非开挖可控冲击矛轨迹变化的试验研究

冲击矛技术作为非开挖技术的一个重要手段,由于其自身所具有的一些优势而被广泛采用。但是,冲击矛从其形成产品到现在,在施工时方向是不可控的,而可控冲击矛目前国内外还没有成形产品。欲使冲击矛的钻进方向可控,可以改变冲击矛的方向,使钻头轴线与冲击器轴线存在一定夹角是一个有效的办法。影响可控冲击矛轨迹变化的因素很多,由于目前没有成形冲击矛,因此,制做可控冲击矛的模型来进行模拟试验。通过试验去发现可控冲击矛轨迹的曲率半径变化与上述各种影响因素之间的关系,并通过建立数学模型来说明。     

可控冲击矛偏转理论研究

偏心钻头在钻进的过程中轨迹呈曲线，而影响曲线曲率半径的原因是多方面的。在对冲击矛及土体做了若干假设的基础上建立起了冲击矛受力的力学模型，从力学的角度对可控冲击矛的钻进轨迹进行了深入的理论分析及研究，从本质上找出了可控冲击矛轨迹变化的根本原因。     

非开挖可控冲击矛用传扭胶管的研究设计

在试验基础上，分析了现有多种胶管的传扭能力，并参考国外胶管的结构，从而研究设计出传扭胶管，应用于非开挖可控冲击矛。     

三重复式软岩取心钻具

首先对被研究对象－冲击矛及土体作出若干假设，并在此基础上建立力学模型，然后找出研究对象的所有受力并对它们进行分析、简化，最后从运动学角度对可控冲击矛偏转机理进行了分析。     

可控土层挤密非开挖管线铺设方法及应用

介绍了4种方向可控的土层挤密式非开挖管线铺设方法：可控冲击矛挤密工法、可控冲击矛水平钻进技术、先导式土层挤密施工技术和土层挤密式微型隧道施工技术。同时，还对各种施工方法的使用条件和应用情况作了简要论述。     

地面跟踪导航系统在KCM-130Ⅱ型可控冲击矛中应用的初步研究

将Subsite750定向钻进导航系统应用到KCM-130Ⅱ型可控冲击矛中,实现了对冲击矛地下位置和矛头偏转状态的实时监控。由于KCM-130Ⅱ型可控冲击矛矛头控向机构的特殊性,导航仪钟面显示与矛头的偏转角和转动角之间并不是简单的一一对应关系。为此,结合工程实际中矛头偏转方向的调整过程,对如何由导航仪钟面显示来确定矛头的偏转角和转动角进行了研究,并给出了它们之间的关系和具体操作办法。     

水平冲击矛钻进轨迹理论分析

本文首先对被研究对象水平冲击予及土体做了若干假设，并在此基础上建立起力学模型，然后找出研究对象所有受力并对它们进行分析，简化，最后从力学角度对水平冲击矛钻进轨迹进行了分析。     

微型隧道铺管技术的现状和将来

本文详细介绍了各种非开挖管线施工技术的发展和趋势，包括可控的不可控制铺管方法，可控的方法有：定向或导向钻进法、水平螺旋钻进法、微型隧道法；不可控的方法有：气动矛法、夯管法水平顶杆法等。     

砂卵石层旋冲挤密钻进机具研究与应用

针对松散地层自稳能力差,因钻孔掉块、缩径等引起提钻遇卡的问题,设计了PDH-130型新型双向旋冲挤密钻具,利用浮动芯管改变活塞配气行程,实现正向冲击回转挤密钻进及提钻时的反冲击功能。根据现场试验情况,对双向冲击矛结构进行了改进,以满足砂土、砂卵石等复杂地层旋冲挤密钻进施工要求。     

海底取样技术发展现状及工作原理概述 ——海底取样技术专题之一

从海底取样的意义和取样器的分类入手，阐述了国外海底取样器的发展现状及其工作原理，包括非可控式的冲击式，压入，射入式，吸入式；可控式的气动，液动冲击式，振动式，回转式等。     

Oxidation Experiment of Natural Megacrystal Clinopyroxene: Implications for Assignment of Mössbauer Spectra

The Mössbauer spectra of natural megacrystal clinopyroxene are usually fitted by 4 sets of symmetric doublets, A‐A', B‐B', C‐C' and D‐D', respectively, in terms of increasing Qs value in literature. But the assignments of those doublets are quite different, except the D‐D' doublet assigned to Fe³⁺at the lattice site M***1 in previous papers. Particularly, the assignment and interpretation of the C‐C' doublet are diverse. The oxidation experiments of natural megacrystal clinopyroxene collected from the Hannuoba basalt, North China, were performed under controlled conditions of temperature at 1000°C and oxygen fugacity of FMQ buffer in 1, 2, ***3 and 5 days respectively. The oxidized samples were then measured by X‐ray diffraction spectrometry and Mössbauer spectrometry. The oxidation of clinopyroxene is characterized by Fe²⁺ → Fe³⁺at M1 under the subsolidus conditions, which is consistent with the increase of the area of the D‐D' doublet when the heating time increases. Accordingly, the area of the A‐A' and B‐B' doublets decreases with the increasing heating time. However, the area of C‐C' keeps almost constant. Therefore, the 4 sets of doublets can be assigned correctly as follows: A‐A' doublet to Fe⁺²at M1, B‐B' Fe²⁺at M1, C‐C' Fe²⁺at M2, and D‐D' Fe³⁺at M1. The M1 site splitting is due to the NNN (Next Nearest Neighbour) effect of the M2 site. The amount of Fe³⁺at the tetrohedral site of megacrystal clinopyroxene is negligible according to this study.     

贵州施秉白云岩溶蚀特性及孔隙特征实验研究

以贵州施秉白云岩为研究对象,从宏观和微观角度分析白云岩的溶蚀特性及孔隙特征,结果显示:(1)在众多影响施秉喀斯特发育的因素中,矿物成分是最基本的内因,水是最关键的外因,孔隙结构起辅助作用。(2)极细晶白云岩的单位表面积溶蚀量一般大于细晶白云岩的,在晶粒相同的情况下,白云岩的溶蚀量与Ca O和Mg O的含量分别成正比,且Mg O的含量影响较Ca O大。(3)施秉白云岩溶蚀速率不仅受岩石矿物颗粒粒径大小的控制,还受岩石内部孔隙结构特征的影响,颗粒粒径越大,孔隙度越高,连通性越好,越有利于水溶液进入,溶蚀量也就越大。(4)施秉白云岩的溶蚀特性是多种因素综合作用的结果,必须把各个因素分离开来,从宏观和微观角度逐个作详细的分析研究,然后综合起来,才能对喀斯特发育规律有更深入的了解。     

贵州的断裂与地震

贵州的地震明显受（活动性）断裂控制和影响,地震的平面分布分区边界受区域断裂控制,地震多发生在断裂附近或多组断裂交汇区附近。1819年以来,贵州境内发生的4次6级左右地震,震中都在多组断裂交汇区附近。1875年6月8日发生的6.5级地震,震中在开远-平塘断裂和垭都-紫云断裂交汇区附近的床井背斜,地理位置位于罗甸县西部,紧邻望谟县和紫云县,即北纬25°18',东经106°36'。      

Towards hydrological and geochemical understanding of an ephemeral palustrine perched water table “wetland” (Lanseria Gneiss,Midrand, South Africa)

Wetland delineation is commonly based on terrain unit, soil form, soil wetness and vegetation indicators which along with the shallow groundwater or proximate surface water are often absent in many ephemeral inland South African areas due to, for instance, prolonged dry periods (seasons to years) which mask these indicators, as well as disruption of surface materials due to construction, agricultural activities and field fires. Furthermore, many “wetlands” in South Africa comply with the four indicators, but the notable absent requirement for wetlands is missing, namely the shallow groundwater table, as many of these systems form in hillslope seeps, catenas or from perched water tables. A 200-m-long excavation through one such a system is being studied in Midrand (Gauteng, South Africa). The site is underlain by Lanseria Gneiss and is waterlogged after long and intense periods of intense rainfall. Frequent downslope soil profiling, horizon-specific laboratory analyses for grading and Atterberg Limits, X-Ray Diffraction and X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy data are interpreted together with soil percolation tests to generate a conceptual model of the system. The results are discussed in terms of the need to consider these temporary systems that do not have a shallow groundwater table and that are not in direct contact with surface drainage features as a possible special type of wetlands, notably in arid regions where they play a very important role in biodiversity and should, therefore, be protected.     

Windows to early solar system processes: Refractory inclusions in the CV and CM chondrites

The refractory element-enriched inclusions found in the carbonaceous meteorites give cosmochemists a fascinating glimpse at processes which occurred near the birth of the solar system. Although many complications must still be unravelled, the weight of the available evidence indicates that many of these objects condensed directly from the solar nebula, and have remained relatively unaltered up to the present. Their mineralogical and chemical compositions therefore reflect conditions at the time of their formation. The most thoroughly studied of the inclusions are those from the Allende CV meteorite. These, in general, have mineral assemblages similar to those which would be predicted for nebular condensation. The mineralogical agreement is not strict, however, and also the bulk chemical compositions sometimes deviate markedly from expected trends. More work is required to understand these differences. A range of isotopic anomalies in many elements has been found, in these inclusions. Some of these suggest an extra-solar system origin for a part of the material in the inclusions. Although much less work has been done on the inclusions in the CM meteorites, current data indicate that they will prove to be at least as valuable as those from Allende. Chemical data show that some inclusions in the Murchison meteorite are more refractory than the most refractory Allende inclusions. Isotopic anomalies, including²⁵Mg excesses and oxygen-16 enriched oxygen, indicate that, in spite of chemical and mineralogical differences, the Murchison and Allende inclusions contain common isotopic components, and are probably contemporaneous.     

隐伏地裂缝扩展的大型原位浸水试验研究

隐伏构造地裂缝具有潜在的灾害效应和扩展的随机性,地表水是诱发隐伏地裂缝扩展的因素之一。文章基于野外调查资料,定性分析了地表水对隐伏地裂缝扩展效应的水压作用及黄土湿陷作用机理,在此基础上选取西安曲江新区隐伏地裂缝黄土场地开展了大型原位现场浸水模拟试验。通过沉降观测、数据分析和数值模拟,得出水压作用是诱发隐伏裂缝扩展的辅助因素,因黄土湿陷作用在裂缝两侧形成的差异沉降是主要诱因,靠近隐伏地裂缝的区域沉降量最大,距离裂缝越远沉降量越小,整体呈现抛物线形的沉降模式,验证了地表水诱发浅表层黄土隐伏裂缝扩展的作用机理。相关认识对于研究隐伏构造地裂缝的扩展机理以及防治工作具有重要的指导意义。      

东营凹陷中央隆起带构造特征、沙箱模拟与形成机制研究

东营凹陷中央隆起带是渤海盆地济阳坳陷东营凹陷中油气最富集的区域。该构造带走向近东西,为北陡南缓两翼不对称的隆起带,上部发育"塌陷式"地堑断裂系统。由于构造受北缘断层控制,具有同沉积与逆牵引(reverse drag)特点,故勘探早期将其认为滚动背斜。20世纪80年代以来,由于钻井揭露与地球物理勘探资料的增多,研究者普遍认为是盐泥底辟构造。本次工作,是在进行详细的地震、地质解释基础上,结合前人研究成果与假设,运用沙箱实验证实方法探讨了构造带成因。通过实验与地质、地球物理的综合研究认为,东营凹陷中央隆起构造带是区域张扭力与重力联合导致的伸展-底辟作用的产物;盐泥底辟物质的形态、底辟与伸展作用的强度控制了局部构造的形态与断裂构造的发育程度。      

Review on Advances in Chemical Osmosis in Clayey Sediments

Osmotic phenomena refer to water and solute transport processes that occur when transport of solute molecules or ions is restricted by the porous medium relative to that of water molecules. Chemical osmosis and reverse osmosis/ultrafiltration are osmotic phenomena. The studies of “coupled flow” caused by chemical osmosis have been widely applied in many fields, such as earth science, environmental science and civil engineering. This paper provided a review of the considerable advances in the field of chemical osmosis and clay semipermeable membrane since the 1950s. We summarized the research progress of chemical osmosis in clayey sediments into three aspects: theoretical basis, experimental research and numerical model. In particular, the laboratory equipment and measurement methods of the chemico-osmotic efficiency coefficient σ were described,. The existing discontinuous models based on the ‘diffusive double layer’ theory were summerized, as well as the various control factors of σ. It increases with Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), compaction pressure and decreases by the increasing of porosity and solution concentration. This paper also summerized the contimuum models based on non-equilibrium thermodynamics, which are used to explain and predict anomalies of hydraulic head pressure and salinity in clayey environments. For the future development of this discipline, it is critical to find a reliable method to confirm the σ value. It is also critical to emphasize the research on chemical osmosis in complex conditions and the influence of chemical osmosis on groundwater flow and solute transpotation. China has just stepped into this research area and more efforts should be made if significant progress is desired. This review will be helpful to further research on groundwater numerical simulation integrated with chemical osmosis in China.     

The trade-off between density and other objectives: A re-examination of planning norms

Residential density (dwelling units per area) affects the quality of life in urban environments in many direct and indirect ways. Determining the optimal level of density requires in each case, balancing all the relevant factors and influences, and should depend on the preferences of the potential residents and their financial resources. A residential neighborhood has many characteristics. Usually people trade off one characteristic against another. For instance: people can trade off density against cost or accessibility against space. The aim of good planning is to find the combination of characteristics that will give maximum level of satisfaction to the residents of a neighbourhood subject to the limitations of their budgets. Density standards should, therefore, be adapted to the preferences of the potential residents and their preferred compromise between the various attributes of their environment. To make things more complicated, the concept of density has many definitions, and different definitions are relevant when analysing the various effects of density. It seems that people do not perceive the gross residential density as it is measured, but are influenced by variables such as set-back distances, the percentage of building coverage and the like. Evidence is cited from an investigation in Kiryat-Gat which suggests that the perception of density is affected by other factors except the density itself. If people do not perceive the density as such but are affected by other factors, then modification of these factors is very important. If planners are to design neighborhoods according to the residents' preferences, they should have quantitative estimates of the residents' relative evaluation of these characteristics, including possible savings in the price of housing. The problems of investigating residential preferences are discussed, and examples of studies addressed to these questions are described.     

ADCP流量生成模型及相应计算方法研究

如何快速准确监测河道流量,一直是水文学者研究的对象。ADCP是一种先进的流量测验仪器。本文分析ADCP流量测验机理,提出ADCP流量生成模型的概念,分析出ADCP流量生成模型的结构,构建了ADCP流量生成模型。根据流量生成模型研制的ADCP流量计算程序计算结果和目前应用广泛的Winriver软件计算结果极其相似。ADCP流量生成模型概念准确、结构合理,数据处理计算方法得当、研制的程序可靠。这为ADCP国产化奠定了坚实的基础。