西北冰洋表层沉积物中重金属的赋存形态研究

用连续提取法对选自西北冰洋的32个表层沉积物进行分析,测定了Cr、Cu、Pb在全样中及其在P1-2、P3、P4、P5中的含量.结果表明随着离岸距离增加,水深加深,Cr、Cu、Pb含量呈增高的趋势.研究区陆架沉积物中Cr、Cu、Pb含量分别为60.66、14.77、16.65μg/g;深海沉积物中Cr、Cu、Pb的含量分别为80.40、41.70、25.62μg/g.元素赋存形态分析表明,Cr、Cu、Pb主要赋存在残渣态,残渣态中三元素的含量平均值分别为64.97、19.67、17.56μg/g,占元素总量的比例分别为93.58%、75.02%和83.76%.三元素在各赋存形态中的含量分布是:Cu为残渣态>有机质和硫化物态>铁锰氧化态>可交换及碳酸盐态;Pb和Cr则为残渣态>铁锰氧化物态>有机质硫化物态>可交换态及碳酸盐态.研究区重金属元素在不同赋存形态中的含量分布与北太平洋深海沉积物中类似.     

珠江口伶仃洋沉积物中重金属元素分布、赋存形态及来源分析

2011年对珠江口伶仃洋31个点位表层沉积物中主要的重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd和As含量、分布特征及来源因素进行了研究。采用了BCR提取法分析各种重金属赋存形态,并依据各种重金属的形态特征进行了因子分析,了解其分布的控制因素。结果表明:伶仃洋沉积物重金属分布特征为从西北向东南逐渐减小,各元素在伶仃洋西线沿岸的浓度普遍高于东线沿岸区域,研究区西滩北段区域成为重金属高值区。伶仃洋Cr、As、Ni主要以残渣态存在,Pb主要以可还原态存在,Cd主要以酸提取态存在,而Cu、Zn在各形态中比较分散。各重金属非残渣态比重Cd为最高,As为最低,各元素非残渣态在平面上的分布与总量分布模式基本一致,所以,伶仃洋海域通过总量来确定区域重金属污染情况在一定程度上是可靠的。因子分析结果表明,伶仃洋重金属主要为人为污染物的排放(包括工业废水、生活污水等),其次为流域自然风化产物的输入。     

厚壳贻贝对重金属的生物积累及释放规律研究

应用实验生态方法研究了厚壳贻贝对8种常见的重金属生物积累和释放情况,得出了厚壳贻贝对重金属的生物富集系数、生物半衰期及生物富集曲线．结果表明：到积累实验结束时,厚壳贻贝对Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Ni、As和Hg的生物富集系数分别是45．01、79．65、71．67、15．21、7．91、2．45和44．65．以积累实验结束时的生物富集系数为基准,厚壳贻贝对这几种重金属的富集能力为Zn〉Cd〉Pb〉Hg〉Ni〉Cr〉As．到释放实验结束时,厚壳贻贝对Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Ni、As和Hg的生物半衰期分别是43．6、29．1、38．1、31．0、26．5、35．6、127．6、36．1d．以释放实验结束时的生物半衰期为基准,厚壳贻贝对这几种重金属的释放速度呈Cr〉Pb〉Cd〉Hg〉Ni〉Zn〉Cu〉As,而且厚壳贻贝是Hg、Pb、Zn和Cd的净积累者．因此,厚壳贻贝是比较理想的重金属Hg、Pb、Zn和Cd污染的指示生物．     

半知菌JYX-201菌株对海洋污染重金属反应的研究

从胶州湾污染区域的沉积物样品中筛选获得1株对重金属元素反应敏感的菌株,经鉴定为灰黄青霉(Penicillium griseofulvum),对该菌株在重金属胁迫下的生物学特征及酶的活性变化进行了研究,结果表明,一定量的重金属铜、锌离子对菌株产生显著的影响,并通过形态与色素变化的方式表现出来。当培养基中 Cu²⁺浓度为125 mg/dm³,Zn²⁺浓度为800 mg/dm³时,孢子萌发会完全受到抑制,同时菌丝也发生严重变异。菌株色素随着 Cu²⁺浓度的增加呈现从灰绿色到浅黄色的颜色变化,随着Zn²⁺浓度的增加呈现从灰绿色到白色的颜色变化。在菌株生长的离子浓度范围内,一定量的 Cu²⁺浓度能提高 CAT,GOD 酶的活性作用,在Cu²⁺浓度为25 mg/dm³时活性作用最强;在25~75 mg/dm³时,随着 Cu²⁺浓度的增加,活性作用逐渐减弱,浓度增加至100 mg/dm³时菌丝不能生长。Cu²⁺对菌体金属硫蛋白的影响不规则。在 Zn²⁺浓度为100~400 mg/dm³的培养基中,CAT,GOD酶和金属硫蛋白的活性作用随着Zn²⁺浓度的增加逐渐增强,在Zn²⁺浓度为400 mg/dm³时酶和金属硫蛋白活性达到最强。Zn²⁺浓度增加至600 mg/dm³ 时,菌株不能生长。     

半知菌JYX-201菌株对海洋污染重金属反应的研究

从胶州湾污染区域的沉积物样品中筛选获得1株对重金属元素反应敏感的菌株,经鉴定为灰黄青霉(Penicillium griseofulvum),对该菌株在重金属胁迫下的生物学特征及酶的活性变化进行了研究,结果表明,一定量的重金属铜、锌离子对菌株产生显著的影响,并通过形态与色素变化的方式表现出来。当培养基中 Cu2+浓度为125 mg/dm3,Zn2+浓度为800 mg/dm3时,孢子萌发会完全受到抑制,同时菌丝也发生严重变异。菌株色素随着 Cu2+浓度的增加呈现从灰绿色到浅黄色的颜色变化,随着Zn2+浓度的增加呈现从灰绿色到白色的颜色变化。在菌株生长的离子浓度范围内,一定量的 Cu2+浓度能提高 CAT,GOD 酶的活性作用,在Cu2+浓度为25 mg/dm3时活性作用最强;在25～75 mg/dm3时,随着 Cu2+浓度的增加,活性作用逐渐减弱,浓度增加至100 mg/dm3时菌丝不能生长。Cu2+对菌体金属硫蛋白的影响不规则。在 Zn2+浓度为100～400 mg/dm3的培养基中,CAT,GOD酶和金属硫蛋白的活性作用随着Zn2+浓度的增加逐渐增强,在Zn2+浓度为400 mg/dm3时酶和金属硫蛋白活性达到最强。Zn2+浓度增加至600 mg/dm3 时,菌株不能生长。     

A study on chemical forms of heavy metals in the sediments of Zhujiang River and its estuary

The five chemical bound forms of Fe, Al and Mn in sediments in the main channel of the Zhujiang River.and its estuary, namely, exchangeable, carbonic, oxidative, organic and residual (in crystal) forms, were determined. The method of sequential extraction was used for separating the five bound forms.The main chemical form of the three elements in the sediments of the Zhujiang River and its estuarine zone is the residual one. The exchangeable form exists only in a small fraction.Correlationships between the concentration of a certain form of heavy metals and Eh. pH and salinity were discussed. The principles of geochemistry are used to explain the mechanism of heavy metal transport in the river.It was also found that the distribution rule of the chemical forms of Fe, Al and Mn in sediments in the lower reaches of the Zhujiang River was similar to the one in the lower reaches of the Yamaska River.     

A four-year study on the distribution of some heavy metals in five marine organisms of the ligurian sea

This paper presents the results obtained during a four-year study of heavy metal distribution in certain organisms of the Ligurian Sea. The species which we have considered (mussels, mullet, shrimp and anchovies) were systematically sampled from December 1976 to December 1980, and were taken from the area between Punta del Mesco (east of Genoa) and Savona (west of Genoa).The metals (Hg, Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn) were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry of the solutions obtained by mineralizing the samples with HNO₃ at 90% in decomposition flasks fitted with a reflux condenser.The values obtained depend upon the place and year of sampling and are compared to values found by other authors for the same organisms in the other Italian seas.     

柘林湾表层沉积物重金属分布及污染初步评价

研究了柘林湾表层沉积物样品中7种重金属元素的质量分数及分布特征,并对其来源进行了分析。结果显示,调查海区Zn的平均质量分数为113.0μg/g±6.5μg/g、Cr为40.1μg/g±8.5μg/g、Mn为837.9μg/g±168.6μg/g、Cu为24.0μg/g±4.3μg/g、Pb为57.7μg/g±11.3μg/g、Ni为24.4μg/g±5.7μg/g、Fe为3.7%±0.4%。重金属主要来源于陆源风化产物,其质量分数反映了粤东地区的地质特点。分别以沉积物质量和香港环保署公布的标准,对柘林湾表层沉积物重金属污染进行了评估,结果表明:只有Pb在部分站位达到中度污染水平,其它重金属元素则只为轻度污染。     

汕头湾表层沉积物重金属元素含量和分布特征研究

于2002年9月在汕头湾采集了13个表层沉积物样品,测定了它们的细粒级组分、总有机质、铝、铁、锰、铜、锌、铅、镉、铬、镍、钴的含量,对其分布特征及其彼此之间相关性进行了分析,并以南海陆架区重金属含量为背景值计算了汕头湾表层沉积物重金属元素的富集系数,结果表明,铁、锰、铜、锌、铅、镉、铬、镍、钴的含量范围分别为2.91%~3.94%,427.85~810.96,24.43~79.49,84.83~248.50,35.56~50.25,0.30~1.75,36.11~74.22,16.99~31.69,8.22~10.87 mg/kg,其分布由汕头湾上游的榕江口至湾口呈波浪状递减(锰除外)。汕头湾表层沉积物中各重金属的富集系数均大于1,其中富集系数从大到小的重金属元素是铜、镉、铅、锌、镍、铬和锰。人为排污、水动力作用、黏土含量、盐度是多数重金属元素分布特征的控制因素。锰的分布特征更多地取决于汕头湾水域的氧化还原条件。     

沉积物暴露条件下文蛤Meretrix meretrix 对重金属Cu、Pb的富集动力学研究

应用半静态双箱动力学模型室内模拟了沉积物暴露条件下文蛤Meretrix meretrix 对Cu、Pb的生物富集,通过对富集与排出过程中文蛤体内重金属污染物的动态监测和对富集与排出过程监测结果的非线性拟合,得到了文蛤富集重金属的吸收速率常数K₁、排出速率常数K₂、生物富集因子BCF(bioconcentration factors)、生物学半衰期B_1/2等动力学参数。拟合结果得到的Cu、Pb各动力学参数分别为,K₁为4.6333—72.3754;K₂为0.0512—0.0798;BCF为60.7646—1414.9634;B_1/2为8.69—13.55。对模型的拟合优度检验结果显示,沉积物暴露条件下文蛤对重金属Cu、Pb的生物富集数据符合双箱模型,模型的拟合优度良好。比较结果得出,吸收速率常数K₁及生物富集因子BCF均随着外部水体金属暴露浓度的增大而减小;文蛤对Cu富集能力大于Pb;Cu在文蛤体内的生物学半衰期B_1/2大于Pb;理论平衡状态下生物体内Cu、Pb的含量C_Amax随着外部水体中金属暴露浓度的增大而增大,且呈显著正相关,实验结果表明沉积物暴露条件下双箱动力学模型在一定条件下是可以应用于文蛤的富集动力学研究的,仍需要进一步开展不同条件下实验研究分析。     

The action of heavy metals on the gametes of the marine mussel, Mytilus edulis (L.)—III. The effect of applied copper and zinc on sperm motilityin relation to ultrastructural damage and intracellular metal localisation

Treatment of Mytilus edulis sperm with external concentrations of copper or zinc (0-1-3-3mM) causes a decrease in motility in which zinc is more inhibitory than copper. Zinc also appeared to cause more extensive mitochondrial damage, as revealed by transmission electron microscopy, than did treatment with copper. The relationship between sperm motility and respiration in the presence of the various heavy metal concentrations used indicates that the depression of sperm motility can be explained largely on the basis of respiratory inhibition. However, zinc produces a less pronounced effect on sperm motility than on r respiration.X-ray microanalysis of thick sections of fixed treated sperm showed that copper accumulation occurs in the acrosomes, mitochondria and nuclei, whereas zinc is found in the acrosomes and in mitochondrial granules in association with calcium and phosphorus. No evidence was obtained for zinc accumulation in the nuclei. Treatment with either copper or zinc resulted in considerable reductions of bound calcium and phosphorus in both the acrosomes and mitochondria. It is suggested that the heavy metal ions cause an increase in the permeability of the organelle membranes to calcium and phosphorus.It is concluded that the less marked effect of zinc on sperm motility as compared to respiration may be due to an increase in the cytosolic free calcium concentration which, in turn, may stimulate the flagellar contractile apparatus.     

洋山海洋倾倒区倾倒前后沉积物中酸可挥发性硫化物与重金属的比较分析

为了更清楚认识洋山海洋倾倒区海域沉积物的污染状况,测定了该海域倾倒前后表层沉积物中酸可挥发性硫化物(AVS)、酸可提取重金属(SEM)的含量,并对AVS、ΣSEM及ΣSEM-AVS差值的平面分布进行了分析。结果表明,该倾倒区及周边海域倾倒前、中、后表层沉积物中AVS含量分别为0.55~2.62,0.83~1.65和0.51~1.23 μmol·g^-1,倾倒后AVS含量呈下降态势,倾倒区AVS含量高于周边海域;ΣSEM倾倒前、中、后平均含量分别为2.80,2.79和2.60 μmol·g^-1,倾倒后ΣSEM含量略呈下降态势,往倾倒区方向富集;从单个重金属对ΣSEM的贡献率来看,Zn＞Cr＞Cu＞Pb＞Cd,SEM_Zn基本在35％以上,SEM_Cr基本在20％以上,而SEM_Cd均在1％以下,ΣSEM分布形态主要受Zn和Cr的控制;ΣSEM-AVS差值均大于0,且在倾倒区其ΣSEM-AVS值低于周边海域,说明倾倒区海域沉积物中重金属对生物可能有一定毒性。     

半知菌JYX-201菌株(Penicillium griseofulvum)对海洋污染重金属反应的研究

从胶州湾污染区域的沉积物样品中筛选获得1株对重金属元素反应敏感的菌株,经鉴定为灰黄青霉(Penicillium griseofulvum),对该菌株在重金属胁迫下的生物学特征及酶的活性变化进行了研究,结果表明,一定量的重金属铜、锌离子对菌株产生显著的影响,并通过形态与色素变化的方式表现出来。当培养基中Cu2+浓度为125 mg/dm3,Zn2+浓度为800 mg/dm3时,孢子萌发会完全受到抑制,同时菌丝也发生严重变异。菌株色素随着Cu2+浓度的增加呈现从灰绿色到浅黄色的颜色变化,随着Zn2+浓度的增加呈现从灰绿色到白色的颜色变化。在菌株生长的离子浓度范围内,一定量的Cu2+浓度能提高CAT,GOD酶的活性作用,在Cu2+浓度为25 mg/dm3时活性作用最强;在25～75 mg/dm3时,随着Cu2+浓度的增加,活性作用逐渐减弱,浓度增加至100 mg/dm3时菌丝不能生长。Cu2+对菌体金属硫蛋白的影响不规则。在Zn2+浓度为100～400 mg/dm3的培养基中,CAT,GOD酶和金属硫蛋白的活性作用随着Zn2+浓度的增加逐渐增强,在Zn2+浓度为400 mg/dm3时酶和金属硫蛋白活性达到最强。Zn2+浓度增加至600 mg/dm3时,菌株不能生长。     

因子克里格分析支持的重金属元素空间多尺度变化特征——以北部湾东北部海域为例

将因子克里格分析方法应用于海底沉积物重金属元素空间多尺度变化的研究中,分析了北部湾东北部表层沉积物中7种重金属元素,Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、As和Cd的空间多尺度结构特征,识别并分离了重金属元素不同尺度的空间变化,并探讨了各个尺度上重金属的物源及控制因素。结果显示,研究区重金属存在块金效应、变程为30km的球状结构(短变程尺度)和变程为140km的球状结构(长变程尺度)等三种尺度的空间结构,并拟合了研究区7种重金属元素的线性协同区域化模型。短变程尺度上,7种重金属元素的空间分布表现为"点状"或"条带状"的局部尺度的空间变化特征;长变程尺度上,7种重金属元素的空间分布反映出"片状"的区域尺度的空间变化特征。局部尺度上,Zn、Cr、Ni、Cu、Pb和Cd等元素主要源于海南岛、雷州半岛、广西大陆等陆地母岩物质,其空间分布特征受到了沉积物粒度的控制作用;而As主要受到海南岛、雷州半岛的人为污染成分的影响。区域尺度上,Zn、Cr、Ni和Cu主要来源于雷州半岛、海南岛的母岩物质,其次为广西大陆;As主要来源于海南岛的母岩物质,其次为雷州半岛、广西大陆。这些重金属元素在北部湾终年逆时针大环流的控制下,进行搬运、迁移并沉积在"汇聚中心",形成了研究区重金属元素区域尺度上NWW-NNW向的分布格局;而As不同于其他元素的亲陆的NNW向分布特征,主要源于其不同的地球化学行为。     

Impacts of the tsunami on a Marine National Park area—Case study of Lanta Islands (Thailand)

Lanta Islands are located in the province of Krabi: here, even though the impact of the tsunami had not been as tragic as in some other areas of Thailand, several villages have been affected and the biological destruction is still in the process of being assessed. These islands include the Marine National Park (MNP) of Ko Lanta, 62nd National Park of the country, established in 1990. Three field trips were carried out in the area: in October and December 2004, and in March 2005. The aim of this article is to present a geographical point of view of Ko Lanta MNP and its surrounding area through a comparative analysis of natural and human conditions before and after the tsunami waves.     

The effects of bunker c oil and an oil dispersant: Part 2—effects on the accumulation of chlorine-labelled bunker c oil in various fish tissues

Chlorine-labelled Bunker C oil was used to measure the differential accumulation in various fish tissues between a hydrocarbon and a hydrocarbon/oil dispersant mixture. There is an increased movement of the emulsified oil across the gill structure although accumulation by this tissue is similar for both test conditions. The liver and kidney showed significantly higher levels of the oil/dispersant mixture whereas muscle accumulations were less dramatic. The amounts of Bunker C found in the gills, liver and kidney were considerably higher than that found in the muscle. Consideration was given to the varying capability of the blood to carry polar, compared with non-polar, compounds.     

Controlling factors on the morphology and spatial distribution of methane-related tubular concretions – Case study of an Early Eocene seep system

Up to 10 m in length and >1 m in diameter tubular, calcite-cemented sandstone concretions are hosted by the faulted Dikilitash unconsolidated sands and sandstones. These structures document shallow subsurface pathways of Early Eocene methane seepage in the Balkan Mountains foreland (NE Bulgaria). Their exceptional exposure allowed a unique study of the factors governing the morphology and spatial distribution of such fossilized fluid conduits. The large dimensions and subvertical, cylindrical shape of the most common tube type primarily reflects the buoyancy-driven, vertical path of an ascending gas-bearing fluid through permeable, mainly unconsolidated sandy host sediments. Tube morphology was also influenced by local stratigraphic anisotropies and might as well document differences in former seepage conditions. Mapping of >800 tubular concretions showed the NNW–NNE elongation and alignment of tube clusters and massive cemented sandstone structures. This suggests that Paleogene fault systems played a major role in directing the movement of fluids. However, within a single tube cluster, tubes are preferentially aligned, over distances up to 50 m along directions at an angle between 10° and 36° with respect to the inferred NNW–NNE, cluster parallel fault traces. In addition, cylindrical tubes of analogue dimensions are aligned over distances >100 m along N15° to N25°-oriented directions. It is hypothesized that this spatial geometry of tubular concretions reflects the complex geometry of deformations structures in fault damage zones along which fluids were preferentially channelled.