Shallow Seismic Velocity Structure of the Betic Cordillera (Southern Spain) from Modelling of Rayleigh Wave Dispersion

A detailed dispersion analysis of Rayleigh waves generated by local earthquakes and occasionally by blasts that occurred in southern Spain, was undertaken to obtain the shear-wave velocity structure of the region at shallow depth. Our database includes seismograms generated by 35 seismic events that were recorded by 15 single-component short-period stations from 1990 to 1995. All these events have focal depths less than 10 km and body-wave magnitudes between 3.0 and 4.0, and they were all recorded at distances between 40 and 300 km from the epicentre. We analysed a total of 90 source-station Rayleigh-wave paths. The collected data were processed by standard digital filtering techniques to obtain Rayleigh-wave group-velocity dispersion measurements. The path-averaged group velocities vary from 1.12 to 2.25 km/s within the 1.0-6.0 s period interval. Then, using a stochastic inversion approach we obtained 1-D shear-wave velocity–depth models across the study area, which were resolved to a depth of circa 5 km. The inverted shear-wave velocities range approximately between 1.0 and 3.8 km/s with a standard deviation range of 0.05–0.16 km/s, and show significant variations from region to region. These results were combined to produce 3-D images via volumetric modelling and data visualization. We present images that show different shear velocity patterns for the Betic Cordillera. Looking at the velocity distribution at various depths and at vertical sections, we discuss of the study area in terms of subsurface structure and S-wave velocity distribution (low velocity channels, basement depth, etc.) at very shallow depths (0–5 km). Our results characterize the region sufficiently and lead to a correlation of shear-wave velocity with the different geological units features.     

Analytical partial derivatives of the phase- and group velocities for Rayleigh waves propagating in a layer on a half-space

The dispersion relation for Rayleigh waves in a layer on a half-space is modified by introducing the quadratic wave number instead of the phase velocity. The implicit function theorem is then used to derive analytical formulae for the group velocity and for the phase- and group velocity partial derivatives with respect to the parameters of the medium. As two examples, the method is applied to the interpretation of dispersion curves for short-period Rayleigh waves observed in a sedimentary basin of the West Carpathians, and in the Moravo-Silesian region, Czech Republic.     

Rayleigh波勘探中“之”字形频散曲线“起跳点”频率研究

当层状介质中存在低速层的时候,实际提取到的Rayleigh波频散曲线往往会发生“之”字形回折.已有研究表明,“之”字形回折与各模式的激发能量有关.特别的,“之”字形回折的“起跳点”(发生“之”字形回折的点)与介质参数有一定关系,因此在应用中它反映了介质的一些特征.但是,这一关系是怎样的还没有人进行详细研究.本文计算了三...     

川西地区台阵环境噪声瑞利波相速度层析成像

2006年中国地震局地质研究所地震动力学国家重点实验室在川西地区(26°N~32°N,100°E~105°E)布设了由297台宽频带数字地震仪组成的流动观测台阵.利用该密集台阵29°N以北156个台站2007年1~12月份的地震环境噪声记录和互相关技术,我们得到了所有台站对的面波经验格林函数和瑞利波相速度频散曲线,并进一步反演得到了观测台阵下方2~35 s周期的瑞利波相速度分布图像．本文结果表明,观测台阵覆盖的川滇地块、松潘-甘孜地块和四川盆地的地壳速度结构存在显著差异,具体表现为：(1)短周期（2~8 s）相速度分布与地表构造特征相吻合,作为川滇地块、松潘-甘孜地块和四川盆地之间的边界断裂,龙门山断裂带和鲜水河断裂带对上述三个地块上地壳的速度结构具有明显的控制作用,四川盆地前陆低速特征表明相应区域存在较厚的（约10 km）沉积盖层;(2)中周期（12~18 s）相速度分布表明,川滇地块和松潘-甘孜地块中上地壳速度结构存在明显的不均匀横向变化,并形成了尺度不同且高、低速相间的分块结构,而四川盆地中地壳整体上已经表现出相对高速;(3)长周期（25~35 s）相速度分布表明,松潘-甘孜地块,特别是川滇地块中下地壳表现为广泛的明显低速异常,意味着它们的中下地壳相对软弱,而四川盆地的中下地壳呈现整体性的相对高速,意味着四川盆地具有相对坚硬的中下地壳,并且以汶川地震的震中为界,龙门山断裂带的地壳结构显示了北段为高速异常,南段为低速异常的分段特征．     

大别-苏鲁及其邻近地区基于背景噪声的瑞雷波和勒夫波相速度层析成像

采用与作者2014年发表的“大别-苏鲁及其邻近地区基于背景噪声的勒夫波群速度成像”文章相同的资料,用频时分析提取5 000余条瑞雷波和4 000余条勒夫波相速度频散曲线,反演得到了8—32 s的瑞雷波和勒夫波相速度分布图像．结果显示,瑞雷波与勒夫波相速度分布具有很好的一致性．8 s的相速度分布与地表构造特征相吻合,造山带与隆起区均表现为高速,盆地因其规模不同而显示不同程度的低速．随着周期的增大,大别 苏鲁的高速带由强变弱,但始终存在．16—24 s的高速可能主要受到中地壳高速的控制,而32 s的高速则可能与上地幔顶部的高速有关．比较大别造山带与苏鲁造山带的平均频散曲线,发现大别造山带和苏鲁造山带的勒夫波频散曲线均高于AK135模型计算的理论频散曲线,而瑞雷波则没有这一现象. 这可能意味着两个地区有比较强烈的径向各向异性．      

华北地区基于噪声的瑞利面波群速度层析成像

本文利用华北地震科学台阵2007年1~4月份、190个宽频带和10个甚宽带垂直分量的地震噪声数据,通过互相关方法提取了瑞利面波的经验格林函数,用多重滤波方法测量了瑞利面波的群速度频散曲线.我们将研究区域划分为0.5°×0.5°的网格,利用噪声层析成像方法得到了研究区域7 s、12 s、16 s、23 s的瑞利面波群速度分布图像,所得结果较好地揭示了地壳内部、尤其是浅部地壳的横向速度变化.研究表明,短周期的群速度分布同地表地质结构、地形密切相关;华北地区的地壳结构具有明显的横向不均匀性,华北盆地及山间的沉积盆地显示出低速异常,而基岩广泛出露的太行山和燕山隆起区,呈现高速异常;多数强震(M≥6.0级)都发生在高群速度与低群速度的过渡地带.     

层状介质中轴对称柱面瑞利面波频散函数的计算

本采用层状、均匀、各向同性和完全弹性模型，在柱坐标系下，利用位移应力在各界面处连续及自由表面边界条件和无穷远处的辐射条件，得出了层状介质中轴对称柱面瑞利面波的频散函数，并进行了数值计算，取得了好的效果。对瑞利面波在工程中的应用有一定的理论指导作用。     

利用瑞利激光雷达观测北京地区上平流层地形重力波活动

本文利用中国科学院空间科学与应用研究中心的瑞利激光雷达首次观测到了平流层地形重力波活动的现象,并结合美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)的全球预报系统(GFS)的风场数据分析了该地形重力波的基本参数.与惯性重力波相比较,地形重力波的密度扰动没有下传的相位,在同一高度上,其扰动相位保持不变.北京空间科学与应用研究中心瑞利激光雷达自2012年开始观测实验以来,已经观测到多起地形重力波活动事件.本文以2013年11月11日的观测数据为例,研究北京上空的地形重力波活动,并结合GFS风场数据分析了北京上平流层地形重力波的波长、传播方向、传播速度等参量.通过分析得到在2013年11月11日北京上空存在一列传播方向为北偏西52.4°,水平波长为5.5 km,平均垂直波长约为6.0 km的地形重力波.     

Three-dimensional structure of the crust and upper mantle beneath the south China area from long period surface waves

In the present study the long period surface wave records of 238 wave-paths from 79 earthquakes within China and its adjacent regions received by 30 seismic network stations are measured by using the improved match-filtering frequency-time analysis technique and the grid dispersion inversion method to obtain the rayleigh pure-path dispersion values for 147 slant grids of 4° × 4° in this area, then a three-dimensional shear wave velocity model of the crust and upper mantle beneath south China area to a depth of 170 km is inversed. It is found that there are obvious differences among the main structural units, and there are also certain differences among the subordinate elements even in the individual unit. The crustal thickness of this area is ranging from 30 to 43 km, and is getting thicker gradually from the east to the west. The average shear velocity of crust is ranging form 3.48 to 3.68 km/s with the lowest in the northeast part and highest in the west part. No obvious crustal low velocity layer of large scale is detected. There exist upper mantle low velocity zones in the most of south China area with the starting depth ranging from 75 to 106 km. The lowest shear velocity within the low velocity zones is about 4.28–4.38 km/s. Despite of the existing of upper mantle low velocity zones beneath the most of south China area, the interfaces between the important layers are quite clear, the variation of the bedding surfaces is very gentle, and the lateral changes measured in a larger scale of the underground structure are rather small. It may indicate that the crustal and upper mantle structure of the main part of south China area belongs to the relatively stable structure of the continental blocks except for the fringe areas such as the fold-faulted region in the west part and the fault system along the southeastern coast which may belong to the tectonically active area. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,15, 159–167, 1993. This subject is supported by the National Science Foundation of China.     

Modifications of the dispersion relations for surface waves in a layer on a half-space

Summary Dispersion relations for Love and Rayleigh waves in a layer on a half-space are modified by introducing quadratic slownesses instead of velocities. The advantages of this approach are demonstrated on analytical formulae for computing the group velocity.     

Group velocity distribution of Rayleigh waves and crustal and upper mantle velocity structure of the Chinese mainland and its vicinity

Introduction A lot of results have been achieved on the study of crust and upper mantle structure in Chinese mainland by the surface wave dispersion. The seismometer can be classified into three types based on the development from the analog to digital instrument. FENG, et al (1981) measured the dispersion curves of group and phase velocity along 28 paths, with 19 earthquakes recorded by 15 base analog seismic stations, subdivided the Chinese mainland into 5 blocks and obtained the average c…     

Upper mantle structure of the Apulian plate from Rayleigh waves

Phase velocities of Rayleigh waves for the Adriatic Sea area are obtained in the period range 25–190 sec along the path (l'Aquila-Trieste) AQU-TRI and 20–167 sec along the path (Trieste-Bari) TRI-BAI.The phase velocities are systematically higher than the known values for the surrounding regions. The data inversion indicates the presence of a lithosphere typical of stable continental areas with clear high-velocity lid (V _s 4.6 km/sec) overlying a well developed low velocity zone (V _s 4.2 km/sec).P. F. Geodinamica C.N.R., Roma Pubbl. N. 189.     

Distribution characteristics of Rayleigh wave group velocity in China mainland and its adjacent sea areas

Making use of 75 earthquake data of China mainland and adjacent areas recorded by long period seismometers of 27 stations of China and 3 stations of WWSSN and processed by match-filtering frequency-time analysis technique and grid dispersion inversion, the authors obtain pure-path dispersion curves of Rayleigh surface wave in 147 grids in this paper. The distribution characteristics of group velocity are as follows:the China mainland and its adjacent sea areas are divided into two parts of east and west by South-North belt and are separated in blocks of south and north with boundaries of 44°–44°N,28°N (in the west part) and 28°–32°N (in the east part), the first and third boundaries may extend eastward into sea regions, in the west side of island arc and continental shelves, appears belt-form distribution of group velocity striping NE direction. These distribution characteristics correspond to zonation of tectonic structure. In addition, the results also indicate that the differences of group velocity dispersion curves exist between tectonic elements of next order. It is revealable for the differences of group velocity among different tectonic elements until periodT = 113s (corresponding depth is about 170km). The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,15, 32–38, 1993.     

青藏高原东南部地区瑞雷波相速度层析成像

本研究收集了"中国地震科学探测台阵-南北地震带南段"项目325个流动宽频带台站于2011年8月至2012年9月记录的远震垂直向资料,利用双台法测得了3594条独立路径上的瑞雷波相速度频散曲线,反演得到了青藏高原东南部地区周期10~60 s瑞雷波的相速度分布图像.空间分辨尺度图表明,在台站覆盖范围内的绝大部分地区横向分辨率达到50 km.2D相速度分布图显示,青藏高原东南部地区地壳上地幔S波速度结构存在较明显的横向非均匀性.短周期(如10 s)的相速度分布主要受地表沉积层厚度的影响.绝大多数地震发生在周期15 s相速度图上的低速区或高低速的陡变梯度带附近,充分说明该区的强震活动与中上地壳速度结构的变化有直接关系.中等周期(如20~30 s)的相速度分布主要与中下地壳速度结构、地壳厚度密切相关,小江断裂、松潘-甘孜块体呈现最显著的低速,可能暗示这两处的中、下地壳存在低速层.较长周期(如40~60 s)的相速度分布与上地幔顶部热状态和构造活动(如岩浆作用)有关.滇西南地区表现为大范围的显著低速,可能暗示滇西南地区上地幔顶部物质存在部分熔融.不同构造块体下方的频散曲线,具有不同的相速度特征.腾冲火山下方的频散曲线在10~60 s一直为较低的速度,尤其是到40 s以后,相速度随周期的变大增速明显放缓,至60 s比其他任何块体速度都低,暗示腾冲火山区下方的低速至少来自上地幔顶部(约100 km).     

基于邻域算法的瑞利面波垂直-水平振幅比及频散曲线联合反演及应用

瑞利面波垂直-水平振幅比(或ZH振幅比)是一个随频率变化的函数,对于台站下方浅层地壳结构非常敏感,且具有和频散资料不同的深度敏感核,是传统频散反演方法的一个很好的补充,从而可以将基阶瑞利面波的ZH振幅比和面波频散数据联合起来更好地反演获得观测台站下方的速度结构.本文提出了基于邻域算法的面波频散曲线与ZH振幅比联合反演方法,我们进行了基于理论模型的模拟测试,证明了联合反演是一种更为可靠的反演方法,且能更好地约束浅层地壳结构.相比于频散曲线单独反演,联合反演不仅可以精确反演获得地壳的Vs结构,对分层地壳的Vp/Vs也能很好地约束.然后我们将联合反演算法应用于实际测量数据,获得了中国西南昆明台(KMI)下方更为准确的地壳横波速度结构及Vp/Vs模型.     

利用瑞雷面波反演华北克拉通东北部边界的岩石圈结构

运用瑞雷面波相速度频散曲线分析和反演得到了华北克拉通东北部边界及其邻近区域岩石圈的精细S波速度结构.利用11个地震事件、60个台站的瑞雷面波波形资料,得到了周期从25-150 S的相速度频散曲线,并且通过线性反演方法得到了深度从40-300 km的S波速度结构.结果表明,该研究区域S波速度存在强烈的不均匀性.从东南部的...     

基于矢量波数变换法(VWTM)的多道Rayleigh波分析方法

在近二十年来,多道面波分析法（MASW）由于其便捷、高效等特性在浅层地震勘探领域得到了广泛的应用.本文基于多道面波勘探的采集方式,提出了一种新的面波多道分析方法——矢量波数变换法（VWTM）.该方法通过对震源的近似,基于水平层状模型得到台站与震源间近似格林函数,然后进行矢量波数变换得到含有高阶模态Rayleigh波（频率-相速度）频散能量图.本研究首先利用合成地震数据到频散能量图与理论频散曲线进行叠加分析该方法的有效性和正确性;然后与相移法进行对比分析,我们发现在频散能量图中VWTM法对基阶、高阶模态成像均具有更高的分辨率和成像质量;最后我们将其应用于实际多道瞬态面波探测中,通过与相移法进行对比分析,发现VWTM法是一种方便、实用、有效的Rayleigh波频散提取方法.VWTM法提取多模态的Rayleigh波频散特征具有巨大潜力,可为基阶、高阶面波频散联合反演提供丰富的高阶模态频散信息.

     

Site amplifications in the city of Benevento (Italy): comparison of observed and estimated ground motion from explosive sources

A hybrid approach is applied to construct 2-D synthetic seismograms for explosive sources. The computation of the signals has been performed with a hybrid technique, that couples the modal summation method, describing the P-SV propagation from the source to a target area, to the finite difference method, allowing the computation of the 2-D response of the target area. We use this technique to study the site response in the city of Benevento (Southern Italy). The results are compared both with those obtained for the same model, but considering an extended double-couple source and SH wave propagation and with those derived from a direct analysis of experimental data obtained during the Benevento Seismic Risk Project, funded by the Commission of European Communities. The type and depth of the source and the source-receiver distance can provide different excitations, but the response of the target area, in terms of ratios of response spectra, remains in general stable in the high frequency range (>2 Hz). The explosive source does not excite lower frequencies and is therefore unable to provide estimates of site effects in this frequency range. We also show that it is important to consider both P-SV and SH waves when assessing site effects. Finally, a very good definition of a structural model from geological data is fundamental in order to explain the observed data in the time domain. The observed data validate our synthetic modelling for evaluating the site effects and for a tentative seismic microzonation of the city of Benevento.     

利用地震背景噪声成像技术反演三峡库区及邻近地区地壳剪切波速度结构

本文利用三峡库区重庆遥测台网及邻近地区台网2012年1月至12月期间的连续波形记录,通过噪声互相关,提取了这些台站间的经验格林函数.并通过获取的经验格林函数瑞利面波频散信息,反演出该区域5~40 s瑞利面波相速度分布.周期5 s及10 s的相速度分布结果显示：四川盆地具有较厚的沉积盖层,其中盆地中部沉积层相对偏浅.而周期20 s及35 s的相速度分布结果显示：中下地壳的扬子克拉通整体呈现较高的相速度分布,具有相对坚硬的中下地壳结构.这其中吉首—常德的武陵山区附近出现明显高速异常,可能与江南古陆古火山岛链（雪峰—九岭弧形古火山群）活动有关,火山活动导致大量的基性-超基性幔源物质侵入地壳,造成了武陵山重力异常,并一定程度上阻挡了云贵高原和湘鄂西部的物质向南逃逸;在地形上,此处恰好对应我国地形第二阶梯向第三阶梯的过渡带,并将华南地块分隔为东西两大部分.最后我们在瑞利面波相速度成像的基础上,反演出该区域三维剪切波速度分布,结果显示四川盆地周边的龙门山、米仓山、大巴山、七曜山和大娄山等地质构造与地壳剪切波速度结构具有明显对应关系.研究结果有助于深入研究该区的深部地质构造特征与地震发生机理.     

Contribution to phase velocity investigations of Rayleigh-waves in middle Europe

Summary The phase velocity curve of Rayleigh-waves is determined for a profile crossing the area of GDR from south to north. Two different methods of seismogram processing are used which are discussed in detail. The phase velocities found are checked for compatibility. An inversion of a common phase velocity curve is done by using hedgehog procedure.Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR, Zentralinstitut für Physik der Erde, Mitteilung Nr. 579.