基于可见光——红外图像信息融合的云状识别方法

云状的正确观测对降水测报具有指示性意义,云状自动识别技术是气象要素自动化观测领域的难题之一。本文基于全天空可见光成像仪采集的云图与中红外热像仪获取的云图结合,对天空云状进行分类和测量。结果表明:通过在北京、杭州和丽江气象台站采集的大量云图,从云图特征和降水指示性方面将云状划分为Clear、C_H、C_L、C_B及C_M共5类。选取14个色彩和纹理特征值作为云状计算参数,采用552张云图作为训练样本,信息分类利用特征值加权最小距离算法,对于5类500个被测样本进行云状的判别。对应自拟的标准云状分类,平均准确率为82%。基于可见光—红外图像信息融合的云状识别方法结合了可见光图像色彩信息丰富的特点及红外图像可以降低雾霾干扰的优势,对比单一可见光传感器云测量,准确性有所提高。本文在可见光与红外图像传感器等多种云观测设备的信息融合方面进行了有益的尝试。     

DYYZⅡ型自动站原理简介及日常维护

1系统工作原理 DYYZⅡ型自动站是利用传感器的感应元件将外界实时的气象要素转变为各种物理量（如电阻、电压、频率、脉冲信号等）的变化，然后对输入信号进行整形、转换或放大，变为数据采集器可以直接测量的物理信号。同时该系统通过定时计算器根据不同的气象要素观测要求，控制其采样间隔时间，具有数据计算、统计、处理的功能，并可进行存贮。气象传感器输出的物理信号经数据采集器处理后通过标准RS-232通讯接口输入计算机，计算机通过此通讯口定时向数据采集器读取数据，并将数据处理、存贮，通过地面气象测报业务软件完成台站的业务使用。     

三套再分析资料在青藏高原湖泊模拟研究中的适用性分析

湖泊模式为青藏高原湖-气相互作用研究提供了有效方法,而驱动数据对模拟结果影响显著,但目前用来驱动模式的再分析资料对高原不同地区湖泊的适用性依然不够清楚。利用野外观测数据、M ODIS地表温度数据和WRF耦合的一维湖泊模式,对比分析了中国区域高时空分辨率地面气象要素驱动数据集(简称ITPCAS)、ERA-Interim和NCEP/NCAR三套再分析资料在青藏高原地区纳木错、班公错和鄂陵湖三个不同深度湖泊的适用性,并对三套再分析资料的准确性进行了初步验证,进一步分析了不同校正方式后的再分析资料对模拟结果的影响。结果表明,用三套不同再分析资料作为模式驱动数据时,WRF耦合的一维湖泊模型均能够较好地模拟出高原湖泊表面温度的变化,但仍然与MODIS观测结果存在偏差。三套再分析资料中ITPCAS数据集的各气象要素与站点观测更为接近,ERA-Interim数据的向下长波和短波辐射比观测值偏大,NCEP/NCAR数据中的向下长波较观测值偏小而风速偏大。利用站点观测对再分析资料进行校正,ITPCAS数据进行全要素校正前后模拟结果差别不大,ERA-Interim和NCEP/NCAR进行全要素校正后模拟结果准确性显著提高;对于实地观测资料匮乏的地区,单独对ERA-Interim向下短波辐射数据进行校正以及同时对NCEP/NCAR气温和向下长波辐射数据进行校正均能优化湖表面温度的模拟结果。     

电容式霜露传感器自动化观测对比分析

霜露天气现象是气象观测中的重要观测内容,目前对霜露的观测多采用人工观测的方法,存在诸多弊端。本文在对电容式霜露传感器自动化观测原理进行简单介绍的基础上,重点对2014年9月至2014年12月4个月的设备试验数据进行了分析,把设备识别结果、人工观测结果以及标准器识别结果进行比对,结合设备安装地点周围的实际情况和温湿度信息,深入探讨了设备识别率、漏报率、错报率的变化情况以及导致设备识别率波动的原因。试验结果表明,电容式霜露传感器在一般自然环境中对霜露天气现象具有较好的识别率,在未来研究改进的基础上,具有应用于气象业务自动化观测的可能。     

雨滴谱式降水现象仪降水类型判定算法优化探究

雨滴谱式降水现象仪目前已在国内台站大量列装,随着众多设备投入运行,全国各地大量真实的降水现象原始数据和粒子谱图数据可被测量记录,通过对其中部分数据的对比分析,发现雨滴谱式降水现象仪在现象判定准确性方面与人工观测还有一定差距。通过对国内真实观测数据的横向比对发现,发生降水天气现象的同时,相关气象要素值都会发生相应的变化,在完善现有算法的基础上,提出一种通过综合目前业务台站已有相关气象要素的实时数据进行现象综合判定的方法,从而解决因单一传感器观测原理和方式的局限性导致现象判定准确性不佳的问题,提高天气现象判定准确性。该方法的实质与人工观测某种天气现象时的工作原理保持一致。通过对部分已有天气现象对比观测数据的分析,在提出相应的阈值进行综合判定后,能够对部分现象的误报进行订正。通过对不同地域大量数据的分析汇总,这种方式能够解决部分由于仪器测量工作原理的局限性导致的单个仪器在现有条件下现象观测准确性无法完全达到人工观测水平的问题。     

农业气象测报业务系统软件使用中的注意事项

正1引言由国家气象中心开发的软件"农业气象测报业务系统(AgMODOS)",自2010年1月1日起正式在全国范围内投入业务使用。农业气象测报业务系统由系统管理、农业气象测报数据编辑和农业气象测报数据应用服务三个主程序,以及帮助文档、系统参数文件、输入输出表单模板、数据库文件等组成。参数设置、观测簿的建立、观测数据录入和编辑、农业气象观测要素和旬(月)基本气象要素报文的生成、数据文件上传等,是目前该软件在吉林     

正点地面观测数据维护中数据异常的分析处理

地面观测资料报文传输方式调整之后,值班观测员应注意小时内自动气象站的数据采集情况,在正点后通过《地面气象测报业务软件》的"正点地面观测数据维护"对数据进行检查,当发现自动气象站错误或数据异常时,应及时对疑误数据进行分析处理,完成对自动气象站数据的质量控制。通过对几例正点地面观测数据维护中典型异常数据的分析处理,帮助地面测报值班人员在日常工作中对正点地面观测疑误数据进行快速的判断和维护,做好自动气象站数据的质量控制,以保证地面气象要素上传数据文件内数据的完整性、时效性和质量。     

自动气象站地温数据异常分析与处理

<正>随着科技不断进步,自动观测逐渐代替了人工观测,主要气象要素已基本实现了仪器观测,因此自动气象观测设备的保障成为业务工作的重要部分。结合多年气象仪器维修经验,从地温传感器故障入手,分析故障原因并对地温传感器的连线方式与方法提出建议。1地温传感器工作原理地温传感器是能感受规定的被测量,按照一定的规律将被测量转换成可用输出信号的器件或装置,通常由敏感元件和转换元件组成。Pt100型铂电阻的阻值在一定测量范围内随温度的变化     

气象辐射数据质量控制

气象辐射观测数据是气象业务、服务和科学研究的基础,其质量控制很重要。本文通过对近几年甘肃省地面气象辐射观测记录中出现的问题进行梳理,根据地面气象观测规范要求和实际工作中的审核经验,对气象辐射观测记录的质量控制方法及容易发生异常的地方进行总结,以期对台站提高辐射月报表数据文件的质量提供参考,对从事省级气象数据质量控制工作尤其是刚从事该项工作的人员的提供有益的帮助。结果显示:仪器正常时的异常记录参考云量云状、能见度、天气现象、定时降水量等气象要素进行人工判别,是现阶段气象辐射数据质量控制的最有效办法;对于仪器故障时的异常记录的判别要分情况考虑,遵从业务规定的方法取代异常值和缺测值;对于记录中容易出错的其他问题,则需要台站观测员及质量控制人员加强业务学习,总结工作经验,避免类似问题再次出现。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.