Composite technology of earthwork construction on taliks in cryolithic zones

This paper reviews construction and technological solutions for roadbeds in talik areas of permafrost soil, and proposes an integrated technology for prevention and elimination of taliks during constru...     

高分辨率遥感在城市发展动态监测中的应用

与传统的遥感影像相比，高分辨率遥感影像有着空间分辨率高、时间分辨率高、信息量大、所包含的地物的几何和纹理信息更加明显、能提取地物三维信息等优点。城市中的研究对象多属于一些尺寸相对较小且空间信息较为重要的地物，再加上已形成一套全新的面向对象的高分辨率遥感数据的处理和信息提取方法。这使得高分辨率遥感技术成为城市发展动态监测以及相关信息提取的最有效手段。动态监测中获得的数据还进一步运用于城市规划布局、市容市政管理、城市生态环境保护、城市交通建设规划、城市防震减灾以及数字交通和数字城市的建设等诸多方面。     

县乡级土地利用总体规划数据库建设存在问题浅析

随着土地利用总体规划修编工作的进行,土地利用总体规划数据库的建设也在全国范围内陆续开展起来。数据库的建设是对全国土地"一张图"工程的完善,也是土地管理工作动态管理的基础。本文以县、乡级土地利用规划数据库建设为例,总结在数据库建设过程中遇到的问题、问题产生的原因以及相应的解决办法。数据库的建设一定要严格按照标准执行,数据准确度要高。县乡级数据库的建设立足于土地利用规划的实际用地需求,对今后土地管理有着制约性和指导性的意义。     

近十年长沙市区建设用地扩张的理性思考

利用长沙市区近十年土地利用变更数据,分析长沙市区建设用地扩张存在的问题、根源及其解决途径。长沙市区建设用地扩张存在耕地大量流失、土地粗放利用、生态服务功能持续降低等现象;经济学分析表明,建设用地扩张过程中外部性未能有效化解,是近十年长沙市区建设用地不合理扩张的根源;提出政府调控为主、市场配置为辅的政策建议。     

云南生态环境建设存在的问题及对策

通过对云南生态环境建设现状及生态环境建设中存在的森林破坏严重、水土流失加剧、草地严重退化、地力减退、自然灾害频繁、环境污染扩大等问题的分析,提出提高思想认识、科学规划、恢复植被、加大科技推广力度、实行综合治理等对策进行规划治理。     

Case studies: Frozen ground design and construction in Kotzebue, Alaska

Alaska has many construction design challenges due to permafrost. Due to either climate changes or human activities and development, permafrost often becomes unstable. Unstable soils can cause thaw settlement, frost jacking, or heaving. These can cause damage to infrastructure, increase maintenance costs, and decrease the life of construction projects. Kotzebue, Alaska, a remote village in the northwest arctic part of Alaska, is ideal for observing such permafrost effects on infrastructure. Three case studies of Kotzebue construction projects are reviewed here： the Front Loop Water Main Extension, which shows the importance of both passive and active freeze thaw protection for water service pipes and how to minimize differential movement between pipes and buildings; the Wastewater Lift Station Replacement, which describes methods for reducing thaw settlement in buildings over time when it is not feasible to prevent thaw settlement, and compares the benefits of frozen ground excavation over traditional excavation practices; and the Ted Stevens Way Rehabilitation, which discusses the effectiveness of 2001 best design practices for gravel road construction over tundra and permafrost, identifies their design and construction failures, and proposes future solutions.     

The field induced in a two-layer medium by an arbitrary source

Summary. A method of obtaining solutions to induction problems in layered media for arbitrary sources is presented. The technique makes use of the Fourier transformation and involves a construction over elementary current filaments. To ensure charge continuity in the filament, a current potential source is derived. Two examples of induction in layered media are given to illustrate the method.     

Problems and countermeasures in construction of transmission line projects in permafrost regions

Construction of power transmission lines is becoming an important part of permafrost engineering in China.This paper reviews the construction status and problems of transmission lines in different countries,as well as corresponding solutions that would be of practical significance for sustainable engineering practices.Russia has the longest history of transmission line construction in permafrost areas,with transmission lines（mainly 220 kV and 500 kV） spanning approximately 100,000 km.However,all countries suffer from permafrost-related tower foundation stability problems caused by freezing-thawing hazards such as frost heave and thaw settlement,frost lifting,and harmful cryogenic phenomena.As point-line transmission line constructions,the lines,poles and towers should be reasonably selected and installed with a comprehensive consideration of frozen soil characteristics to effectively reduce the occurrence of freezing-thawing disasters.Reinforced concrete pile foundations are widely used in the permafrost regions,and construction in winter is also a universal practice.Moreover,facilitating engineering measures like thermosyphons are an effective way to reduce freezing-thawing hazards and to maintain the stability of tower foundations.     

UNAUTHORIZED SUBURBAN HOUSING PRODUCTION IN GREECE

Unauthorized and illegal housing construction in Greece has existed for decades, resulting from extensive rural-urban migration, the high cost of legal houses, housing's popularity as a means for capital accumulation, and ineffective land-use planning and regulation. This unauthorized housing development has moved from the cities of Greece to its suburbs, as the amount of urban land available for squatting has diminished. Greek citizens have found ingenious ways to construct illegal housing quickly and cheaply. Some of this housing is quite substantial, taking on the appearance of middle-income and even upper-income housing. Despite the undesirable consequences of unauthorized construction, laws and regulations have been largely ineffective in preventing it. Possible solutions continue to be explored, and additional remedies are suggested in this article. Yet unauthorized construction in Greece may disappear only when the income of the middle and lower classes reaches a level to enable them to acquire a house legally.     

我国西部开发中生态环境保护及其对策

西部地区生态环境脆弱 ,在实施西部开发战略中如何保护和优化生态环境显得尤为重要。在分析西部地区存在的生态环境问题的基础上 ,提出了适度调整资源开发导向战略 ;科技先行 ,强化生态环境建设 ;调整产业结构 ,加快城市化进程 ;制定合理的政策 ,加强环境立法、执法等对策和建议 ,保护和优化生态环境     

近两百年江苏省城乡建设用地数量估算与空间重建

以典型历史断面下的建设用地为研究对象,以数量估算控制下的空间格局重建为基本思路,在200 m×200 m网格下,估算并重建了近200年5个时间断面下的江苏省建设用地（城镇用地和农村聚落用地）的空间格局。在数量估算方面,历史时期（1820年）的城镇用地主要采用城垣、市镇四栅等作为代用指标;近现代时期（1911年、1936年、1952年）,主要通过人口、社会经济等数据,结合一定假设确定人均用地数量进行推导;各时期的农村聚落用地均以人口数量为基础,根据人均住房面积和社会经济数据修正确定。在空间重建方面,结合遥感数据解译获得的现代（1985年）土地利用数据,借助基础地理数据,在一定假设条件下,通过数量控制、边界控制、适宜性控制,兼顾用地连片性等予以确定。结果表明：① 各时间断面下的江苏省建设用地数量分别为963.46 km²（1820年）、1041.94 km²（1911年）、1672.40 km²（1936年）、1980.34 km²（1952年）和10687.18 km²（1985年）;② 建设用地在空间分布上具有亲水网、路网等特征,并随居民点极化与扩散效应而不断扩张;③ 通过变化过程与演化趋势检验、建设用地与生产协调性分析、居民点空间数量与格局分析等方法,间接证明了重建结果的合理性。     

空间治理的社区实践与正当性建构——以浙江省永嘉县芙蓉村传统村落保护为例

空间治理是一个复杂的政治过程。以浙江省永嘉县芙蓉村的传统村落保护为例,通过叙事研究展示了地方特性对空间治理实践的影响,探讨了空间治理正当性建构的困难及可能的解决思路。研究认为：① 空间治理的宏观意义与被治理社区地方性知识之间的冲突可能引发政策和行政的正当性危机。② 不同政策措施对于正当性的建构有不同作用,对抗性措施必然引发正当性危机,调和性措施往往难以有效建立正当性,共赢性措施是最佳之选,但其对于正当性的调节效果受限于外部条件,各种政策措施在地方特性的影响下均面临失效风险。③ 空间治理正当性的建立首先需要正确把握地方性政治互动方式,理解正当性在地方特性作用下得以建立或趋于消解的原因,在此基础上根据情境适当调用对抗性政策措施、调和性政策措施和共赢性政策措施,从而建立良好的意义沟通和平等协商机制,使正当性得以长久维系。     

矿业城市可持续发展困境原因探析

矿业城市是指由于矿业资源的开采而形成的城市。长期以来,矿业城市在我国的经济建设中做出了重大贡献。然而,随着矿产资源的耗减和体制改革的深化,矿业城市在目前发展中普遍存在资源衰竭、污染严重、管理体制不合理等问题。特别是在当今全球经济一体化的新形势下,矿业城市面临着更加严峻的挑战,如何合理有效地利用资源,确保矿业城市可持续发展,文章对矿业城市发展中存在的主要问题及目前出现困境的原因进行了分析,并提出了我国矿业城市摆脱困境的对策和建议。     

经济发达区内大都市用地空间的理性扩展

城市化是当今时代社会经济发展的主旋律与经济发展实现现代化的主要目标之一。在经济发达地区,工业化水平高、城镇密集、交通发达、土地利用空间高度集约化,也是沿海地区城市化的重要特点。然而,每个城市的用地空间在城市化过程中存在着非理性的扩展现象,甚至有些大城市地区用地失控的现象;使之城市边缘地区过度郊区化,无限制的蔓延扩展,开发区泛滥,造成生态环境恶化,非理性化的城市建设成本不断增加,社会与环境治理成本也不断加大。提出在经济发达地区内,大都市用地空间理性扩展的5个原则与5种解决的办法,在中国土地资源十分有限的国情条件下,大都市建设做到用地空间理性扩展以及城市化健康发展将起到重要的指导作用,具有十分重要的实践意义与学术价值。     

Predictive modeling of the permafrost thermal regime in Russian railroad subgrade support systems

The goal of a predictive thermotechnical calculation is to model the behavior of the top permafrost boundary under current operational conditions as well as increasing average annual air temperatures that results in degradation of the permafrost layer. Numerical modeling was used to assess the efficient application of construction measures to create sustainable operation of the railroad. The numerical modeling was carried out in the programming complex FEM-models developed by geotechnical engineers of St. Petersburg, Russia under Prof. V. M. Ulitsky’s guidance. The Termoground Program as a part of the FEM-models enables the research of freezing, heaving and thawing in different design solutions. Research was carried out in space resolution for a year cycle. The performed model has shown that the designing measures accepted for permafrost protection from retreat in the subgrade support were generally effective.     

‘Let this forest for ever rest’:* tracking protest and identity in Australia’s forests

ABSTRACT

Exploitation of natural resources has long been a flashpoint for contention in Australia. This is clear in the case of forest management, where groups advocating protection have faced off against state and industry actors. The move towards multifunctionalism that recognises different values in the management of natural resources has led to a search for alternative solutions. In the case of forestry, introduction of Regional Forest Agreements (RFA) in the 1990s sought to devolve responsibility to the States, while striking a balance between economic and environmental considerations. The aim of this paper is to identify how forest activism has developed since the RFA process began and its significance in relation to changes in land use. The paper draws on a protest event catalogue of forest-related events over the 1997–2017 period to identify the intensity, tactics and location of such actions. The findings suggest that state action has reduced the intensity of contention, in line with changes in resource management practices. However, they also point to the importance of identity and its link to the social construction of resources in determining the ability of actors to de-escalate and find solutions.     

中国沙漠型旅游景区发展现状及前景

自20世纪中叶以来,沙漠旅游兴起,受到大众的喜爱,生态环境的改善也促使很多观光型的沙漠主题景区开始向度假型转变.中国的沙漠型旅游景区逐年增多,也开始向着高品质、多元化发展,但在发展过程中也面临诸多困境,如沙漠型景区建设成本高、融资困难,游客停留时间短,旅游产品单一,宣传力度不足等.通过相关的网站数据分析和国内外优秀案例...     

开发克拉运河的VRTS分析及启示

在"一带一路"与"两洋战略"背景下,基于各种目标的战略与工程被大量提出,并进行了论证。其中关于开发克拉运河的提议,被认为具有破解"马六甲困局"的重大意义。对此,本文运用VRTS分析法,从战略价值、战略风险和开发时机、开发(时序)策略四方面进行综合分析,指出该提议存在战略价值高估、战略风险低估,以及战略时机误判和战略时序安排不够合理等问题,建议暂时搁置,并探索其他可行替代方案。本文关于开发克拉运河的分析,对于其他战略项目论证也有一定参考意义。     

甘肃土地资源管理的经济地理学思考

从甘肃土地资源利用现状出发，在对土地资源管理存在问题分析和解决途径的探讨中，把各特殊区域的特殊问题综合化，从经济地理学的高度进行了思考并作了结论。     

城市景观生态研究的现状与发展趋势

从城市景观格局、景观动态变化及其驱动机制、土地利用与土地覆盖变化、生态恢复与生态合理性建设和城市景观生物多样性等5个方面总结了城市景观生态研究的发展现状。从分析结果看,城市景观动态变化的驱动机制、结构与功能的生态合理性评估、格局的优化设计模式和城市发展过程中的决策支持与管理等研究领域还存在着明显的不足,难以满足城市景观生态理论和应用发展的需求,应当成为今后研究工作的重点。此外,城市景观生态研究是一个多学科的综合性研究范畴,景观生态学研究人员必须与相关学科的专家密切协作,才能够推动上述理论和应用问题的解决。