移动荷载作用下非均匀地基的动力响应分析

基于线弹性动力学理论,结合坐标变换,建立了移动荷载作用下非均匀弹性半平面地基的动力控制方程,利用半解析法研究了移动荷载作用下二维非均匀地基的动力响应问题。采用傅里叶（Fourier）级数展开,假设了响应函数的级数形式,通过理论推导获得了剪切模量随深度任意变化的非均匀地基在移动荷载作用下各物理量的解析表达式。考虑土体的剪切模量沿厚度方向按幂函数梯度变化,通过数值算例分析并讨论了地基非均匀参数、荷载移动速度以及地基表面的剪切模量等对地基力学响应的影响规律,并与均质地基的计算结果进行了比较。数值结果表明：地基中各点的竖向位移随着土体表面剪切模量和表征土体非均匀性的梯度因子的增大而减小,随着荷载移动速度的增大而增大。在移动荷载作用下,非均匀地基与均匀地基的动力响应有着显著的区别。     

水泥土搅拌桩软土地基土体动力特性的共振柱试验研究

开展对水泥土搅拌桩软土地基土体试样的GDS（Global Distribution System）共振柱试验,研究不同剪应变、围压、水泥土置换率对土体动力特性的影响。结果表明,水泥土搅拌桩软土地基土体的动剪切模量G和阻尼比D随剪应变? 变化趋势与软黏土一致,在小应变范围内围压和置换率对土体的动剪切模量G和阻尼比D的影响显著,随着剪应变? 增大,围压和置换率的影响减弱;水泥土搅拌桩软土地基土体的最大动剪切模量Gmax与围压表现出良好的线性关系,围压越大,提高水泥土的置换率对土体最大动剪切模量Gmax增强效果越明显。研究结果可为地区水泥土搅拌桩软土地基土体动力参数的取值提供一定的参考。     

水泥土搅拌桩软土地基土体动力特性的共振柱试验研究EI北大核心CSCD

开展对水泥土搅拌桩软土地基土体试样的GDS(Global Distribution System)共振柱试验,研究不同剪应变、围压、水泥土置换率对土体动力特性的影响。结果表明,水泥土搅拌桩软土地基土体的动剪切模量G和阻尼比D随剪应变γ变化趋势与软黏土一致,在小应变范围内围压和置换率对土体的动剪切模量G和阻尼比D的影响显著,随着剪应变γ增大,围压和置换率的影响减弱;水泥土搅拌桩软土地基土体的最大动剪切模量G_(max)与围压表现出良好的线性关系,围压越大,提高水泥土的置换率对土体最大动剪切模量G_(max)增强效果越明显。研究结果可为地区水泥土搅拌桩软土地基土体动力参数的取值提供一定的参考。     

基于动土压力影响的坝基动剪切模量反演研究

对于土石坝的坝基中土体应力-应变关系的求解,由于非自由地表以及土体所受水平正应力变化的影响,理想一维剪切梁模型方法并不适用。利用下覆饱和砂土地基的土石坝离心振动台试验,分析了不同输入地震峰值下非坝体覆盖区地基、坝中、坝趾处土体加速度的响应规律,得到了坝基中上部土层动土压力在水平向的变化特征,提出了考虑水平向动土压力影响的坝基土体剪应力-剪应变反演计算方法,并与利用理想一维剪切梁模型所绘制的应力-应变滞回圈对比,分析了动土压力对坝基土动剪切模量的影响。结果表明：由坝基底部至坝顶,加速度的放大效应基本呈线性增大;土压力在水平向的变化情况在剪应力-剪应变反演计算中不能忽略;考虑水平向动土压力的影响后,土体剪切模量的计算值减小。随着深度增加,动土压力对坝基中部土体剪切模量的影响比上部土体更大,且计算相对误差随着深度和输入地震波峰值加速度的增加而变大。     

土体饱和度对移动荷载引起多层非饱和铁路地基振动的影响

采用半解析法研究了移动荷载作用下多层非饱和铁路地基的共振问题,分析了土体饱和度对非饱和地基振动的影响。采用分层非饱和多孔介质描述铁路地基;基于非饱和多孔介质的控制方程,采用多重傅里叶变换和土层界面位移、应力条件,推导了频率-波速域分层非饱和地基总体刚度矩阵。结合包括钢轨、轨垫、轨枕和道砟的轨道模型,建立耦合轨道-地基半解析模型。研究了移动简谐荷载作用在轨道上的多层非饱和地基的动力响应;考虑饱和度对土体剪切模量的影响,讨论了地基首层土和夹层土饱和度变化对地面振动的影响。采用频散曲线研究了地基共振模态。研究发现土体饱和度变化对振动位移的影响规律,与地基分层、荷载速度和频率有关。随饱和度减小,地基共振模态出现频率增大,地基关键速度增大。     

路堤荷载下地基的侧向变形计算分析

目前关于路基侧向变形研究,大都是基于现场测试或数值模拟,却鲜有理论上的计算与分析。为深入研究路堤荷载下地基的侧向变形,基于布辛奈斯克等弹性理论解及平面应变问题,推导出无限长线荷载、均布条形荷载、三角形分布条形荷载及梯形分布条形荷载下地基侧向变形解析表达式,并与有限元数值计算结果对比验证了解析解的正确性。在此基础上,重点分析了土体的泊松比、路堤宽度以及路堤边坡宽度等参数对地基侧向位移场的影响。计算结果表明,路堤荷载下地基同一垂直线上土体的侧向变形沿深度呈弓形状,变形最大值在地表下某深度处。泊松比对地基侧向位移有较显著的影响：在坡脚附近地表浅层处,随着泊松比的增加,土体侧向变形的方向由向路堤内逐渐转为向路堤外;另泊松比越大,土体的水平位移也相对越大,且最大位移发生位置逐渐上移。研究结果可为类似路堤工程地基变形分析及稳定性控制监测提供一定理论支撑。     

袋内材料对土工袋动力特性参数影响的试验研究

土工袋加固地基技术已普遍应用于房屋地基、边坡加固等工程中。大量研究表明,土工袋具有显著的减振消能效果。为了进一步探讨不同的袋内充填土体材料对土工袋减振消能效果的影响,通过对不同粒径、级配、黏粒含量的填充土体材料及装有相应填充土体材料的土工袋进行水平循环剪切试验,研究袋内填充土体材料与动剪切模量及等效阻尼比2个参数的关系。试验结果表明,土体装入土工袋后,动剪切模量降低,等效阻尼比增大;当填充土体材料及土工袋内土体材料粒径相对较小、级配均匀、黏粒含量高时,等效阻尼比和动剪切模量较大。总体而言,粒径和级配对土工袋减振消能效果影响不大。     

土工格栅加筋垫层加固软土地基模型试验分析

基于压缩、剪切、拉拔、抗拉试验结果分析了土工格栅加筋土的力学特性。通过室内模型试验研究了加土工格栅和不加土工格栅地基土的侧向位移和竖向位移随深度的变化规律、位移场、应力场、应变场。结果表明,土工格栅加筋垫层能有效地改变和阻止塑性区的形成和发展,对下卧软土地基起到扩散应力、均化应力的作用,控制软土地基塑性变形,增强地基延性和刚度,有效地控制地基竖向位移和侧向位移,增强地基的抗剪强度,增强整个地基的稳定性,提高了加筋土体的承载能力,为实际工程应用提供了可靠的理论依据。     

带帽刚性桩复合地基荷载传递机理研究

为了研究带帽刚性桩复合地基荷载传递机理,基于弹性理论和合理假定,采用荷载传递函数法,建立了带帽刚性桩复合地基中桩体沉降及其轴向应力、桩帽下土体竖向位移及其竖向应力、桩帽间土体竖向位移及其竖向应力、桩身侧摩阻力、桩帽边缘土体之间的侧摩阻力与荷载水平、深度之间的控制微分方程。采用微分方程的近似解法,推导出相应地解析表达式。利用桩体荷载沉降关系作为已知条件进行求解,计算结果能够反映带帽刚性桩复合地基荷载传递的一般力学性状规律。     

基坑内土体加固对悬臂式支护结构的影响分析

在软土地区采用悬臂式支护结构易造成基坑侧向位移过大,工程中常采用坑底加固措施达到减少侧向位移的目的。为了得到坑底加固土体对围护结构的影响规律,首先以弹性地基梁法为基础建立了基坑的有限元模型,利用该模型分析了坑内土体的加固深度及程度对悬臂式围护结构变形及内力的影响。结果表明,悬臂式围护结构的位移随加固深度及程度的增大而减小,而且还存在着临界加固深度及程度;悬臂式围护结构的内力受加固深度及程度的影响较小。因此,合理地确定坑内土体的加固深度及程度既能保证基坑安全,又能够节省工程造价。     

列车荷载下轨道系统-层状横观各向同性饱和地基动力响应

基于Biot波动理论,构建列车荷载-轨道系统-双层状横观各向同性饱和地基模型,将模型分为上覆路轨系统和地层系统。对上覆路轨系统和地层系统处理,并利用双重Fourier变换技术,在变换域中将横观各向同性饱和地基动力响应的求解简化为求解一个6阶控制方程的特征值问题,进而得到了列车荷载作用下双层横观各向同性饱和地基力响应的解析结果。利用离散Fourier逆变换得到数值计算结果,重点分析了上下土层的刚度和泊松比对位移和孔隙水压力和剪切应力响应的影响,结果表明,上、下土层刚度差异对地基动力响应有较大影响,土层各向异性参数中模量的影响较泊松比大。计算结果可为软土路基加固深度的确定提供理论依据。     

Nonlinear analysis of laterally loaded rigid piles in cohesive soil

This article presents a method for the nonlinear analysis of laterally loaded rigid piles in cohesive soil. The method considers the force and the moment equilibrium to derive the system equations for a rigid pile under a lateral eccentric load. The system equations are then solved using an iteration scheme to obtain the response of the pile. The method considers the nonlinear variation of the ultimate lateral soil resistance with depth and uses a new closed‐form expression proposed in this article to determine the lateral bearing factor. The method also considers the horizontal shear resistance at the pile base, and a bilinear relationship between the shear resistance and the displacement is used. For simplicity, the modulus of horizontal subgrade reaction is assumed to be constant with depth, which is applicable to piles in overconsolidated clay. The nonlinearity of the modulus of horizontal subgrade reaction with pile displacement at ground surface is also considered. The validity of the developed method is demonstrated by comparing its results with those of 3D finite element analysis. The applications of the developed method to analyze five field test piles also show good agreement between the predictions and the experimental results. The developed method offers an alternative approach for simple and effective analysis of laterally loaded rigid piles in cohesive soil. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

线性分布基床系数弹性地基梁有限单元法改进

弹性地基梁法常用于研究土和结构的相互作用,对于均布荷载和边界条件简单的弹地基梁,采用理论解即可方便地进行计算。侧向荷载作用下桩体、嵌入式挡墙一般根据弹性地基梁理论进行分析,并假定基床系数随深度增加。对于基床系数呈线性分布或呈均匀分布但边界条件复杂的弹性地基梁理论求解困难,通常采用有限差分法或有限单元法近似求解。采用有限单元法计算线性分布基床系数弹性地基梁时,若单元划分数量不够,就存在计算精度不足的问题。采用加权余量法推导了更为精确的2节点5次位移函数和相应的单刚矩阵,得出了线性分布荷载作用下挠度的5次多项式近似解,从而实现只需划分很少的单元数,节点位移及单元内位移的分布即可达到较高的计算精度,极大地提高了计算效率,单元内力的分布可直接由位移函数导出,简化了后处理计算程序。     

Soil–pipe interaction due to tunnelling: Assessment of Winkler modulus for underground pipelines

One of the key problems in the implementation of Winkler models to analyze tunnelling effects on existing pipelines lies in the assessment of subgrade modulus under external soil displacement. In this paper, an expression of the Winkler subgrade modulus for a pipeline buried at arbitrary depth and subjected to free soil displacement with arbitrary curve shape is given. Using superposition principle and the Fourier integral, the subgrade modulus of an infinite beam resting on the surface of an elastic half space and buried infinitely are obtained respectively. Then the influence of embedment depth is estimated based on Mindlin and Kelvin solution. The validity of the proposed subgrade modulus is verified by comparison with the results from an elastic continuum solution and two centrifuge model tests for the responses of buried pipeline due to nearby tunnelling. Thereafter, parametric studies are shown to assess the accuracy of the proposed subgrade modulus by comparing with an elastic continuum solution in homogeneous and non-homogeneous soil stratum and the amount of error is estimated.     

Derivation of material variability from settlement measurements

In pavement evaluation using non-destructive testing (NDT), a large amount of deflection bowls are analysed in terms of the elastic moduli of the layers. The results are used to evaluate the material variability, which could serve in an overlay design procedure based on the concept of reliability. The model currently used for interpreting deflection bowls is based on the random variable theory which neglects the spatial distribution of the elastic modulus of the material. Since the subgrade and pavement materials have a spatial distribution, the analysis of NDT could lead to an underestimate of the material variability. The random field theory, which is more adequate than the random variable theory, is presented and used to correct the NDT analysis. The pavement is modelled as a multilayer random elastic medium with, for each layer, a constant Poisson's ratio and a random shear modulus characterized by three statistical moments: average value, standard deviation and autocorrelation function. The stochastic integral formulation presented in the previous publications is generalized here for a multilayer system. The multilayer system is analysed with the random field theory and the covariance matrix of the deflection bowl is obtained and used to generate deflection bowls corresponding to the properties of the random field. These bowls are then interpreted with the current procedure and elastic modulus variabilities are computed. It is found that the current procedure for interpreting deflection bowls underestimates the variability of the subgrade, by a factor of 0.4–1.0. It is interesting to note that the average moduli of the Boussinesq layer and of the two layers are not affected by the type of theory used. The variability of the upper layer in the two-layer system is also unaffected for a small variation range.     

路基拓宽工程的基本特性分析

基于非线性有限元方法, 对路基拓宽工程的基本特性进行探讨。对比分析表明: 拓宽部分竖向沉降与侧向位移的数值明显大于旧路基的相应值,且侧向位移在新旧路基结合处取得最大值,这必然导致新旧路基结合处容易出现拉应力区,从而形成常见的纵向裂缝。对于指定的拓宽宽度来说,在路基两侧进行拓宽比仅在某一单侧拓宽更容易减小新旧路基的沉降差,工程实际中应尽量在旧路基两侧同时进行拓宽。路面竖向沉降的峰值随着土体变形模量的增大而减小,随着土体重度的增大而增大。路基的稳定性随着土体黏聚力或内摩擦角的增大而增大,随着填土重度及车辆等效均布荷载的增大而减小。工程实际中应尽量选用重度小、变形模量大且强度高的土体作为路基拓宽部分的填料。     

埋置简谐扭转荷载作用下广义Gibson饱和地基动力响应

考虑地基为饱和半空间,研究了广义Gibson饱和地基内作用简谐扭转动荷载时地基的动力响应问题。从Biot饱和地基固结理论出发,结合扭转振动的特点,建立了剪切模量随深度线性变化的饱和地基扭转振动的动力微分方程,通过Hankel变换求解此微分方程,给出了Hankel变换域内的切向位移和剪应力关于待定系数的表达式。根据饱和地基表面为自由表面,荷载作用面位移连续、剪应力差等于动荷载大小,波的辐射条件等边界条件求解出待定系数,借助Hankel逆变换给出地基内的位移和应力的表达式。通过数值算例研究发现:在同一水平面内,地基内的切向位移和剪应力曲线的实部和虚部都呈现出非常明显的波动变化规律;在竖向平面内,动荷载作用面上部区域内随深度逐渐增大时,地基内切向位移和剪应力曲线的实部逐渐增大,而在动荷载作用面下部区域则正好相反;扭转动荷载的影响范围主要是荷载作用面上下2倍半径区域。     

Settlement of inhomogeneous consolidating soils—I: The single-drained layer under confined compression

The settlement and excess pore pressure are calculated for a column of water-saturated clay in which the permeability and/or shear modulus vary with depth. Several fairly general laws of variation are investigated. In each case, the soil is assumed to have a permeable top surface and to rest on an impervious substrate. For all the variations examined, in which the shear modulus increases with depth below the surface but the permeability of the soil remains constant, the deflection at a given instant after imposition of the load decreases and the degree of settlement increases with increasing rate at which the change with depth takes place. It is found that, when the variation over the height of the column is one order of magnitude or less, the curve of degree-of-consolidation versus time is reasonably wellapproximated by the curve for a homogeneous soil whose modulus equals the depth-averaged value. When, in addition, the permeability decreases with depth, the approximation becomes less accurate. The same approximation, for moderate increase in shear modulus with depth, predicts satisfactorily the process of dissipation of excess pore pressure at a given depth, but breaks down when the variation in modulus is large. Finally, it is shown that the effect of variable modulus on the settlement is greater than of a comparable variation in permeability.     

A generalized model for geosynthetic reinforced railway tracks resting on soft clays

The present study pertains to the development of a foundation model for predicting the behavior of geosynthetic reinforcement railway track system rested on soft clay subgrade. The ballast and sub‐ballast layers have been idealized by Pasternak shear layer. The geosynthetic layer is represented by a stretched rough elastic membrane. Burger model has been used to characterize the soft clay subgrade. Numerical solutions have been obtained by adopting the finite difference scheme combined with non‐dimensioning the governing equations of the proposed model. The results confirm that the present model is quite capable of predicting the time‐dependent settlement response of geosynthetic reinforcement railway track system placed on soft clay subgrade. The surface settlement profile and mobilized tensile load of geosynthetics has been evaluated by considering variation in the wheel load, sleeper width, thickness of ballast and sub‐ballast layers and shear modulus of ballast and sub‐ballast layers. It has been observed that an increase in the sleeper width by 24% results in the reduction in central settlement and mobilized tensile load by 6.5% and 20.1%, respectively. It was found that with a 50% increase in the thickness of the ballast layer, the central settlement has decreased by 7.3% and the mobilized tension at the zone of maximum curvature has increased by 24.6%. However, with an increase in the thickness of the sub‐ballast layer, a considerable reduction in both central settlement and the mobilization of tension on geosynthetic has been noticed. The pattern of variation of settlement and mobilized tension for an increase in the shear modulus of ballast and sub‐ballast material was found to be almost similar. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.