Analysis of atmospheric abundances in classical barium stars

We present our analysis of elemental abundances in the atmospheres of 16 classical barium stars derived from high-resolution spectra and model atmospheres. Comparison of the results with analogous data for moderate barium stars and normal red giants shows that the abundance patterns for elements before the iron peak are the same for all three groups of red giants, testifying to a similar origin. For binary systems, we confirm the influence of the orbital period and, hence, the component separation, on the overabundance of s-process elements. The amount of enrichment in s-process elements is also influenced by mass, metallicity, and evolutionary phase. Any of these parameters can be important in individual objects.     

Studies of classical barium stars

Using atmosphere models based on high-resolution spectra, we have derived the abundances of chemical elements in the atmospheres of seven classical barium stars and compared them with the elemental abundances of moderate barium stars and normal red giants. The behavior of elements up to the iron peak is the same in all three groups of giants, providing evidence that they have a common origin. The dependence of the anomalous abundances of s-process elements on stellar mass and metallicity is qualitatively similar for all three groups, probably indicating that a substantial role is played by the evolutionary phase of the stars. We conclude that the barium-star phenomenon and the overabundances of s-process elements in barium stars cannot be explained as a consequence of binarity alone. The extent to which the s-process elements are overabundant is affected by the mass, metallicity, and evolutionary phase of the given star, and any of these parameters may prove to be important in a specific object.     

Abundances of neutron-capture elements in atmospheres of cool giants

We have determined the atmospheric abundances of Y, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, and Eu for a sample of 171 giants selected as clump giants with metallicities [Fe/H] between ?0.7 and 0.3 dex, based on photometric criteria. In our analysis, we assumed local thermodynamic equilibrium and fit the parameters of model atmospheres to high-resolution (R = 42 000) echelle spectra with high signal-to-noise ratios. The Ba and Eu abundances were derived using synthetic spectra, including hyperfine structure. We find no significant difference in the abundances of s-or r-process neutron-capture elements between clump giants and ascending-branch giants selected by us earlier. We also analyze the relation between the abundances of neutron-capture elements and [Fe/H].     

Molybdenum Isotopic Composition of Individual Presolar Silicon Carbide Grains from the Murchison Meteorite

We report the isotopic composition of molybdenum in twenty-three presolar SiC grains from the Murchison meteorite which have been measured by resonant ionization mass spectrometry (RIMS). Relative to terrestrial abundance (and normalized to s-process-only ⁹⁶Mo), the majority of the analyzed grains show strong depletions in the p-process isotopes ⁹²Mo and ⁹⁴Mo and the r-process isotope ¹⁰⁰Mo. Sixteen of these grains have δ-values <−600% for these three isotopes. The observed isotopic patterns of Mo from mainstream SiC grains clearly reveal the signature of s-process nucleosynthesis. Three-isotope plots of all grain data (δⁱMo vs. δ⁹²Mo) show strong linear correlations with characteristic slopes. This finding suggests mixing of solar-like material and pure s-process material in the parent stars. Comparison with evolutionary calculations of nucleosynthesis and mixing in red giants suggests that low-mass thermally-pulsed symptotic giant branch (TP-AGB) stars are the most likely site for the observed s-process nucleosynthesis.     

Analysis of chemical abundances in the atmospheres of moderate barium stars

We used high-resolution spectra to compute model atmospheres to derive the atmospheric abundances of moderate barium stars. Comparing our results with analogous data for normal red giants, we find that the moderate barium stars appear to not differ systematically from normal red giants. Their chemical abundance anomalies show the same patterns and can be interpreted in terms of evolutionary effects: the evolutionary stage, mass, luminosity, and metallicity of the objects.     

Chemical composition of stars in the galactic halo

The chemical compositions of the atmospheres of six metal-poor stars are analyzed. Spectra with signal-to-noise ratios of no less than 100 and a resolution of R≈17 000 were obtained using the 6-m telescope of the Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The abundances of Li, O, α-process elements (Mg, Si, Ca, Ti), Na, K, Sc, iron-peak elements (Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn), and s-process elements (Y, Ba) are derived. The star G251-54 ([Fe/H]=?1.55, T _eff=5541 K, logg=3.58) is deficient in some elements compared to both stars with similar metallicities and the Sun. The atmosphere of G251-54 has the following elemental abundances relative to iron: [O/Fe]=+0.47, [α/Fe]≈?0.3, [Na/Fe]=?0.60, [Sc/Fe]=?0.57, [Cr, Ni, Fe]≈0, [Zn/Fe]=+0.16, [Cu/Fe]=?0.66, [Y/Fe]=?0.70, and [Ba/Fe]=?1.35. The remaining five stars have metallicities in the range ?1.6<[Fe/H]相似文献   

Analysis of the Na,Mg, Al,and Si abundances in the atmospheres of red giants of different spectral subgroups

We analyze the Na, Mg, Al, and Si abundances in the atmospheres of more than 40 stars, includingred giants of different spectral subgroups (normal red giants, mild and classical barium stars) and several supergiants. All these elements exhibit abundance excesses, with the overabundance increasing with the star’s luminosity. The dependence of the overabundances for each of these elements on the luminosity (or log g) is the same for all the spectral subgroups, testifying to a common origin: they are all products of hydrogen burning in the NeNa and MgAl cycles that have been dredged up from the stellar interiors to the outer atmospheric layers by convection that gradually develops during the star’s evolution from the main sequence to the red-giant stage. The sodium abundances derived for several stars are lower than for other stars with similar atmospheric parameters. The ages and kinematic characteristics of these two groups of stars suggest that they probably belong to different stellar generations.     

Correlated nucleosynthetic isotopic variability in Cr, Sr, Ba, Sm, Nd and Hf in Murchison and QUE 97008

Acid leaching of the primitive C-chondrite Murchison and O-chondrite QUE 97008 reveal nucleosynthetic anomalies in Cr, Sr, Ba, Nd, Sm and Hf. The anomalies in all but Cr and Sm are best explained by variable additions of pure s-process nuclides to a background nebular composition slightly enriched in r-process isotopes compared to average Solar System material. Leaching leaves a residue in Murchison that is strongly enriched in s-process nuclides with depletions of over 0.1% in ¹³⁵Ba and seven parts in 10,000 in ⁸⁴Sr. If there are p-process anomalies in these two elements, they are lost in the variability caused by different r-, s-process contributions to the normalizing isotopes. The concentration and isotope systematics are consistent with the Ba and Sr isotopic composition in the Murchison residue being strongly influenced by s-process-rich presolar SiC. In general, the nucleosynthetic isotope anomalies are 2- to 5-fold smaller in QUE 97008 than in Murchison. The different magnitudes of isotope anomalies are similar to the difference in matrix abundance between CM and O chondrites consistent with the suggestion that the carriers of nucleosynthetically anomalous material preferentially reside in the matrix and that some of this material has been distributed throughout the O-chondrite minerals as a result of thermal metamorphism.Neodymium, Sm and Hf display variable s-, r-process nuclide abundances as in Ba and Sr, but the anomalies are much smaller (e.g. ε¹⁴⁸Nd, ε¹⁴⁸Sm = −5.7, 2.1, respectively, in Murchison and −0.43, 0.16, respectively in QUE 97008 residues). After correcting Nd and Sm for s-, r-process variability, Sm in whole rock chondrites shows variable relative abundances of the p-process isotope ¹⁴⁴Sm that correlate weakly with ¹⁴²Nd suggesting that the direct p-process contribution to ¹⁴²Nd is small (∼7-9%). Nucleosynthetic variability in Nd explains the range in ¹⁴²Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd seen between C and O, E-chondrites, but not the difference between chondrites and all modern Earth rocks, leaving decay of ¹⁴⁶Sm and a superchondritic Sm/Nd ratio as the likely explanation for Earth’s high ¹⁴²Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd.     

Neutron-capture elements in halo,thick-disk,and thin-disk stars: Neodymium

We have derived the LTE neodymium abundances in 60 cool stars with metallicities [Fe/H] from 0.25 to ?1.71 by applying a synthetic-spectrum analysis to spectroscopic observations of NdII lines with a resolution of λ/Δλ?60 000 and signal-to-noise ratios of 100–200. We have improved the atomic parameters of NdII and blending lines by analyzing the corresponding line pro files in the solar spectrum. Neodymium is overabundant with respect to iron in halo stars, [Nd/Fe]=0.33±0.09, with the [Nd/Fe] ratio decreasing systematically with metallicity when [Fe/H]>?1. This reflects an onset of efficient iron production in type I supernovae during the formation of the thick disk. The [Nd/Ba] and [Nd/Eu] abundance ratios behave differently in halo, thick-disk, and thin-disk stars. The observed abundance ratios in halo stars, [Nd/Ba]=0.34±0.08 and [Nd/Eu]=?0.27±0.05, agree within the errors with the ratios of the elemental yields for the r-process. These results support the conclusion of other authors based on analyses of other elements that the r-process played the dominant role in the synthesis of heavy elements during the formation of the halo. The [Nd/Ba] and [Nd/Eu] ratios for thick-disk stars are almost independent of metallicity ([Nd/Ba]=0.28(±0.03)?0.01(±0.04) [Fe/H] and [Nd/Eu]=?0.13(±0.03)+0.05(±0.04) [Fe/H]) but are smaller in absolute value than the corresponding ratios for halo stars, suggesting that the synthesis of s-process nuclei started during the formation of the thick disk. The s-process is estimated to have contributed ?30% of the neodymium produced during this stage of the evolution of the Galaxy. The [Nd/Ba] ratio decreases abruptly by 0.17 dex in the transition from the thick to the thin disk. The systematic decrease of [Nd/Ba] and increase of [Nd/Eu] with increasing metallicity of thin-disk stars point toward a dominant role of the s-process in the synthesis of heavy elements during this epoch.     

The chemical composition of stars in the globular clusters M 10, M 12, and M 71

The abundances of 19 chemical elements in the atmospheres of five stars belonging to three globular clusters have been determined by applying the model-atmospheremethod to 430.0–790.0 nm spectra obtained with the échelle spectrometer of the 6-m telescope of the Special Astrophysical Observatory. The abundances of silicon, calcium, iron-peak elements, copper, zinc, and neutron-capture elements follow the abundance patterns for halo stars. The abundance of sodium in M 10 giants provides evidence that different mixing mechanisms operate in halo and cluster stars or that light elements are enriched in different ways in the pre-stellar matter from which some globular clusters and halo stars were formed.     

Chemical composition of δ Scuti stars: 1. AO CVn, CP Boo, KW Aur

We used high-resolution echelle spectra acquired with the 1.5-m Russian-Turkish Telescope to determine the fundamental atmospheric parameters and abundances of 30 chemical elements for three ?? Scuti stars: AOCVn, CP Boo, and KWAur. The chemical compositions we find for these stars are similar to those for Am-star atmospheres, though some anomalies of up to 0.6?C0.7 dex are observed for light and heavy elements. We consider the effect of the adopted stellar parameters (effective temperature, log g, microturbulent velocity) and the amplitude of pulsational variations on the derived elemental abundances.     

Modeling and analysis of the spectrum of the globular cluster NGC 2419

The properties of the stellar population of the unusual object NGC 2419 are studied; this is the most distant high-mass globular cluster of the Galaxy’s outer halo, and a spectrum taken with the 1.93-m telescope of the Haute Provence Observatory displays elemental abundance anomalies. Since traditional high-resolution spectroscopicmethods are applicable to bright stars only, spectroscopic information for the cluster’s stellar population as a whole, integrated along the spectrograph slit placed in various positions, is used. Population synthesis is carried out for the spectrum of NGC 2419 using synthetic spectra calculated from a grid of stellar model atmospheres, based on the theoretical isochrone from the literature that best fits the color-magnitude diagram of the cluster. The derived age (12.6 billion years), metallicity ([Fe/H] = ?2.25 dex), and abundances of helium (Y = 0.26) and other chemical elements (a total of 14) are in a good qualitative agreement with estimates from the literature made from high-resolution spectra of eight red giants in the cluster. The influence on the spectrum of deviations from local thermodynamic equilibrium is considered for several elements. The derived abundance of α-elements ([α/Fe] = 0.13 dex, as the mean of [O/Fe], [Mg/Fe], and [Ca/Fe]) differs from the mean value in the literature ([α/Fe] = 0.4 for the eight brightest red giants) and may be explained by recently discovered in NGC2419 large [a/Fe] dispersion. Further studies of the integrated properties of the stellar population in NGC 2419 using higher-resolution spectrographs in various wavelength ranges should help improve our understanding of the cluster’s chemical anomalies.     

Atmospheric chemical composition of the halo star HD 221170 from a synthetic-spectrum analysis

The atmospheric abundances of 30 chemical elements in the halo star HD 221170 are analyzed by fitting synthetic spectra to observed spectra (i) with a resolution of 60 000 and signal-to-noise ratios of about 200 taken with the 1.93-m telescope of the Observatoire de Haute Provence and (ii) with a resolution of 35 000 and signal-to-noise ratios of more than 100 taken with the 2-m telescope of the Terskol Peak Observatory. The derived parameters of the stellar atmosphere are T_eff=4475 K, log g=1.0, [Fe/H]=?2.03, V_micro=1.7 km/s, and V_macro=4 km/s. The parameters T_eff, log g, [Fe/H], and V_micro can be determined by analyzing the variations of the rms error of the mean iron abundance derived using different model atmospheres. The chemical composition of the star’s atmosphere is analyzed. The abundances of a total of 35 elements in HD 221170 have been derived in this paper and in previous studies. Overall, the abundances of elements lighter than praseodymium are consistent with the elemental abundances in the atmospheres of stars with similar metal deficits. Copper and manganese are underabundant by ?2.9 and ?2.6 dex, respectively, relative to the Sun (when the analysis includes the effects of hyperfine structure). Heavy r-process elements (starting from praseodymium) are overabundant compared to iron-group elements. This can be explained by an enrichment in r-process elements of the material from which the star was formed.     

Analysis of elemental abundances in the atmospheres of three Hyades red giants

Model atmospheres are fitted to spectroscopic data in order to analyze the elemental abundances in the atmospheres of three red giants in the Hyades cluster. The three stars have almost identical chemical compositions, with iron-group elements slightly overabundant compared to the solar values—a pattern that is typical of Hyades dwarfs. The overabundances of the light elements Na, Al, and Si are virtually equal to those observed for field giants. No enrichment in rare-earth elements relative to iron was found, in sharp contrast to field giants. It is concluded that these discrepancies are due to the age difference between the two groups of stars, which have resulted in different degrees of convective overshooting.     

Neutron-capture elements in halo, thick-disk, and thin-disk stars. Strontium, yttrium, zirconium, cerium

We derived Sr, Y, Zr, and Ce abundances for a sample of 74 cool dwarfs and subgiants with iron abundances, [Fe/H], between 0.25 and ?2.43. These estimates were obtained using synthetic spectra, assuming local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) for Y, Zr, and Ce, allowing for non-LTE conditions for Sr. We used high-resolution (λ/Δλ?40 000 and 60 000) spectra with signal-to-noise ratios between 50 and 200. We find that the Zr/Y, Sr/Y, and Sr/Zr ratios for the halo stars are the same in a wide metallicity range (?2.43 ≤ [Fe/H] ≤ ?0.90), within the errors, indicating a common origin for these elements at the epoch of halo formation. The Zr/Y ratios for thick-disk stars quickly decrease with increasing Ba abundance, indicating a lower rate of production of Zr compared to Y during active thick-disk formation. The thick-disk and halo stars display an increase in the [Zr/Ba] ratio with decreasing Ba abundance and a correlation of the Zr and Eu overabundances relative to Ba. The evolutionary behavior of the abundance ratios found for the thick-disk and halo stars does not agree with current models for the Galaxy’s chemical evolution. The abundance ratios of Y and Zr to Fe and Ba for thin-disk stars, as well as the abundance ratios within each group, are, on average, solar, though we note a slight decrease of Zr/Ba and Zr/Y with increasing Ba abundance. These results provide evidence for a dominance of asymptotic-giant-branch stars in the enrichment of the interstellar medium in heavy elements during the thin-disk epoch, in agreement with the predictions of the nucleosynthesis theory for the main s-process component.     

A study of rare earth elements in the atmospheres of chemically peculiar stars. Pr III and Nd III lines

We determine the abundances of Pr and Nd in the atmospheres of magnetic and non-magnetic chemically peculiar stars from the lines of rare earth elements in the first and second ionization states. The computations for the magnetic stars take into account the influence of the magnetic field on line formation. We studied the influence of errors in the stellar-atmosphere parameters and the atomic parameters of the spectral lines on the accuracy of abundance determinations. Within the derived accuracy, ionization equilibrium is satisfied in the atmospheres of non-pulsating magnetic and non-magnetic stars (so that abundances derived separately from lines of first and second ions agree). For all the pulsating magnetic (roAp) stars studied, the abundances derived from lines of second ions are 1.0 to 1.7 dex higher than those derived from first ions. The violation of ionization equilibrium in the atmospheres of pulsating stars is probably due to, first, considerable enrichment of Pr and Nd in the uppermost atmospheric layers, and second, a higher location for the layer of enhanced elemental abundance in roAp stars than in non-pulsating stars. Two objects from the list of non-pulsating magnetic stars, HD 62140 and HD 115708, exhibit anomalies of their Pr and Nd lines characteristic of roAp stars. The differences in the rare earth anomalies for the pulsating and non-pulsating peculiar stars can be used as a selection criterion for candidate roAp stars.     

A study of red giants in the fields of open clusters. Cluster members

We present the results of a comparative analysis of the atmospheric chemical abundances of red giants in several open clusters: the Hyades, Collinder 350, NGC 6475, and Ruprecht 147. We determined the atmospheric parameters of all the stars and the elemental abundances in their atmospheres, as well as their masses, Galactic velocities, and the elements of their orbits in the Galaxy. The observed excess [Na/Fe] and [Eu/Fe] abundances in the atmospheres of Hyades giants suggests that matter later used for star formation had been enriched in the ejecta from type II supernovae.     

Optical spectra of three AGB stars

The basic parameters and detailed chemical compositions of three asymptotic giant branch stars with similar effective temperatures and surface gravities have been determined using CCD spectra obtained with the échelle spectrometers of the SAO 6-m telescope. The metallicity and chemical composition of the optical counterpart of the OH/IR star IRAS 18123 + 0511 have been derived for the first time. The abundance [X/H]_⊙ of the iron group elements (V, Cr, Fe) is ?0.45 dex. An overabundance of oxygen, [O/Fe]_⊙=1.44 dex, is detected in the atmosphere of this star. The abundances of s-process heavy elements are not enhanced, and are instead underabundant with respect to the metallicity: the average value of [X/Fe]_⊙ for Y, Zr, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd is ?0.25. The derived abundances confirm that IRAS 18123 + 0511 is in the AGB stage of its evolution. The metallicity of the object, together with its radial velocity V _r=78.0 km/s and Galactic latitude |b|=11°, suggest that it belongs to the old disk population. The expansion velocity of the circumstellar envelope, V _exp≈21 km/s, is derived from the positions of circumstellar absorption bands. The set of parameters obtained for the low-metallicity, highlatitude supergiants BD + 18° 2757 and BD + 18° 2890 (with iron abundances [Fe/H]_⊙=2.10 and ?1.48, respectively) confirm that they are evolved halo stars, and probably UU Her-type stars.     

Atmospheric chemical composition of the peculiar carbon giant TU Gem

The evolutionary status of the bright peculiar carbon giant TU Gemis fairly uncertain. The possibility that this is aCH star—aGalactic halo star with characteristic chemical-composition anomalies—is considered. Unfortunately, data on the atmospheric chemical composition of TUGem are relatively few and are ambiguous. The results of an analysis of a moderate-resolution optical and near-infrared spectrum of TU Gem obtained on the 2-m telescope of Terskol Peak Observatory (Northern Caucasus) is presented. The atmospheric parameters of TU Gem T _eff = 3100 K, C/O = 1.10, and [N/Fe] = 0.0 for the derived metallicity [Fe/H] = 0.0 are taken from [1]. The abundances of Na, Mg, Ca, Ti, and Cr are estimated to be normal or slightly enhanced, and the lithium abundance is log N(Li) = +0.1. The abundances of s-process elements are substantially enhanced in the atmosphere of TU Gem, namely, [s/Fe] ≈ 2, for both light and heavy s-process elements. The range of uncertainty in [Fe/H] is 0.0?0.3, and the uncertainties in other estimates are Δ[M/Fe]≈ ±0.3 and Δ[s/Fe] = ±0.5. The results show that TU Gem is an anomalous carbon giant, but not a CH star.     

Peculiarities of the abundances of neutron-capture elements in Galactic open clusters

The properties of the relative abundances of rapid and slow neutron-capture elements are studied using a catalog containing spectroscopic abundance determinations for 14 elements produced in various nuclear-synthesis processes for 90 open clusters. The catalog also contains the positions, ages, velocities, and elements of the Galactic orbits of the clusters. The relative abundances of both r-elements (Eu) and s-elements (Y, Ba, La, and Ce) in clusters with high, elongated orbits and in field stars of the Galactic thin disk display different dependences on metallicity, age, Galactocentric distance, and the elements of the Galactic orbits, supporting the view that these objects have different natures. In young clusters, not only barium, but also the three other studied s-elements display significantly higher relative abundances than field stars of the same metallicity. The relative abundances of Eu are lower in highmetallicity clusters ([Fe/H] > -0.1) with high, elongated orbits than in field giants, on average, while the [Eu/Fe] ratios in lower-metallicity clusters are the same as those in field stars, on average, although with a large scatter. The metallicity dependence of the [O, Mg/Eu] ratios in clusters with high, elongated orbits and in field stars are substantially different. These and other described properties of the Eu abundances, together with the properties of the abundances of primary a-elements, can be understood in a natural way if clusters with high, elongated orbits with different metallicities formed as a result of interactions of two types of high-velocity clouds with the interstellar medium of the Galactic disk: low-metallicity highvelocity clouds that formed from “primordial” gas, and high-metallicity clouds with intermediate velocities that formed in “Galactic fountains.”