基于Meta回归方法的中国内陆河流域生态系统服务价值再评估

将流域生态系统服务的经济价值纳入成本效益分析,是解决生态环境问题和实现流域生态资源可持续配置的关键。近年来随着价值评估文献量增加,评估的价值及其影响因素等研究结论由于存在诸多争议而难以应用于管理实践。首次应用Meta回归分析对中国内陆河流域生态系统服务的价值进行综合再评估,结果发现:在价值评估研究中研究对象、受访者、测度方法、撰写发表等4个环节的特征对评估价值均具有显著影响,其中,石羊河和塔里木河的评估价值显著高于黑河,上游的评估价值显著高于中游和下游,二分式条件价值评估法所评估的价值与选择实验法没有显著差异,但显著高于其他条件价值评估法;此外,时间对评估价值呈现显著"衰减效应",每年下降2%～3%,且期刊文献的评估价值显著高于其他文献的评估价值;通过运用n-1数据分割技术,本文将Meta回归方程结果运用到样本外效益转移并对其进行评估,得到的中位数转移误差为27.12%。相较于现有研究,该结果处于可接受范围。因此,本文运用的Meta回归分析适用于中国内陆河流域效益转移政策地的生态系统服务价值评估。     

Partitioning Stakeholders for the Economic Valuation of Ecosystem Services: Examples of a Mangrove System

Although the importance of ecosystem services provided by natural forests, especially mangroves, is well known, the destruction of these environments is still ubiquitous and therefore protection measures are urgently needed. The present study compares the current approach of economic valuation of ecosystem services to a proposed one, using a study case of a mangrove system as an example. We suggest that a cost-benefit analysis for economically valuing environmental services should be performed with three additional modifications consisting of (i) a categorization of local stakeholders as demanders of particular ecosystem services, (ii) acknowledgement of the government as one of these demander groups, and (iii) the inclusion of opportunity costs in the valuation. The application of this approach to the mangrove area in the east portion of Great Abaco Island, the Bahamas, reveals that not only the ecosystem services received differ between demander groups, but the monetary benefits and costs are also specific to each of these groups. We show that the economic valuation of the ecosystem should be differentiated for each category, instead of being calculated as a net ‘societal value’ as it is currently. Applying this categorization of demanders enables a better understanding of the cost and benefit structure of the protection of a natural area. The present paper aims to facilitate discussions regarding benefit and cost sharing related to the protection of natural areas.     

环境选择模型在生态系统管理中的应用—— 以黑河流域额济纳旗为例

以黑河流域额济纳旗生态系统的可持续发展管理为例，选取了水费、绿洲面积、水质、本地动物种类和数目作为额济纳旗牛态系统管理的5种属性，根据额济纳旗生态恢复和保护目标及社会经济发展目标确定了属性状态值，采用部分正交因子法设计了调查问卷，于2002年7月至8月间，在黑河流域随机抽样调查了1000户居民，以分析环境属性的价值和不同替代情景的补偿剩余价值。分析结果表明了主要环境属性的部分价值：面积为0．22元／km^2，动物类型为6．09元／种，动物数量为-7．11元／10^4头，水质从较差到一般状态为20．04元／户、水质从较差到较好为27．67元／户、水质从较差到好为38．87元／户。分析结果表明，对额济纳旗生态系统的管理而言，提高水质和增加动物的种类是合适的选择。最后，结合实证研究展望了选择模型研究应该解决的问题。     

A spatially explicit methodology for a priori estimation of field survey effort in environmental observation networks

When establishing environmental monitoring programmes, it crucial to make reliable cost estimates, especially where a field survey is involved. This paper presents a methodology for creating a spatial measure of a field survey effort (SE). A set of relevant variables affecting a SE (e.g. areas with rough terrain, or distant from the main road network) was classified using fuzzy sets and then combined to produce spatially explicit effort indicators, which were integrated to a single measure using an analytic hierarchy process (AHP). To evaluate this approach and identify the limits for its application, three spatially nested case studies were used to test the spatial expression of SE and the scalable capacity of the method itself. The presented methodology could cope with variations in the scale and data resolution, retrieving a coherent estimate of SE across the different case studies. The presented methodology is therefore useful for (i) testing the network designs for sampling bias related to SE, (ii) comparing alternative sampling designs, (iii) assessing the sampling costs and (iv) supporting the human and logistical resource management.     

Quantitative Analysis of Mineral Resources for Strategic Planning: Implications for Australian Geological Surveys

A quantitative valuation study has been made of Australian state surveys with the specific goals of (1) establishing the 'worth' of current programs upgrading state government geoscientific information infrastructure, and (2) considering the results of the valuation in terms of strategic planning. The study has been done from the perspective of the community as a whole and has been undertaken in two phases reflecting the different objectives of Australian state surveys in terms of the exploration industry and government policy-making. This paper reports on the second part of this valuation process, measuring the impact of upgraded survey data on government mineral policy decision processes. The valuation methodology developed is a comparative approach used to determine net benefit foregone by not upgrading information infrastructure. The underlying premise for the geological survey study is that existing and upgraded data sets will have a different probability that a deposit will be detected. The approach used in the valuation of geoscientific data introduces a significant technical component with the requirement to model both favorability of mineral occurrence and probability of deposit occurrence for two different generations of government data. The estimation of mineral potential uses modern quantitative methods, including the U.S. Geological Survey three-part resource-assessment process and computer-based prospectivity modeling. To test the methodology mineral potential was assessed for porphyry copper type deposits in part of the Yarrol Province, central Queensland. Results of the Yarrol case study supports the strategy of the state surveys to facilitate effective exploration by improving accuracy and acquiring new data, as part of resource management. It was determined in the Yarrol Province case study that in going from existing to upgraded data sets the area that would be considered permissible for the occurrence of porphyry type deposits almost doubled. The implication of this result is that large tracts of potentially mineralized land would not be identified using existing data. Results of the prospectivity modeling showed a marked increase in the number of exploration targets and in target rankings using the upgraded data set. A significant reduction in discovery risk also is associated with the upgraded data set, a conclusion supported by the fact that known mines with surface exposure are not identified in prospectivity modeling using the existing data sets. These results highlight the absence in the existing data sets of information critical for the identification of prospective ground.Quantitative resource assessment and computer-based prospectivity modeling are seen as complementary processes that provide the support for the increasingly sophisticated needs of Australian survey clients. Significant additional gains to the current value of geoscientific data can be achieved through the in-house analysis and characterization of individual data sets, the integration and interpretation of data sets, and the incorporation of information on geological uncertainty.     

Assessing Conservation Adoption Decision Criteria Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process: Case Studies from Three Midwestern Watersheds

Land use changes from natural ecosystems to industrial agriculture have impacted water quality and wildlife populations in the Mississippi River basin. Government programs providing technical assistance and monetary incentives have not resulted in adequate adoption rates of conservation practices. While there has been a plethora of research examining the factors associated with conservation adoption, significantly less is understood about the relative importance of these factors. Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) with agricultural producers in three Midwestern watersheds, we assess the relative importance of environmental and production decision criteria when making decisions to adopt conservation practices. Although AHP provides insight into how decisions may be made at the watershed scale, this methodology also provides insight into how individuals make conservation decisions and may also provide a method for delivering tailored conservation advice and communications.     

Social preferences regarding the delivery of ecosystem services in a semiarid Mediterranean region

The valuation of ecosystem services has primarily been conducted within the context of the economic value of these services to society. Ecosystem services research has since advanced to identify conflicts of interest between different sectors of society while prioritizing conservation actions. This approach can be important in semiarid ecosystems, where biodiversity conservation can be hindered by a lack of community awareness. In the south-eastern Iberian Peninsula, conservation is perceived by society as a barrier to the economic development provided by agricultural or tourism activities. We use the contingent valuation method to identify community perception and economic values of different ecosystem services provided by semiarid ecosystems in the south-eastern Iberian Peninsula. This method identifies the perceptions of individuals benefiting from ecosystem services and examines their willingness to pay for the maintaining of these ecosystem services. Results showed that most respondents recognized the importance of services to human well-being and were willing to conserve these services. Preferences for maintaining water and air quality showed that respondents understood the relationship between the conservation of ecosystem services and local well-being. However, responses varied greatly across categories of beneficiaries; this finding highlights a potential conflict of interest that should be considered in any decision-making processes.     

洽川湿地生态系统服务的使用价值和非使用价值评估

Hechuan wetland is located in the mid-Yellow River and at the intersection of Shaanxi, Shanxi and Henan provinces in China. It is the largest hot spring lake wetland in the Yellow River basin and the birthplace of Guanju, a famous poem in the Book of Songs. Based on field investigations and questionnaires, we valued Hechuan Wetland ecosystem services, considering use values and non-use values. The annual use value of Hechuan Wetland ecosystem services is 79.236 billion CNY. The contingent valuation method was applied to value the annual non-use value, which is 6.27 billion CNY. We examined how the historical and cultural value of the Book of Songs affected respondents’ willingness to pay by establishing a control group. Results suggest that historical and cultural value does have a strong influence on willingness to pay.     

基于CVM的扎龙湿地生物多样性维持服务价值评价

运用条件价值法这一成熟的方法 ,定量评价了扎龙湿地生物多样性维持服务价值。采用实地调研和网络发放问卷相结合的方式,共发放支付卡式问卷424份,回收有效问卷414份。结果表明:2011年扎龙湿地的生物多样性维持服务价值为340.82亿元;对生物多样性的关心程度和调查方式是影响居民支付意愿的主要因素,当保护物种越具体时,公众的支付值越高。为了保护好扎龙湿地生物多样性,政府应加大宣传力度,提高公众的环保意识。     

额济纳旗生态系统恢复的总经济价值评估

条件估值方法是当前国际上流行的衡量环境物品非利用经济价值的唯一方法。通过调查 居民针对不同环境状况变化的支付意愿，从而定量确定环境状况变化带来的经济效益和损失。 针对额济纳旗生态系统恶化的现状，以投标支付卡的方法设计了７００份调查问卷，调查了黑河 流域居民恢复额济纳旗生态系统的支付意愿。分析结果表明，用２０年时问将额济纳旗生态系 统恢复到２０世纪８０年代初水平，黑河流域共有９２．３％的居民家庭存在支付意愿，有支付意 愿家庭的平均支付意愿为每年每户３７．９６元，但随居仲区域不同存在一定差异，其中黑河干流 区域居比平均支付意愿为每年每户４０．１５元，要高于周边地区居民平均每年每户３２．１０元的支 付意愿。在综合考虑不同区域居民支付意愿的差异，生态系统经济效益折旧率的基础上将支付 意愿弃时空尺度上加总，得到恢复额济纳生态系统总经济价值为 １６．３７×１０８元。     

环境公共物品的私人补偿:农业遗产保护的试点项目(英文)

在一次性支付中,某种环境物品真正价值或许更容易如果它能以捐赠的方式加入私人物品中。我们研究了人们的购买行为并与问卷调查中所阐明的购买行为相对比。我们检验了条件价值法(Contingent Value Method,CVM)的效标效度,例如(检验)当捐赠被附加时人们所表现出与规定值的差异程度。结果表明价格上涨对商品的总销量有任何影响。把捐赠附加到私人物品中可能是种很有效的收集捐款形式。这些捐款被用于保护具有非排他性和非竞争性的景观或者作为景观一部分的农业遗产。此外,我们还可以表明,资金可以在不改变销售数量被收集。这种方法在其他环保活动也是很有效的。     

深圳湾红树林湿地生态系统的居民贡献意愿评估

红树林湿地是处于海陆边缘的独特湿地生态系统,具有多种不可替代的生态功能和作用。以深圳湾海滨公园及其滨海休闲带为研究对象,利用条件价值评估法分析居民对深圳湾红树林湿地生态系统的认知度、支付意愿和服务意愿。结果显示:对于红树林湿地生态系统保护,同意支付金钱的受访者占56.38%,同意付出服务时间的占69.07%,居民对志愿服务形式的接受度更高。受访者对红树林湿地生态系统服务功能的人均支付意愿为260.62±76.07元/a,人均服务意愿为9.16±2.35 h/月。影响居民支付意愿和服务意愿的主要因素有受访者的性别、年龄、受教育程度、月收入、保护团体和志愿者经历等。研究表明WTW模型拟合度更高,适用于需要居民通过劳动和服务方式参与环境和资源保护的价值评估。     

条件价值法中的偏差分析及信度和效度检验——以九寨沟游憩价值评估为例

条件价值法(CVM) 是一种基于虚拟市场的公共物品价值评估方法,其假想性使得人们对 其信度和效度缺乏信任,评估结果的精度成为学术界广泛争议的焦点。采用CVM价值评估方 法,对九寨沟世界自然遗产地的游憩价值进行了评估,并结合国内其他相关文献,对CVM在旅 游资源价值评估中存在的偏差进行了分析述评,最后对CVM的评估结果进行了再测信度、内容 效度和收敛效度检验。研究发现：① 九寨沟旅游资源2008、2009 年的游憩价值分别为3.33 亿 元、3.46 亿元。与其他方法相比,CVM的评估结果明显偏低。② CVM在旅游资源价值评估中存 在的偏差包括研究方法本身的偏差和研究实施过程中产生的偏差。前者包括假想偏差、信息偏 差、抗议性偏差以及策略性偏差等;后者包括CVM调查在总体和样本的界定、样本规模的确定、 抽样方式的选择、调查方式和回收率、数据的统计和分析等环节出现的偏差。③ 再测信度检验 表明本研究的信度较高,即评估结果具有较高的稳定性和可重复性;而内容效度和收敛效度检 验则表明本研究对九寨沟进行的CVM调查不具有良好的效度,CVM有低估旅游资源价值的倾 向。④ CVM今后的研究重点应从个案研究向信度和效度检验转向,为此需要尽快建立完善适 合发展中国家的CVM实施规范,提高CVM评估结果的信度和效度。     

宝天高速公路牛背至天水段沿线居民生活质量

通过对宝天高速公路牛背至天水段居民生活质量的问卷调查,借助SPSS13.0统计分析软件,运用主成分分析计算沿线居民生活质量综合得分,然后选用调查项目中的4个指标,用多元线性回归的方法,建立生活质量与指标间的函数关系,并对各指标的影响程度进行分析,以揭示影响生活质量的主要因素。     

A Survey of Seasonal and Permanent Landowners in Wisconsin's Northwoods: Following Dillman and Then Some

This article demonstrates the importance of obtaining high response rates for surveys of the general population while illustrating that survey design and procedures that adopt and modify factors known to positively affect survey returns can lead to high response rates, even for a lengthy survey of the general population. Using an expanded version of Dillman's “tailored design method,” we achieved an 82.8% response rate for a general population survey of landowners. When comparing early respondents to late respondents we found significant differences on several sociodemographic variables as well as a number of attitudinal measures central to the research project. In addition, costs are compared between this methodology and a more typical four-wave mailing. Our survey further highlights the importance of improving our understanding of the social changes taking place in rural communities and the implications these changes can have on natural resources management.

This article originally published in Society & Natural Resources, Vol. 17, Issue 5, pages 431–442, 2004. DOI: 10.1080/08941920490430223     

Who Is More Willing to Pay for Green Electricity? A Case Study of Anyang City,China

Green electricity (GE) is of great importance for effectively combating climate change and global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The willingness-to-pay (WTP) for GE by end users has great influence on its widespread application, especially at the household level. Researchers have analyzed the mechanisms of residents’ WTP and predicted how much they could afford for GE. However, most of these studies have focused on developed (affluent) countries and regions, and residents’ WTP as well as the corresponding monetary amount of their WTP were not considered together in previous studies. In this study, we try to fill the gap of the inadequate research of residents’ WTP in underdeveloped areas through an analysis of the WTP of urban residents in a small Chinese city (Anyang). A total of 274 household-scale samples were collected by face-to-face interviews in December 2019. We found that approximately 60% of respondents gave a positive response to WTP, with an average value of 8.39 yuan per month. Educational attainment, per capita disposable income in the household, the length of residents’ time living in urban areas and the rate of neighbors’ approval of WTP are all positively correlated with the tendency of the residents’ positive response toward WTP. The three factors of per capita disposable income, the rate of neighbors’ approval of WTP and the degree of residents’ environmental concerns are positively correlated with the amount of residents’ WTP. More importantly, we demonstrated the existence of a weak “Herd Effect” in residents’ views of WTP. Finally, some suggestions for policymakers are given, such as raising household income through retraining and raising residents’ environmental awareness through education and community advertisements. This study also highlights that the widespread application of GE at the household level will be of great assistance to the GE industry overall. Therefore, the rising economic cost of GE should not be shared by the households in the long term.     

Modeling Environmental Concern for Urban Tree Protection Using Biophysical and Social Psychological Indicators

Urban forest management is being increasingly recognized as a viable policy vehicle for improving community health, sustainable development, and well-being for city dwellers. To improve our understanding of public concern for the local urban forest, a theoretical framework employing concepts traditionally explored in social–psychological and environmental concern studies was tested using data from a public opinion survey of 800 homeowners living in a major urban area in Southern Appalachia, USA. Publicly available geographic information system (GIS) data were analyzed to measure tree canopy density around survey respondents’ properties. Structural equation modeling was used to test the validity of the hypothesized relationships among the survey-derived constructs and the spatial data as predictors of public support for urban forest protection policy. The results suggest that homeowners living around urban trees place greater importance on various attributes of trees, and that tree knowledge and experience are indirectly and positively related to support for urban forest protection.     

Geo-Historical Approaches to Environment: the Evolution of Environmental Thought in Western Civilization

Abstract

While attempting to establish a workable methodology for the study of environmental perception through history at the undergraduate college level, it was discovered that certain socio-cultural institutions, i.e., economics, politics, religion, and science/technology, play a dominant role in the formation of human thought and subsequent behavior patterns. By reducing human action to categories, students find it possible to investigate the influence of essentially non-physical aspects of environment on environmental perception, and they discover how environmental perception maintains or alters socio-cultural conventions. Here, the Middle Ages provide an example of how one socio-cultural convention — religion — modified human thought, behavior, and environmental alteration.     

价值与异质性:选择实验下的滨海游憩环境评价

海岸公园环境管理作为重要的生态经济发展问题,在制定有效政策时,相关信息至关重要,尤其是与娱乐或游憩相关的环境属性经济价值评价。本文以大连沿海公园为研究区域,选取海滩类型、垃圾情况、水质清澈度、拥挤程度四个环境要素,采用三种离散选择模型对游客的环境改善支付意愿(Willingness to pay,WTP)进行了估算。研究发现水质改善和减少垃圾的经济价值最高,分别为40.69元和70.55元,另外,游客对于拥挤程度的改善意愿不明显(–0.12元)。此外,本研究针对公园属性组合对受访者偏好及异质性进行了分析,结果表明,在给定的属性因素中,不同游客个体特征下的WTP存在显著的异质性,女性游客较男性对水质改善有着更高的WTP,游客收入水平与支付意愿也有明显的正相关性,从事游泳和划船活动的游客对水质的WTP较高(59.83元)。这些发现为沿海公园管理者制定有价值的政策提供了有用的信息。     

The importance of being reliable – Local ecological knowledge and management of forage plants in a dryland pastoral system (Morocco)

In dryland rangelands with their high environmental variability, local ecological knowledge of forage plants is essential for management decisions. Ecological apparency hypothesis (EAH) predicts plants' availability and visibility to be important criteria for local valuation. However, EAH has mainly been tested in low-variability systems. We ask whether EAH is valid for forage plants in drylands; which other local criteria exist; and how criteria are connected to management decisions.In a Moroccan pastoral system, we applied a novel ethnobotanical method by calculating the Cognitive Salience Index (CSI) for plants' valuation (CSI_antro) and availability (CSI_eco). To evaluate explicit criteria, we correlated palatability and nutritive value to CSI_anthro. ANCOVAs related CSI_anthro to EAH criteria (CSI_eco and lifetime) and to plant occurrence on pasture types. We found EAH criteria to better predict CSI_antro than explicit criteria. Apparent plants from semi-arid pastures were more valued than those from arid pastures (HSD; p < 0.05). We introduce the criterion of reliability into EAH to explain this, and demonstrate how pastoralists adjust management decisions to resource reliability. Linking resource valuation to management decisions can thus improve our understanding of resilience mechanisms. Our study also confirms the validity of EAH for forage species and dryland environments.