云岭隧道底鼓机理分析

结合十漫高速公路云岭隧道建设,分析了隧道底鼓的形式和发展过程,研究了影响隧道底鼓的多个因素,在分析隧道仰拱稳定性的基础上,推导了隧道底鼓的表达式,并通过现场监测对其进行了验证。通过对隧道底鼓机制进行分析,正确认识了围岩的变形破坏机制,提出了隧道底鼓的治理措施。其研究结果不仅为优化隧道的支护体系提供了依据,同时对指导隧道现场施工,确保施工安全具有重要意义。     

浅埋双连拱隧道围岩-边坡体系变形机理及稳定性分析

双连拱隧道是一种新的隧道形式, 由于其整体跨度大、结构复杂、施工工序繁琐, 在地形偏压、地质条件复杂的情况下修建双连拱隧道难度较高, 尤其在洞口段容易出现衬砌开裂、边坡变形等一系列工程问题。结合安徽铜黄高速公路汤屯段富溪隧道进口段工程, 采用地质条件研究与数值模拟分析相结合的研究手段, 对复杂地质条件下偏压双连拱隧道围岩① 边坡体系在施工过程中应力应变发展过程进行了研究。综合分析表明, 富溪隧道进口段处于F5断层影响带内, 岩体呈碎裂结构,同时, 受到地形偏压影响, 隧道开挖后衬砌和围岩表现为沉降变形和侧向变形, 进口边坡在隧道围岩变形的诱导下, 表现为蠕滑- 拉裂变形破裂。根据以上研究成果, 提出了富溪隧道变形治理应以控制进口段隧道拱顶的变形为主。     

隧道工程围岩大变形类型与机制研究

通过对国内外隧道工程在施工和运营中以及正在施工的公路隧道遇到的围岩大变形问题的分析研究,在对围岩大变形进行定义的基础上,对围岩大变形进行了类型和机制划分,对我国今后长大深埋隧道工程大变形地质灾害的预测和防治具有重要意义。     

近距平行构造环境中片岩公路隧道大变形机理及判别

近距平行地质构造环境中的得荣一号隧道开挖掘进至深埋段以来曾多次出现大变形问题，严重影响施工安全并制约工程建设工期。为采取有效防治措施以控制隧道围岩大变形，根据大变形洞段监控量测数据、围岩变形特征及初期支护变形破坏特征，对隧道围岩大变形的受控因素、变形破坏机制进行综合分析。研究结果表明：隧道围岩大变形是在软弱围岩、破碎岩体结构、高地应力、地下水及严重偏压等因素的相互耦合作用下，受工程因素的促发影响，主要由软岩塑性流动变形、塑性剪切滑移变形、陡倾层状弯曲变形和累进性松脱扩展变形机制复合而致。在此基础上，根据现行交通行业规范结合隧道大变形洞段变形特征，总结公路双车道隧道施工现场围岩大变形分级判定综合指标方案，为指导隧道施工设计提供合理、可靠的依据。     

乌鞘岭特长隧道复杂地质条件下断层带应力及变形现场监测分析

乌鞘岭隧道是我国迄今为止已建成最长的单线铁路隧道,隧道总长约为20.05 km,而F7断层是乌鞘岭隧道中最长、地质条件最为复杂的活动断层,对隧道施工十分不利。根据F7断层特点及施工中遇到的问题,在乌鞘岭隧道岭脊地段F7断层区段,对洞室开挖后的围岩及支护衬砌结构进行各项应力监测和收敛变形监测,分析了围岩、衬砌系统受力及变形变化趋势,从而探究围岩挤压大变形的机制,掌握围岩应力释放与围岩压力的作用规律;并根据现场监测结果,提出对隧道穿越F7断层区段的断面采用动态优化设计方案及改进的施工措施,避免隧道出现大变形,从而保证隧道穿越F7断层区段安全、快速的进行。     

富水软弱带公路隧道支护技术研究

大奎隧道是炎汝高速公路炎陵至汝城段的一座公路隧道,地质条件极其复杂,隧道施工后,初期支护发生严重变形,钢支撑被压弯,下沉量严重侵入建筑限界。综合现场监测、地质雷达扫描结果,从涌水特征、地质情况和施工方法3方面出发,系统分析了大奎隧道富水软弱带初期支护后隧道严重变形的原因,并在此基础上,研究支护失效段和掌子面的支护设计及施工组织方案,提出三大治理措施：一是控制涌水,二是反压回填及加固围岩,三是优化施工工法。监测结果显示：上述措施实施后,取得了非常满意的效果,保证了复杂地质条件下隧道施工的安全。该成果对富水软弱地层隧道修建具有重要的指导作用和参考价值。     

软岩隧道大变形预警分级研究及发展趋势

为实现隧道大变形段的准确预警分级及发展趋势评价,本研究以隧道大变形监测成果为基础,先利用多种评价判据构建隧道大变形预警分级模型,并利用优化长短时记忆神经网络构建大变形预测模型,以实现现状预警分级和发展趋势评价的综合研究。实例分析表明:不同判据评价得到的大变形预警等级存在一定差异,按不利原则,得到大变形段的预警等级为Ⅳ级-红色,应闪光、声音警示,并暂停施工、商讨对策,以切实保证施工安全。同时,通过大变形预测,得到其预测结果的平均相对误差均小于2%,验证了该文预测模型的有效性,且外推预测得出隧道变形仍会持续增加,并无收敛趋势,建议加快大变形加固处理,以避免造成塌方灾害。     

分岔隧道变形监测与施工对策研究

分岔隧道是一种新型结构形式的隧道。以八字岭分岔隧道为工程背景,首先介绍了分岔隧道现场变形监测方法;接着分析了在当前支护和施工方案条件下隧道纵向变形特点、大拱段伴随开挖和支护进行表现出来的施工动态响应特点及隧道开挖面表现出来的空间效应特点。最后,在分析隧道变形特点的基础上,给出了相应的施工对策。研究结果为分岔隧道的设计、施工提供了必要的依据。     

平行小净距盾构与CRD法黄土地铁隧道施工力学研究

西安轨道交通工程是目前首例在我国黄土地区修建的地铁隧道,一号线枣园北路站至汉城路站K12+792.744～K12+889.899区间隧道为同时满足双线正常行车和右线停车线扩大断面的功能需要,选取了左线小断面隧道为盾构法与右线大断面隧道为CRD法相结合的施工方案。针对该地铁隧道的施工过程,进行了三维动态数值模拟和施工力学分析,通过分析施工引起的地表变形、中间土体应力和围岩塑性区的特征和规律,从而研究得出CRD法与盾构法隧道先后施工相互影响的规律性成果：先行大断面隧道采取CRD法施工对后行小断面盾构隧道上方地表沉降的影响较后者对前者的影响大;后行隧道的贯通使得先行隧道开挖形成的地表变形轴线向后行隧道侧偏移了约0.5倍净距,并且地表变形的横向影响范围和地表沉降量均有增大,主要表现在靠后行隧道一侧;先行大断面隧道的开挖较后者对中间土体应力影响大,对相邻洞土体的影响在同掌子面处最为显著。结合西安地铁隧道工程实践开展的数值模拟分析研究,可为今后在黄土地区修建地铁隧道提供具有指导意义的研究成果和宝贵的工程实践经验。     

大断面黄土隧道衬砌结构受力变形特征研究

本文结合工程实例对大断面黄土隧道中初期支护与二次衬砌的受力变形特征进行了分析研究。大断面黄土隧道在初期支护中变形具有突变性、变形量大、变形持续时间长等特征,应当及时进行二次衬砌,以防围岩变形破坏。大断面黄土隧道围岩压力在初期支护施工初期快速增大,施工结束七天左右逐渐稳定。大断面黄土隧道二次衬砌施工结束12 h左右各部位接触压力均出现突然增大的现象,这可能与台车模板可提供的反向作用力有关;接触压力由拱顶向拱脚逐渐增大,拱顶接触压力极小,可能该处混凝土未浇筑密实。     

断层带岩体变形模量对坝基稳定性影响

变形模量是表征断层带岩体力学性能的一个重要参数,而断层带岩体变形模量与其所处的环境有密切关系。以理论分析和现场试验为基础,以三维数值分析技术为主要研究手段,结合大型水电工程实例,对断层带岩体变形模量对坝基整体稳定性影响进行了分析研究。研究结果表明：大坝建成水库蓄水以后,在未受到库水渗透影响的前提条件下,位于坝基部位的断层带岩体变形模量会有一定程度的增大。断层带变形模量从0.6 GPa一直增加到4.0 GPa,使得断层带岩体所在坝段关键点水平位移降低0.544~0.846 mm、垂直位移降低1.190~2.232 mm、最大拉应力降低0.06 MPa,有利于提高大坝的整体稳定性。     

Influence of host lithofacies on fault rock variation in carbonate fault zones: A case study from the Island of Malta

Relatively few studies have examined fault rock microstructures in carbonates. Understanding fault core production helps predict the hydraulic behaviour of faults and the potential for reservoir compartmentalisation. Normal faults on Malta, ranging from <1 m to 90 m displacement, cut two carbonate lithofacies, micrite-dominated and grain-dominated carbonates, allowing the investigation of fault rock evolution with increasing displacement in differing lithofacies. Lithological heterogeneity leads to a variety of deformation mechanisms. Nine different fault rock types have been identified, with a range of deformation microstructures along an individual slip surface. The deformation style, and hence type of fault rock produced, is a function of host rock texture, specifically grain size and sorting, porosity and uniaxial compressive strength. Homogeneously fine-grained micrtie-dominated carbonates are characterised by dispersed deformation with large fracture networks that develop into breccias. Alternatively, this lithofacies is commonly recrystallised. In contrast, in the coarse-grained, heterogeneous grain-dominated carbonates the development of faulting is characterised by localised deformation, creating protocataclasite and cataclasite fault rocks. Cementation also occurs within some grain-dominated carbonates close to and on slip surfaces. Fault rock variation is a function of displacement as well as juxtaposed lithofacies. An increase in fault rock variability is observed at higher displacements, potentially creating a more transmissible fault, which opposes what may be expected in siliciclastic and crystalline faults. Significant heterogeneity in the fault rock types formed is likely to create variable permeability along fault-strike, potentially allowing across-fault fluid flow. However, areas with homogeneous fault rocks may generate barriers to fluid flow.     

Reverse fault slip through soft rock and sand strata by centrifuge modeling tests

The devastating damage after the 1999 Chi-Chi and 1999 Izmit earthquakes has greatly motivated soil–reverse fault interaction studies. However, most centrifuge modeling studies have employed a single homogeneous soil layer during testing, which does not represent in situ conditions. Indeed, while geological conditions vary spatially, engineering soils are often underlain by soft rocks. Therefore, four centrifuge models were developed to evaluate the effect of soft rock layers on the ground surface and subsurface deformation. Sand–cement mixtures of varying thicknesses with a uniaxial compressive strength of 0.975 MPa, simulating extremely soft rock, were overlain by pluviated sandy soil. The model thickness was 100 mm, corresponding to 8 m in the prototype scale when spun at 80 g. Every model was subjected to a vertical offset of 50 mm/4 m (0.5 H; H: total sedimentary deposit thickness) along a reverse fault with a 60° dip. The results indicate that the presence of a soft rock stratum results in the creation of a horst profile at the ground surface. Additionally, the thinner the soil layer on top of the soft rock stratum is, the longer and higher the horst created at the ground surface. Consequently, the fault deformation zone lengthens proportionally with the increasing thickness ratio of the soft rock. Furthermore, the presence of soft rock as an intermediary stratum between bedrock and soil causes the deformation zone boundary on the hanging wall side to move in the direction of fault movement.

     

A geometric model for the formation of deformation band clusters

Arrays of closely-spaced (approximately <70 mm) sub-parallel cataclastic deformation bands are common structures in deformed, high-porosity (∼10–35%) sandstones. The distribution of strain onto many small-displacement deformation bands is thought by some to result from strain-hardening of the cataclasite within individual bands. Examination of both normal and strike-slip faults with displacements ≤7 m from southeastern Utah, USA, and the North Island of New Zealand suggests, however, that clusters of deformation bands systematically develop at fault geometric irregularities (e.g., fault bends, steps, relays, intersections and zones of normal drag). The strain-hardening model does not account for clustering of deformation bands at fault geometric irregularities or the associated widespread coalescence of bands, and is not unequivocally demonstrated by post-peak macroscopic mechanical responses in laboratory rock deformation experiments. A geometric model is proposed in which individual bands within clusters develop sequentially due to migration of incremental shear strains at fault geometric irregularities as part of a slip localisation, asperity removal and strain weakening process. The geometric model, which does not require strain hardening of the fault rock, applies for the duration of faulting and a range of rock types in the brittle upper crust.     

蓬莱阁丹崖山安全监测与分析

丹崖山边坡稳定性是关系古文物蓬莱阁安全的关键问题。丹崖山边坡高差大、断层裂隙发育、岩体卸荷深度大,地质条件十分复杂,边坡在施工期和运行期的稳定性问题特别突出。该文介绍了丹崖山岩体加固后的监测布置,并对岩体表面变形趋势、空间分布形态、加固后变形趋势进行分析,通过对多点位移计、锚杆测力计、锚索测力计、表面裂缝计及地表变形等监测结果进行综合分析,得到边坡岩体的变形规律。     

Faults and their associated host rock deformation: Part I. Structure of small faults in a quartz–syenite body,southern Israel

We analyze pervasive and discontinuous deformation associated with small faults in a quartz–syenite body in southern Israel. The analysis includes detailed mapping, measurement of in-situ mechanical rock properties and microstructural study of the faults. The mapped faults have 1–100-m-long horizontal traces, consisting of linked, curved segments; the segmented nature of the faults is also apparent at the 1–10 mm scale. The observed deformation features are breccia, as well as intra- and inter-granular fractures; these features are accompanied by reduction of the Young modulus and uniaxial strength of the host rock. The deformation features are zoned from a central fault-core through a damage-zone to the protolith at distances of 0.05–0.06 the fault length. Shear strains up to 300% were calculated from measured marker lines displacements and distortion in proximity to the faults. We argue here that the fault-related deformation during fault propagation is manifested by highly localized deformation in a process zone having a width of 0.001–0.005 of the fault length (fault-related deformation due to subsequent slip along the existing faults is analyzed in Part II). The observed self-similarity of the discontinuities over five length orders of magnitude and the outstanding lack of tensile microcracks suggest fault initiation and growth as primary shear fractures.     

张性断裂带内部结构特征及油气运移和保存研究

断裂带是一个宽度、长度和高度均与断距呈正比关系的三维地质体,具有典型的二分结构：即断层核和破碎带。断层核由多种类型的断层岩和后期胶结物组成,具有分选差,粘土含量高,颗粒粒径小等特征,表现为具有比围岩更低的孔渗性。破碎带同围岩相比发育大量的裂缝,裂缝的密度随着离断层核距离的增大而逐渐减小,孔渗性较高。断层岩类型取决于断移地层的岩性、成岩程度和断裂变形时期。对于同生断层而言,泥岩和不纯净的砂岩主要发生泥岩涂抹作用;纯净砂岩发生解聚作用,形成颗粒重排的变形带。中成岩阶段发生断裂变形,泥岩发生泥岩涂抹作用,不纯净的砂岩发生碎裂作用和层状硅酸盐涂抹作用,形成碎裂岩和层状硅酸盐 框架断层岩;纯净砂岩主要发生碎裂作用,形成碎裂岩。晚成岩阶段发生断裂变形,碎裂作用成为主要的变形机制,泥岩破碎形成大量断层泥,不纯净的砂岩和纯净的砂岩均形成碎裂岩,其中纯净砂岩形成的碎裂岩由于石英的压溶胶结变得更致密。因此不同成岩阶段、不同岩性形成的断层岩类型不同,泥岩涂抹的排替压力高于层状硅酸盐 框架断层岩和碎裂岩,即使都是碎裂岩,其渗透率相差7个数量级。从断裂带结构看油气运移和保存,断层垂向封闭主要靠剪切型泥岩涂抹的连续性,侧向封闭能力取决于断层岩物性,物性很高的碎裂岩自身封闭能力很差,依靠两盘岩性对接封闭油气,最小断距决定油水界面位置。物性很低的断层岩一般能封住一定高度的油气柱,其是断裂带中泥质含量的函数。断层在储盖层段变形机制差异,决定了断裂输导与封闭油气的耦合,即破碎带双向输导充注,盖层段剪切型泥岩涂抹顶部封闭,断层核遮挡成藏。     

碳酸盐岩内断裂带结构及其与油气成藏

以野外观察描述为手段,系统研究了碳酸盐岩断裂变形机制的影响因素及断裂带结构演化过程,剖析了碳酸盐岩地层中断裂带结构与流体运移的关系。研究表明,影响碳酸盐岩内断裂变形机制的因素包括岩性、孔隙度、变形深度、温度、胶结作用、先存裂缝等,控制断裂带结构形成的因素包括滑动位移和破裂模式等。低孔隙度碳酸盐岩以裂缝发育为主,高孔隙度碳酸盐岩变形早期产生变形带,带内裂缝联接逐渐发育成断层带。随着埋藏深度的增加,断裂带结构不同：埋藏深度小于3 km,断层核主要发育无内聚力的断层角砾岩和断层泥;埋藏深度大于3 km,断层核普遍发育有内聚力的断层角砾岩和碎裂岩,破碎带发育多种成因的裂缝。随着位移的增加,破裂模式从早期的破裂作用变为后期的碎裂作用,最终形成碎裂流。断裂带演化是一个四维过程,断层核和破碎带发育情况直接影响断层对油气的运移和封闭的作用。断裂变形机制、断裂带内部结构以及与流体运移关系的研究,都可为封闭性提供重要的理论依据。     

阜康古牧地活动断裂变形特征研究

对大红沟沟口处河流Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级阶地断裂变形特征研究表明,古牧地断裂活动为古近系泥岩逆冲于第四系之上。断裂破碎带形变主要被两种形式吸收:一是晚第四纪地层拱曲变形作用,二是断裂断错作用。该时期断裂带平均垂直变形速率约为0.26～0.30 mm/a,断裂带内断面发育,既有低角度逆冲断层,也有高角度正断层,组成宽度超过65 m的形变带,破裂带内泥岩揉皱变形明显,最大一次逆冲断错距离为0.4 m,计算震级为M 6.5～6.8。     

莲花隧道软弱围岩大变形预测方法适用性评价研究

评估地质条件以及开挖风险是地下空间设计和施工中的重要阶段之一。在选择合适的开挖方法和支护系统时,识别和估计岩体的变形潜在趋势非常重要。在本研究中,对萍莲高速莲花隧道中的岩体变形潜在趋势进行了研究。首先介绍了莲花隧道的工程地质环境、隧道围岩工程特性、岩体质量评价以及现场实测的隧道变形情况,然后运用经验法和半经验-半理论法预测莲花隧道变形趋势,并将预测结果与实际变形监测情况进行对比。结果表明,莲花隧道的大变形主要受松散破碎、遇水膨胀的软弱围岩和丰富的地下与地表水以及断层破碎带与构造活动的影响。对于莲花隧道而言,现行大变形预测方法普遍存在一定问题：经验法主要依据岩体质量分级结果进行变形趋势预测,具有一定的主观性,其预测结果与实际变形情况存在一定偏差;半经验-半理论方法中运用围岩强度与应力关系进行预测效果较好,但基于围岩强度应力比的Jethwa法、Hoek法与ISRM法预测结果偏保守,且针对无变形段的预测效果较差。综上所述,在工程勘察与设计阶段,应客观、细致地进行围岩质量分级、地应力量测、地下水与地质构造勘探等工作,结合经验法、半经验-半理论方法对大变形趋势和变形量值进行预测,综合研判隧洞沿线...