企鹅珍珠贝人工培育游离珠实验,植核贝在休养期和育珠期存活率分别为71·2%和54·3%,留核率分别为29·6·6%和21·0%,成珠率58·6%,优质珠比例为26·7%。     

不同形式钴对凡纳滨对虾生长和组织钴含量的影响

为研究氨基酸螯合钴对凡纳滨对虾的营养效果,在凡纳滨对虾配合饲料中添加5、10、15 mg/kg的氯化钴和蛋氨酸钴。饲养8周,4周末(饲养中期)称重,8周末称重并采集对虾肝胰脏和肌肉,测定肝胰脏和肌肉中的钴含量。结果表明:钴的添加形式和钴水平不影响对虾0~4周增重率,15 mg/kg蛋氨酸钴显著提高了对虾0~8周增重率,且两种形式的钴之间差异显著(P<0.05)。51、0 mg/kg的蛋氨酸钴和5、101、5 mg/kg的氯化钴不影响8周末对虾的增重率。特定生长率、饲料系数和蛋白质效率的变化趋势与增重率类似。钴的添加形式和钴水平不影响肌肉中的钴含量,15 mg/kg的氯化钴组肝胰脏中钴含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其他各组间无显著差异;蛋氨酸钴各组肝胰脏中钴含量无显著差异;钴的添加形式不影响肝胰脏中钴含量。统计结果表明,促进生长方面,两种钴之间存在显著差异,蛋氨酸钴的营养效果好于氯化钴。饲料中蛋氨酸钴的添加量为15 mg/kg时,对虾生长最快,5 mg/kg时,可满足需要。     

5种除草剂对白鲢鱼种急性毒性试验

以白鲢（Hypophthalmicthys molitris）为实验材料，研究常用除草剂对鱼类的毒性效应。结果表明：采用直线回归法求得的96h LC50值分别为：2，4-D丁酯0．185mg/L，可信限0．138～0．247mg／L；丁草胺0．080mg/L，可信限0．067～0．097mg/L；使它隆3．80mg/L，可信限2．68—5．40mg／L；艾割18．60mg／L，可信限14．80～23．32mg/L；嗪草酮108．80mg/L，可信限91．46～129．72mg／L。对鱼类安全浓度分别为0．019mg／L，0．38mg／L，0.008mg／L，1.86mg／L and 10．88mg／L。     

饲料中添加L-肉碱对牙鲆幼鱼生长、生化组成及血液指标的影响

研究0、300、600、900、1 200、1 500 mg/kg 6个L-肉碱添加水平对牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)幼鱼生长、生化组成和血液指标的影响。结果表明:添加量为1 200 mg/kg的处理组牙鲆幼鱼的增重率和特定生长率显著提高,饲料系数显著降低(P<0.05);随着饲料中L-肉碱含量的增加,肝指数呈现下降趋势,且在添加量为900~1 500 mg/kg时,各组较对照组差异显著(P<0.05);饲料中添加L-肉碱显著降低各实验组脏体比(P<0.05),而对各处理组间存活率和肥满度均无影响(P<0.05);肌肉和肝脏中的脂肪含量与L-肉碱添加量呈负相关,当添加量为1 200~1 500 mg/kg时,较对照组差异显著(P<0.05);肌肉中的蛋白含量与L-肉碱添加量呈正相关,但各组差异不显著(P<0.05);饲料中添加L-肉碱降低血清中的谷草转氨酶、胆固醇、甘油三酯和尿素氮含量,且添加量1 200 mg/kg组各指标含量均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);各处理组的血糖含量较对照组均有所增加,其中1 200 mg/kg组血糖含量较对照组提高41.6%(P<0.05);血清中总蛋白和低密度脂蛋白均随着L-肉碱添加量的增加而呈下降趋势,高密度脂蛋白却得以提升,但差异均不显著(P<0.05)。分析认为,在本实验条件下,饲料中添加L-肉碱可促进牙鲆幼鱼生长,且降脂效果显著。建议L-肉碱最适添加量为1 200 mg/kg。     

哲罗鱼(Hucho taimen)染色体组型与DNA含量分析

采用体内注射PHA和秋水仙素、肾细胞短期培养、常规空气干燥法制备哲罗鱼(Hucho taimen)的染色体。对其肾细胞染色体数目统计分析表明,哲罗鱼染色体组有84条染色体,核型公式为2n=18m+16sm+34st+16t,其染色体总臂数(NF)为118。采用流式细胞分析仪测定哲罗鱼的DNA含量,与鸡血细胞标准对照的比值为2.23±0.17,以鸡红细胞DNA含量2.30pg·N~(-1)计,则哲罗鱼的体细胞DNA含量为5.12pg·N~(-1)。哲罗鱼染色体数目和DNA含量体现为四倍体特征。     

马氏珠母贝育珠细胞小片和珠核处理技术研究Ⅳ:不同处理液在广西营盘育珠效果

通过广西营盘海区插核育珠试验,比较6组不同的细胞小片处理液及珠核处理液的育珠效果。结果表明:1)处理组手术贝休养期的平均死亡率仅3.9%,显著低于对照组(10.9%)(P<0.01),表明处理液具有促进伤口愈合、抗感染、提高成活率的作用;2)处理组休养期吐核率与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05),说明处理液对增加组织亲和力的效果不明显;3)除Y2处理组外,其余处理组育珠4个月的成活率平均为77.0%,比对照组高出7.0%～14.5%,且W组的单位收珠数量及珍珠品质等均优于对照组,表明W组处理液在促进珍珠质分泌、提高成活率、成珠率方面的作用优于对照组。比较分析处理组在海南陵水、广东徐闻及广西营盘3海区的育珠效果,优化筛选出2个优良匹配方案即小片处理液W0、Y3与核处理液C3匹配。W0、Y3两试验组在广西营盘海区进行中试,结果发现,休养期死亡率(8.0%、7.3%)显著低于对照组(11.7%)(P<0.05),育珠4个月的死亡率(19.7%、18.3%)显著低于对照组(31.7%)(P<0.05);育珠8个月的W0组的成活率为73.6%,成珠率为54%、优珠率为61.1%,分别比对照组提高约12%,表明筛选出的W0、Y3两优良匹配组同样适用于营盘海区的插核育珠处理,可提高育珠效果。     

海水钙浓度对远海梭子蟹软壳持续时间与形态变化的影响

盐度30、pH7.5～8.5、温度27～30℃条件下,将刚刚蜕壳的远海梭子蟹放入不同钙浓度梯度(0～400 mg/L)的人工海水中,进行钙浓度对远海梭子蟹蟹壳硬化影响的实验。结果表明:0～12.5 mg/L浓度组的软壳持续时间在10.4～11.4 h之间,25～200 mg/L浓度组的软壳持续时间在6.1～7.7 h,400 mg/L浓度组的软壳持续时间为4.4 h;不同浓度组下,壳宽的增加差异不显著(P﹥0.05),壳长的增加差异也不显著(P﹥0.05);50 mg/L浓度组与400 mg/L浓度组体重增加差异显著(P<0.05),其它各浓度组之间体重增加差异不显著(P﹥0.05)。     

氨氮胁迫对马氏珠母贝免疫活性的影响

在实验室条件下探讨氨氮胁迫对马氏珠母贝(Pinctada martensii)血细胞密度、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、溶菌酶(LSZ)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性的影响。结果表明:1)不同浓度氨氮(1.25~40 mg/L)胁迫3 d后,马氏珠母贝血细胞密度随氨氮浓度的增加呈下降趋势,当氨氮浓度超过5 mg/L时血细胞密度较对照组明显下降,差异极显著(P<0.01);2)血清SOD活性随实验氨氮浓度(1.25~40 mg/L)的增加而明显下降,在较低氨氮浓度(1.25~5 mg/L)时,SOD活性高于对照组,氨氮浓度超过10 mg/L时,SOD活性低于对照组,各实验组SOD活性与对照组均存在极显著差异(P<0.01);3)当氨氮浓度为1.25~20 mg/L时,马氏珠母贝血清CAT活性随氨氮浓度的增加而升高,除氨氮1.25 mg/L组外,其余各实验组血清CAT活性较对照组极显著升高(P<0.01),当氨氮浓度为30~40 mg/L时,血清CAT活性呈急剧下降趋势,且低于对照组(P<0.01);4)马氏珠母贝血清LSZ活性随实验氨氮浓度的增加而降低,当氨氮浓度为10 mg/L以下时,血清LSZ活性高于对照组,当氨氮浓度为20 mg/L以上时,血清LSZ活性较对照组极显著降低(P<0.01);5)氨氮浓度为1.25~10 mg/L时,马氏珠母贝血清ACP活性随氨氮浓度的增加而升高,且高于对照组(P<0.01),当氨氮浓度超高20 mg/L时,马氏珠母贝血清ACP活性随氨氮浓度的增加急剧降低,且低于对照组(P<0.01)。     

广东沿海牡蛎体Ni含量水平及其时空变化趋势

198 9～ 1997年间 ,为实施“南海贻贝观察”计划 ,对广东沿海 12个地点近江牡蛎体内的 Ni含量水平进行了连续监测 ,结果全部牡蛎样品均检出 Ni,含量范围为 0 .17～ 2 .37mg/kg(湿重 ) ,总平均值为0 .58mg/kg。污染评价结果显示 ,广东沿海 Ni含量总体上处于微污染—轻污染水平。牡蛎体 Ni平均含量呈珠江口海区 >粤西海区 >粤东海区的分布格局 ,其最高值出现在深圳湾、唐家湾和湛江港。 70年代后期至 1991年 ,牡蛎体的 Ni含量呈明显下降趋势 ,此后 Ni含量年际间虽有波动 ,但无显著差异     

黄鳝血清甲状腺激素的检测与分析

用放射免疫测定法测定了４４ 条不同性别黄鳝（Ｍｏｎｏｐｔｅｒｕｓ ａｌｂｕｓ Ｚｕｉｅｗ ）血清总甲状腺激素Ｔｈｙｒｏｘｉｎｅ Ｔ３,Ｔｒｉｉｏｄｏｔｈｙｒｏｎｉｎｅ Ｔ４）含量。结果表明：（１）５～９ 月雄性Ｔ３ 含量一直较高;雌性５～６ 月Ｔ３含量比雄性和兼性低,７ 月以后升至与兼性持平,８～９ 月达到与雄性持平,高于兼性含量,升幅较大,但差异不显著（Ｐ＞ ０．０５）。（２）５～６ 月雄性Ｔ４ 含量稍高于其它性别,７ 月以后有所降低;雌性与兼性 Ｔ４ 含量与变化趋势基本相同。（３）同性别Ｔ４ 含量比Ｔ３ 含量要低得多。甲状腺激素可能与性逆转关系不大,其作用在于促进代谢与生长。     

赤魟组织粗提物的抗肿瘤作用

采用四甲基偶氮唑盐(MTT)微量酶反应比色法检查赤魟三种组织(皮肤、软组织和软骨)粗提物对体外培养的人癌细胞生长的影响,用腹腔注射或灌胃法检查赤魟三种组织粗提物对小鼠移植性肉瘤180(S180)和肝癌(H22)生长的影响。结果表明,赤魟组织粗提物对体外培养的人早幼粒白血病细胞(HL-60)、人子宫颈癌细胞(HeLa)和人低分化鼻咽癌细胞(CNE-2Z)的生长无明显影响,赤魟组织粗提物无论腹腔注射还是灌胃均显著抑制小鼠肉瘤和小鼠肝癌的生长,且对体重无明显影响;当三种组织粗提物以500mg/kg/d(相当生药量,下同)的剂量连续腹腔注射(ip)15d时,对S180的抑制率分别为63.9%、47.2%和80.3%;以3500mg/kg/d连续灌胃(ig)15d时,对S180的抑制率分别为66.9%、61.5%和66.9%;以500mg/kg/d连续腹腔注射15d时,对H22的抑制率分别为43.3%、43.3%和80.4%。     

斜带石斑鱼幼鱼对羟基蛋氨酸铜的需求

在斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)幼鱼基础饲料(铜质量分数2.03 mg/kg)中分别添加6个水平的羟基蛋氨酸螯合铜(hydroxy methionine copper,HMC),制成铜质量分数分别为2.03、4.04、6.20、10.67、13.96 mg/kg的实验饲料,饲喂6周后,探讨HMC对幼鱼生长、非特异性免疫酶活性和组织铜沉积的影响,确定幼鱼饲料中铜的最适需要量。结果表明,饲料中添加HMC,对石斑鱼的增重率、特定生长率(SGR)和饲料系数等生长性能的影响有统计学意义(P0.05),以铜质量分数6.20 mg/kg组增重率和特定生长率最高,饲料系数最低,高于或低于2.03和13.96 mg/kg组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),与4.04和10.67 mg/kg组差异无统计学意义(P0.05);但对成活率、肝体比影响差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。饲料中添加HMC对全鱼水分和粗蛋白含量影响无统计学意义(P0.05),对全鱼粗灰分和粗脂肪含量影响有统计学意义(P0.05)。石斑鱼血浆铜蓝蛋白(CP)的含量、血清和肝脏总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)及铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(Cu-Zn-SOD)活性均以6.20 mg/kg组最高;饲料中铜的添加对血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性和肝脏硫代巴比妥酸反应物(TBARS)含量影响无统计学意义(P0.05)。与对照组相比,饲料中添加HMC均提高鱼体、肌肉和肝脏中铜含量,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),且以13.96 mg/kg组最高。饲料中添加适量的HMC可提高石斑鱼幼鱼的生长性能,提高抗氧化能力。在本实验条件下,以SGR为判据,通过二次回归方程拟合可得,以HMC为铜源,斜带石斑鱼幼鱼铜需要量为7.09 mg/kg。     

Roles of polysaccharide from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Branchiostoma belcheri</Emphasis> in anti-DNA oxidation and anti-tumor activity in S180 mice

In this study, we isolated a polysaccharide from Branchiostoma belcheri (PBB) by enzymatic protein hydrolysis and alcohol precipitation. We investigated the effects of PBB supplementation on DNA oxidation and growth of the transplanted tumor cells Sarcoma (S₁₈₀) in mice. Sixty healthy Kunming mice weighing between 18 and 25 g were randomly assigned to 6 groups, each consisting of 10 animals. All the mice, except for the blank control group, were inoculated with S180 sarcoma cells into the axilla of the left foreleg. PBB was given to mice by gavage at doses of 0 (model control), 25, 50, or 100 mg/kg b.w. in 0.2 ml saline for 30 days. The fifth group of S₁₈₀-mice was given cytoxan (50 mg/kg) by peritoneal injection as a positive control group. The animals had free access to food and water. The mice were sacrificed after the final treatment and blood was quickly collected. Spontaneous and oxidized DNA damage of peripheral lymphocytes induced by H₂O₂ were analyzed by SCGE. O⁶-methyl-guanine (O⁶-MeG) was measured by high-performance capillary zone electrophoresis. The average tumor weights (0.856–1.118 g) of the three PBB groups were significantly lower than that of the model control group (1.836 g) (p<0.05). The tumor inhibition ratios of the PBB groups were 39.1%–53.4% and similar to the cytoxan positive group (57.5%). There were no significant differences in spontaneous DNA damage in peripheral lymphocytes among the groups. The oxidative DNA damage induced by 10 μmol/L H₂O₂ in the 50 and 100 mg/kg b.w. groups were 246.1 AU and 221.7 AU, respectively, both of which were significantly lower than that in the model group (289.0 AU; p<0.05). The plasma concentrations of O⁶-MeG in the 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg supplemented groups were 2.09 μmol/L, 1.86 μmol/L, and 1.63 μmol/L, respectively, all of which were significantly lower than that of the model group (2.67 μmol/L; p<0.05). These results indicated that PBB may have antioxidative activity and thus reduce oxidation-induced DNA damage.     

饲料中添加虾青素对血鹦鹉皮肤类胡萝卜素含量和体色三刺激值的影响

为探讨投喂增色剂对鱼类增色效果的定量评价方法,分别用添加0、30、100、300、500、700、900 mg/kg虾青素的饲料饲喂血鹦鹉60 d,测定血鹦鹉皮肤中的总类胡萝卜素含量和鱼体体色的三刺激值。结果显示,血鹦鹉皮肤总类胡萝卜素含量随着虾青素添加量的增加而升高,而三刺激值X、Y、Z则逐渐减小。总类胡萝卜素含量300～900 mg/kg各组显著高于对照组(P<0.05),500、700和900 mg/kg组显著高于0、30、100 mg/kg组(P<0.05),而500、700和900 mg/kg各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。总类胡萝卜素含量与三刺激值间的相关系数分别为-0.966、-0.932、-0.981,均达到极显著水平(P<0.01)。可见,在饲料中添加虾青素可明显提高血鹦鹉皮肤类胡萝卜素含量,改善血鹦鹉体色,血鹦鹉体色的三刺激值与皮肤总类胡萝卜素含量有极高的相关性,可用测色色差计测定血鹦鹉的三刺激值,并以此来推算鱼体皮肤总类胡萝卜素含量,定量评价血鹦鹉的体色。     

Heritability and genetic correlation of survival in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)

We analyzed the survival data of the offspring from 21 sires and 42 dams of turbot. The results show that the cumulative survival rates for turbot from 2 to 18 months range from 17.5% to 28.5%; main mortality occurred during months 2–5; and the highest survival rates of families were 97.9%, 98.8%, 99.4%, 99.7% during months 2–5, 5–6, 6–8, 8–11, and 11–18, respectively, and 99.5%, being 53.5%, 23.8%, 19.5%, 14.9%, and 13.2% higher, respectively, than the mean values in each period. In all periods, the estimated heritabilities for survival were very low without significant difference from zero (P≫0.05) (values ranged from 0.06 to 0.12), indicating low additive genetic effects. The genetic correlations of survival among families in different periods were all positive, but low in magnitude (values range from 0.03 to 0.31). Genetic correlations between long-term survival and other periods’ survival had negative values (−0.06 and −0.15) and three positive values (0.16, 0.12 and 0.14). Genetic correlations between survival and weight were all positive, except for survival at months 2–5 and weight at 18 months, which was not significantly negative (−0.18).     

Growth and antioxidant status of oriental river prawn <Emphasis Type="Italic">Macrobrachium nipponense</Emphasis> fed with diets containing vitamin E

A feeding trial was carried out to investigate the dietary vitamin E requirement of the oriental river prawn Macrobrachium nipponense (weight of 0.3–0.4 g) and its effect role on antioxidant activity. Prawns were fed with seven levels of vitamin E (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg diet) for 60 days. The results show that dietary vitamin E supplementation could significantly increased the prawn weight (P < 0.05). The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the hepatopancreas was significantly higher in prawns fed with diets supplemented with ≤75 mg/kg vitamin E than in those fed with diets supplemented with 100–400 mg/kg vitamin E (P < 0.05). The activity of catalase (CAT) in the hepatopancreas decreased significantly as dietary vitamin E supplementation increased (P < 0.05), and no significant difference was detected in glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity between different dietary groups (P >0.05). The contents of vitamin E in the hepatopancreas and in the muscle increased with increasing dietary vitamin E. There was a linear correlation between the vitamin E level in diet and that in muscle, and between the vitamin E level in diet and that in the hepatopancreas. All the above results indicated that dietary vitamin E can be stored in the hepatopancreas and muscle and lower both the activities of SOD and CAT in the hepatopancreas, suggesting that it is a potential antioxidant in M. nipponense. Broken line analysis conducted on the weight gains of prawns in each diet group showed that the dietary vitamin E requirement for maximum growth is 94.10 mg/kg.     

苯酚对奥尼罗非鱼非特异性免疫指标的影响

采用水体中常见污染物——苯酚对奥尼罗非鱼进行刺激,研究不同浓度苯酚对奥尼罗非鱼非特异性免疫功能的影响。奥尼罗非鱼分别暴露于0.005、0.025、0.125、0.625、3.125 mg/L等5个浓度的苯酚中8周,每两周采集抗凝血液和血清,用于检测非特异性免疫指标。结果表明:暴露于低浓度苯酚组(0.005 mg/L和0.025 mg/L)的奥尼罗非鱼NBT(氯化硝基四氮唑蓝)阳性细胞数等非特异性免疫指标相对于对照组无显著性差异(P>0.05),中浓度苯酚组(0.125 mg/L和0.625 mg/L)和高浓度苯酚组(3.125mg/L)对罗非鱼非特异性免疫指标的影响存在显著的时间效应和剂量效应(P<0.05),可减少NBT阳性细胞数、抑制超氧化物歧化酶活力和抗菌活力;促使溶菌酶活力和溶菌酶含量先升后降。表明中高浓度苯酚组对奥尼罗非鱼具有明显的免疫毒性。     

A Bioassay for the Cytotoxicity of Gemcitabine Using the Marine Ciliate Euplotes vannus

This study investigated the cytotoxicity of gemcitabine using the marine ciliate Euplotes vannus as the test organism.The median lethal concentrations(LC50 values)were determined using acute toxicity tests within an exposure time of 30 min with 0,6,12,24,and 48 mg mL^-1 gemcitabine.The median inhibition effect(IC50 value)on the growth of the ciliate cells was examined using chronic toxicity tests within 5 days(120 h)after exposure for 30 min with 0,0.7,3.5,7,and 14 mg mL^-1 gemcitabine.The 30-min LC50value was 10.66-mg mL 1.The LC50 values decreased with increasing exposure times and well fitted to the toxicity curve equation LC50=10.93+28.4e^-0.19t(R2=0.93;P<0.05,t=exposure time).The IC50 value for growth rates was 7.05 mg mL^-1,and the inhibition effect on growth rates well fitted to the model equation r%=0.8681e^-0.0782Cgem(r%means growth rate with inhibition by gemcitabine,Cgem means concentrations of gemcitabine,R^2=0.99 and P<0.05).The LC50 values of a wide range of gemcitabine concentrations could therefore be predicted for any given exposure time.These results suggest that the clinical dose of gemcitabine(20 mg mL^-1)was higher than the 30-min LC50 value,which was almost the same as the 6-min LC50 value(19.88 mg mL^-1)for E.vannus cells.The results also demonstrate that E.vannus can be used as a robust test organism for bioassays of chemotherapeutic drugs during short exposure periods.