Geochemical constraints on mixed source and hydrocarbon filling process in the Yingjisu Sag,Tarim Basin,Xinjiang

The Yingjisu Sag was petroliferous for normal oil, condensate oil, reservoir bitumen and natural gases. Geochemical studies showed that natural gases in the Yingjisu Sag were a gas mixture consisting mainly of Cambrian pyrolysis gas, Jurassic condensate oil in well Yingnan 2 and normal oil in well Tadong 2, reflecting the characteristics of marine-phase gases and oils, while crude oils in well Longkou 1 demonstrated the characteristics of both marine and terrestrial oils, which were derived from lower algae and higher plants. Jurassic oils from wells Longkou 1 and Huayingcan 1 and Cambrian crude oils from well Tadong 2 were derived mainly from Cambrian-Lower Ordovician source rocks. Jurassic and Silurian reservoir bitumens from well Yingnan 2 were biodegradated, suggesting they are of marine and terrestrial origins. The bitumens have similar geochemical characteristics, which are correlated well with Ordovician crude oils from well Tadong 2 and Jurassic condensate oil from well Yingnan 2. Based on the characteristics of tectonic evolution in this area and the analysis of hydrocarbon accumulation, the constraints on the mixed source and hydrocarbon filling process in the Yingjisu Sag were brought forward.     

Origin of sulfur rich oils and H2S in Tertiary lacustrine sections of the Jinxian Sag,Bohai Bay Basin,China

Very high S oils (up to 14.7%) with H₂S contents of up to 92% in the associated gas have been found in the Tertiary in the Jinxian Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, PR China. Several oil samples were analyzed for C and S stable isotopes and biomarkers to try to understand the origin of these unusual oil samples.The high S oils occur in relatively shallow reservoirs in the northern part of the Jinxian Sag in anhydrite-rich reservoirs, and are characteristic of oils derived from S-rich source rocks deposited in an enclosed and productive stratified hypersaline water body. In contrast, low S oils (as low as 0.03%) in the southern part of the Jinxian Sag occur in Tertiary lacustrine reservoirs with minimal anhydrite. These southern oils were probably derived from less S-rich source rocks deposited under a relatively open and freshwater to brackish lake environment that had larger amounts of higher plant inputs.The extremely high S oil samples (>10%) underwent biodegradation of normal alkanes resulting in a degree of concentration of S in the residual petroleum, although isoprenoid alkanes remain showing that biodegradation was not extreme. Interestingly, the high S oils occur in H₂S-rich reservoirs (H₂S up to 92% by volume) where the H₂S was derived from bacterial SO₄ reduction, most likely in the source rock prior to migration. Three oils in the Jinxian Sag have δ³⁴S values from +0.3‰ to +16.2‰ and the oil with the highest S content shows the lightest δ³⁴S value. This δ³⁴S value for that oil is close to the δ³⁴S value for H₂S (∼0‰). It is possible that H₂S was incorporated into functionalized compounds within the residual petroleum during biodegradation at depth in the reservoir thus accounting for the very high concentrations of S in petroleum.     

东濮凹陷北部盐湖相原油特征与成因

东濮凹陷盐湖相油气成因与成藏机理研究薄弱。采用色谱/质谱(GC/MS)等常规技术,结合傅立叶变换离子回旋共振质谱、单体烃碳同位素技术,对东濮凹陷北部文明寨、卫城地区油气特征及其成因进行了解剖。结果表明,该区原油具有植烷对姥鲛烷优势显著、伽马蜡烷富集、升藿烷“翘尾”、甾烷异构化程度较低等咸水、盐湖相原油的典型特征。原油还具有正构烷烃单体烃碳同位素呈低碳重、高碳轻、近两段式分布的特征,与柴达木盐湖相原油有所差异。原油中检测到丰富的S1、S2、O1S1、N1、O1、O2、O3等芳构化程度较低的NSO化合物,其与该区低熟油的形成关系密切。油-油、油-岩详细对比表明,东濮凹陷北部原油主要来自埋深超过3 000 m的沙三—沙四段烃源岩、存在不同成熟度原油混合聚集现象。研究结果对该区进一步油气勘探具有重要指示意义。     

溱潼凹陷斜坡带原油物性和地化特征及成因

原油的物性和地化特征是油气成藏过程的综合反映,能预测油气运移距离、母源性质、保存条件等成藏要素.将溱潼凹陷的原油划分为超重油、重质油、中质油三类.平面上,相同层系的原油从深凹带向外斜坡带物性逐渐变差、成熟度降低,含硫量增加.纵向上,从深层向浅层原油物性逐渐变差.原油成熟度与形成环境具有良好相关性,低熟原油形成于咸化泥灰...     

Petroleum Origins and Accumulation Patterns in the Weixinan Sag in the Beibu Gulf Basin, Using Subsag B as an Example

Crude oil has been discovered in the Paleogene and Neogene units of the Weixinan Sag in the Beibu Gulf Basin. To determine the source and accumulation mode of this crude oil, 12 crude oil samples and 27 source rock samples were collected and an extensive organic geochemical analysis was conducted on them. Based on the geological conditions and the analytical results, the types, origins and accumulation patterns of crude oil in the study area were elucidated. Except for a shallowly-buried and biodegraded crude oil deposit in Neogene rocks, the crude oil samples in the study area were normal. All of the crude oils were derived from lacustrine source rocks. According to biomarker compositions, the crude oils could be divided into two families, A and B, distinctions that were reinforced by differences in carbon isotope composition and spatial distribution. Oil-source correlation analysis based on biomarkers revealed that Family A oils were derived from the mature oil shale at the bottom of the second member of the Liushagang Formation, while the Family B oils formed in the mature shale of the Liushagang Formation. The Family A oils, generated by oil shale, mainly migrated laterally along sand bodies and were then redistributed in adjacent reservoirs above and below the oil shale layer, as well as in shallow layers at high structural positions, occupying a wide distribution range. The Family B oils were generated by other shale units before migrating vertically along faults to form reservoirs nearby, resulting in a narrow distribution range.     

Geochemical characteristics and analysis of crude-oil source in the deep-water area of the Baiyun Sag,South China Sea

In the Baiyun Sag, the oil relationship with possible source rocks is complicated, and little research on oil sources in the area has been performed. In this paper, geochemical studies of carbon isotopes, biomarkers, paleoenvironmental deposition, and crude oil maturity, carried out with the use of oil samples from the Baiyun Sag, demonstrate that the organic matter in crude oil has an oxidizing depositional environment and primarily lacustrine facies conditions, with a significantly higher plant input. The oil samples used are mature to highly mature. Crude oil in the northern area of the Baiyun Sag is more mature than samples in the eastern part of the sag. Despite limited source rock data, we were able to conclude that the crude oil samples were derived mainly from the Enping Formation; other potential source rocks of the Wenchang and Zhuhai Formations may also have contributed to the reservoirs in different parts of the sag. Furthermore, the source of crude oil in each structure in the Baiyun Sag was analyzed; for example, crude oil in the LH19-5 structure was generated from the organic matter of the Enping Formation, and crude oil in the LW3-1 structure was derived from the mixed organic matter of the Enping, Wenchang, and Zhuhai Formations. © 2018, V.S. Sobolev IGM, Siberian Branch of the RAS. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.     

四环聚异戊二烯类化合物:中国东部断陷湖盆新分子化石

渤海湾盆地海域断陷湖盆歧口凹陷古近系烃源岩及原油样品中,检测出丰富的四环聚异戊二烯类化合物。四环聚异戊二烯类化合物（C₃₀TPP）具有两个异构体,能有效地区分渤海湾盆地海域歧口凹陷沙三段（Es₃）烃源岩和沙一段（Es₁）烃源岩形成的混源原油,是湖相原油的油源对比研究中的新分子化石。四环聚异戊二烯类化合物与水体盐度之间有密切关系,沉积环境水体盐度越高,其丰度越高。随热演化程度增大,原油的四环聚异戊二烯类化合物（TPP）丰度逐渐降低。四环聚异戊二烯类化合物（TPP）具有湖相有机质输入的很强专属性,可用于判识湖相原油研究,在研究湖相沉积环境有机质的油源对比、沉积环境及热演化规律中具有重要地质-地球化学意义。     

The evolution characteristics and fractionation mechanism of carbon isotopes in the process of "multi-stage hydrocarbon generation"

The Jiyang Sag and the Liaohe Basin are the two important areas where immature oil resources are distributed in China. From these two areas immature-low mature to mature oil samples were collected for carbon isotopic analysis. The extracts of source rocks are dominant in the Jiyang Sag while crude oils are dominant in the Liaohe Basin. The maturity index, R., for source rocks varies from 0.25%(immature) to 0.65% (mature). Studies have shown that within this range of R. values the extracts of source rocks and crude oils, as well as their fraction components, have experienced observable carbon isotope fractionation. The carbon isotopic values tend to increase with burial depth, the oils become from immature-low mature to mature, and the rules of evolution of oils show a three-stage evolution pattern, i. e. ,light→heavy→light→heavy oils. Such variation trend seems to be related to the occurrence of two hydrocarbon-generating processes and the main hydrocarbon-forming materials being correspondingly non-hydrocarbons and possessing MAB characteristics, lower thermodynamic effects and other factors. In the process towards the mature stage, with increasing thermodynamic effects, the thermal degradation of kerogens into oil has become the leading factor, and correspondingly the bond-breaking ratio of 12 C-13C also increases,making the relatively 12C-rich materials at the low mature stage evolve again towards 13C enrichment.     

渤海湾盆地渤中19-6气田凝析油特征及油气关系

2018年中国东部最大整装凝析气田——渤中19-6气田的发现,一举打开了渤海湾盆地深层天然气勘探的新领域,展现了油型盆地天然气勘探的巨大潜力.渤中凹陷发育多套不同成熟度的烃源岩,位于渤中凹陷西南部的渤中19-6气田凝析油与天然气并存,近年来于该地区的天然气成因及形成条件多有研究,但是对于凝析油的形成则少有研究.本文以渤...     

银额盆地查干凹陷原油地化特征及油源对比

银额盆地东部查干凹陷首次发现轻质低硫成熟原油，其饱和径含量在90％以上，成熟度相当于镜煤反射率Ro1．0％左右，是生油高峰阶段的产物；原油全碳同位素δ^13C值－31．1‰。原油生物标志物中类异戊二烯含量较高，植烷与姥皖烷均势；三环萜烷含量高于五环萜烷；含有较高的TS C29、Ts、C30重排藿烷、伽马蜡烷；藿烷中以C50藿烷为主，C32以上升藿烷含量极低；孕甾烷含量高；甾烷中以C29甾烷为主，C27甾烷含量也较高，异胆甾烷含量高于胆甾烷；重排甾烷含量低；甾烷的含量与萜烷含量相当，是典型的湖相原油。已发现的天然气中甲烷含量达80％，为湿气。原油和源岩生物标志物组成特征分析对比表明下白垩统巴音戈壁组源岩是主要油源岩。生物标志物特征示原油具有一定的运移效应。     

On the depth,time and mechanism of origin of the heavy to medium-gravity naphthenic crude oils

Paraffinic crude oils are designated ‘primary’ because their composition is very close or identical to that of the hydrocarbons extracted from the corresponding oil source rocks. Heavy and medium-gravity naphthenic crude oils, on the other hand, typically are quite different compositionally from hydrocarbon mixtures in either mature or immature shales.The normal paraffin carbon number odd/even ratio 2C₂₉/(C₂₈ + C₃₀) of all the heavy to medium-gravity crude oils which could be analysed are in exactly the same range as is observed for the primary paraffinic crude oils, namely 0.95–1.42. The naphthene indices of the medium to heavy gravity naphthenic crude oils and of the primary paraffinic crude oils from the same area are identical or close. These facts are significant because both the n-paraffin carbon number odd/even ratio and the naphthene index of shale hydrocarbons are strongly depth and subsurface temperature dependent. The facts observed demonstrate beyond question that, in the same area, the paraffinic precursors of the heavy to medium-gravity naphthenic crude oils are generated and expelled in the identical depth range, and from the same mature relatively deep oil source beds as the primary paraffinic crude oils. Later, during and/or after a generally upward migration into oil reservoirs, the primary crude may be transformed compositionally into a naphthenic crude oil.In none of the five widely scattered oil basins studied are medium to heavy naphthenic crude oils found at temperatures greater than a limiting subsurface temperature. The abruptness of the temperature cutoff of the change in oil compositions in all five oil basins, as well as the average value of the cutoff temperature of 66°C (150°F), leaves no doubt that the mechanism of this crude oil transformation process is microbial.Optical activity, which was observed in narrow saturate hydrocarbon fractions of the 80–325°C range of all microbially transformed crude oils, but not in the primary untransformed oils, is strong additional evidence for the microbial nature of the crude oil transformation process. The observed optical activity is explained by the microbial digestion at different rates of optical antipodes present in the primary paraffinic crude oils.To gain perspective the vast scale of the microbial oil transformation process in nature is pointed out. Billions of tons of heavy to medium-gravity naphthenic crude oils, originating from the microbial transformation of primary paraffinic oils, are present in oil fields and tar sands all over the world.     

The origin of crude oils from the Shuguang-Huanxiling Buried Hills in the Liaohe Basin,China: evidence from chemical and isotopic compositions

Since the Shu103 well was successfully drilled in 1995, the Buried Hill reservoir is receiving a new exploration emphasis in the Liaohe Basin, China. The Buried Hill oils can be divided into 3 main types in the Shuguang-Huangxiling area based on their chemical and isotopic compositions. The first type is collected mostly from the Shuguang area. The similarity to the Es4 oils and the Es4 source rock extracts indicates that they were mainly expelled from the fourth member of the Shahejie formation (Es4) in the Chenjia Sag and/or Panshan Sag, deposited in a stratified paleolake system. The second is charactized by a relative high Pr/Ph ratio, low gammacerane content and depletion of ¹²C in individual n-alkanes. These characteristics represent a typical origin from dominantly freshwater paralic lacustrine sediments. Various biomarker indices of the other Buried Hill oils fall between the former two types. The authors infer that these oils may be derived from the adjacent Qingshui Sag and/or Panshan Sag, and were likely generated from transitional sedimentary facies between well-circulated freshwater paralic lacustrine and relatively closed saline lacustrine.     

塔里木盆地喀什凹陷克拉托天然气来源分析及聚气特征

塔里木西南喀什凹陷的克拉托天然气主要表现为原油的溶解气或者湿气,甲烷含量为74.59%~85.58%,克4井和克30井天然气则为较干的湿气。克拉托天然气的δ¹³C₁值为-41.2‰~-40.6‰,δ¹³C₂值为-30.0‰~-27.4‰。气源对比表明克拉托天然气主要源自具有混源母质特征的中侏罗统湖相烃源岩,不同于源自石炭系烃源岩的阿克莫木天然气。喀什凹陷的中-下侏罗统烃源岩主要是由于新近系的巨厚沉积才从未成熟—低成熟阶段进入成熟—高成熟阶段,生成的油气在克拉托背斜圈闭中聚集,虽也属晚期成藏,却具有连续聚气的特征。上新世末期,喀什凹陷的周缘开始抬升,早期油气藏受到破坏,形成了现今的地表油气苗或油砂。     

鄂尔多斯盆地董志——正宁地区原油地球化学特征与成因

鄂尔多斯盆地董志—正宁地区是该盆地中生界油气勘探新区,对该地区原油的地球化学进行研究,了解原油的成因,可以为该地区石油勘探和开发提供科学依据。本研究首次对采集于董志—正宁地区原油和鄂尔多斯盆地烃源岩的烃类生物标志化合物进行了系统的分析,研究了它们的地球化学特征。原油中各类烃类生物标志化合物分布和组成特征指示了原油形成于...     

黔东南凯里地区奥陶系原油及灰岩缝洞油苗地球化学特征与成因

对黔东南凯里地区虎47井中奥陶统大湾组轻质原油及其附近露头的中下奥陶统大湾组和红花园组灰岩晶洞和裂缝中的残余油苗进行了色谱、色-质谱及碳同位素测试分析,根据其分子地球化学特征和有机质成熟度,进行了油源对比。结果表明:原油及油苗的干酪根均来源于藻类植物,形成于还原环境;甲基菲指数揭示原油呈成熟油特征,而油苗则呈高成熟油特征。经碳同位素对比(特别是单体烃同位素对比)认为,原油及油苗均是来源于本区下寒武统牛蹄塘组泥质烃源岩,但形成期次有所不同,为同源不同期的产物。     

渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷油气运移路径模拟及示踪

在油气成藏期分析的基础上, 采用盆地流线模拟技术对渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷成藏关键时刻油气运移过程进行了恢复, 根据原油含氮化合物和成熟度指标对典型油气富集区的油气运移路径进行了示踪.油气运移路径模拟结果表明, 研究区南部凹槽源内和源下油气藏在东营末期(距今24.6 Ma)有一期较小规模运移, 油气大规模运移时期为明化镇中期(距今9 Ma).南部凹槽源上油气藏和北部凹槽源内油气藏在明化镇中期有少量油气运移, 大规模运移时期为明化镇末期(距今2 Ma).目前南部凹槽勘探程度较低, 模拟结果表明其具有较大的勘探潜力.原油地球化学指标揭示在源上油气藏富集区, 对于伸入洼陷中心的油源断层, 油气主要沿断层走向, 向构造高部位及断层面两侧砂体运移; 对于平行洼陷中心的油源断层, 油气主要沿断层倾向向构造高部位运移.在源内油气藏富集区, 油气主要通过有效烃源岩层系内发育的砂体向构造高部位运移.      

Geochemical analysis of mixed oil in the Ordovician reservoir of the Halahatang Depression, Tarim Basin, China

In this study,12 crude oil samples were collected and analyzed from the Ordovician reservoir in the Halahatang Depression,Tarim Basin,China.Although the density of oil samples varies considerably,based on saturated hydrocarbon gas chromatographic(GC),saturated and aromatic hydrocarbon gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric(GC/MS) and stable carbon isotopic composition analyses,all the samples are interpreted to represent a single oil population with similar characteristics in a source bed or a source kitchen,organic facies and even in oil charge history.The co-existence of a full suite of n-alkanes and acyclic isoprenoids with UCM and 25-norhopanes in the crude oil samples indicates mixing of biodegraded oil with fresher non-biodegraded oil in the Ordovician reservoir.Moreover,according to the conversion diagram of double filling ratios for subsurface mixed crude oils,biodegraded/non-biodegraded oil ratios were determined as in the range from 58/42 to 4/96.Based on oil density and oil mix ratio,the oils can be divided into two groups:Group 1,with specific density>0.88(g/cm3) and oil mix ratio>1,occurring in the north of the Upper Ordovician Lianglitage and Sangtamu Formation pinchout lines,and Group 2,with specific density<0.88(g/cm3) and oil mix ratio<1,occurring in the south of the pinchout lines.Obviously,Group 2 oils with low densities and being dominated by non-biodegraded oils are better than Group 1 oils with respect to quality.It is suggested that more attention should be paid to the area in the south of the Upper Ordovician Lianglitage and Sangtamu Formation pinchout lines for further exploration.     

新疆三塘湖盆地马朗凹陷条湖组凝灰岩油藏油源分析

通过系统采集新疆三塘湖盆地马朗凹陷二叠系芦草沟组和条湖组各套烃源岩岩心样品以及条湖组凝灰岩段原油样品,研究各套烃源岩的基本地球化学特征、烃源岩和 原油饱和烃生物标志化合物特征、抽提物/原油以及族组分的稳定碳同位素特征等,探讨了凝灰岩油藏的原油来源。结果表明：芦草沟组二段烃源岩的质量最好;各套泥质烃源岩可溶有机质生物标志化合 物特征具有明显的差异,主要表现在Pr/Ph、 γ蜡烷含量、β-胡萝卜烷含量以及规则甾烷ααα20RC₂₇、ααα20RC₂₈、ααα20RC₂₉相对含量等方面;条湖组凝灰岩油藏中原油具有低Pr/Ph、高γ蜡 烷含量、高β-胡萝卜烷含量以及规则甾烷ααα20RC₂₇、ααα20RC₂₈、ααα20RC₂₉中ααα20RC₂₉最高和ααα20RC₂₇最低(谱图呈上升直线型)、原油及族组分稳定碳同位素较轻的特点;油源对比 显示凝灰岩油藏的原油主要来自芦草沟组二段烃源岩,但也有凝灰岩自身有机质的贡献。     

刍云深水凹陷高成熟原油芳烃地球化学特征研究

对白云凹陷采集的27个原油样品的芳烃组成进行了系统的研究。其分布特征和相对含量表明,原油母质具明显的陆源高等植物输入特征,沉积环境以氧化环境为主,根据萘系列、菲系列、二苯并噻吩系列化合物的相对含量分布差异,优选有效的烷基萘、烷基菲、烷基二苯并噻吩成熟度指标,综合分析了白云凹陷原油成熟度特征。原油总体属于成熟一高成熟原油,结合生物标志化合物组成可划分为A、B两类,A类原油的成熟度高于B类原油。还选用有效的成熟度参数探讨了白云凹陷油气运移规律,如三甲基萘比值,该参数指示油气运移方向沿白云主洼中心向周围运移,且邻近番禺低隆起,运移方向由西向东,即沿着成熟度由高到低方向运移。