黔北普宜地区水系沉积物地球化学特征及成矿预测

通过黔北普宜地区开展1∶5万水系沉积物测量工作,对研究区的地球化学特征进行初步研究,以获取成矿信息。对水系沉积物样品分析结果进行数理统计,运用成矿元素地球化学特征进行多元统计分析、单元素及组合异常分析,并运用奇异性分析方法对成矿异常进行识别。分析结果表明,Pb、Zn元素异常高值点较多、离散程度较高,地球化学和成矿地质条件优越,具有较好找矿前景。F与Li元素为显著正相关关系,氟病区锂的含量高,地质环境中含量较高的Li对地下水中氟的浓聚迁移可能有抑制作用。综合研究区已知矿化信息及地层构造格架,优选出铅锌成矿远景区4处,为普宜地区找矿潜力分析、成矿规律研究及地氟病预防治理提供科学依据。     

云南省中和营地区1∶5万水系沉积物测量地球化学特征及找矿方向

通过湘西-滇东地区矿产地质调查二级项目开远地区子项目的1:5万水系沉积物测量工作,结合中和营地区地质、地球化学工作成果,分析了中和营地区18中元素的含量、富集离散程度以及微量元素间的元素组合特征,对工区18种元素圈定了单元素异常292个,归并为5个综合异常,综合异常走向、分布总体与区内北东、北西向构造一致。并对研究区重点综合异常（ZHYAS5乙2Sb-Hg综合异常）进行解析,分析得出综合异常区内的主要成矿元素且主要异常元素间套合度好、异常衬度及异常规模（NAP）较大,结合区内地质情况推测该异常可作为本区寻找锑多金属矿的有利地段,为下一步的地质找矿工作指明了方向。     

黑龙江东部完达山地区水系沉积物地球化学特征及成矿预测

完达山地区位于中国东北地区东部,主要由一套近南北走向的玄武岩、堆晶岩、(超)基性熔岩、硅质岩和泥质岩组成,为中国东部唯一的中生代海相地层发育区,出露有太平洋板块俯冲形成的增生杂岩组合。研究区矿产资源丰富,已发现中型矿床1处,小型矿床4处,找矿前景较好。在全区1∶20万水系沉积物测量基础上,对完达山地区16种成矿元素进行相关性分析、聚类分析、因子分析、单元素异常分析和组合异常分析。分析结果表明,Au、Ni、Cr、Bi、Hg异常高值点多、离散性强,地质及地球化学条件优越,成矿潜力强。Au成矿作用主要与中酸性岩浆岩相关,Ni、Cr成矿作用主要与(超)基性岩浆熔离作用相关。在此基础上,结合区内地质、构造、物探和已知矿床(点)等信息,优选出4处成矿远景区,即258高地金成矿远景区、八里桥—仙人台铜镍钨锡成矿远景区、四平山—358高地金银成矿远景区和跃进山—先锋北山金银铜铁成矿远景区,为完达山地区整体找矿工作部署和区域成矿规律研究提供科学依据。     

甘肃北山拾金坡—南金滩地区水系沉积物地球化学特征及找矿远景

依据甘肃北山拾金坡—南金滩地区1∶5万水系沉积物测量成果,研究了区内元素分布、单元素异常及异常元素组合特征,共圈出11处综合地球化学异常,结合异常所处的地质特征,划分为4类11处成矿远景区。第一类综合异常处于中酸性侵入岩区,与断裂构造密切相关,以Au为主成矿元素,是寻找蚀变岩型和石英脉型金矿的有利地区;第二类综合异常处于蓟县系平头山组地层区,是寻找喷流沉积型铅锌矿、铁矿及矽卡岩型多金属矿的有利地区;第三类综合异常处于敦煌群地层出露区,是寻找变质热液型金矿的有利地区;第四类综合异常与基性—超基性杂岩体有关,是寻找铜镍矿的有利地区。     

江西大游山地区水系沉积物地球化学特征及找矿方向

朱溪特大型钨铜矿床的发现,使大游山地区W-Cu多金属的成矿潜力受到广泛的关注。本文依据1：5万水系沉积物测量成果,探讨大游山地区成矿元素含量、分布、组合以及综合异常等特征。结果显示,朱溪地区与长源坞地区异常强度高,规模大,元素套合好,朱溪地区为W-Cu多金属找矿远景区,长源坞地区为W-Bi多金属找矿远景区。     

First evidence for episodic flooding events in the arid interior of central Saudi Arabia over the last 60 ka

Although evidence for Quaternary environmental changes in the Arabian Peninsula is now growing, research has mostly been conducted in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and in the Sultanate of Oman. There have been virtually no recent studies in Saudi Arabia, especially in the central region such as around Al‐Quwaiayh. In this area there are a series of outwash plains developed along the eastern edge of the Arabian Shield that formed in the late Quaternary. Four sedimentary sections, which are representative of the deposits that have accumulated, have been studied and five luminescence ages obtained. These are the first luminescence ages acquired from Quaternary sediments in central Saudi Arabia. The preserved fluvial deposits in the study area have formed during humid events at ca. 54 ka, ca. 39 ka and ca. 0.8 ka. In more recent times aeolian sands have been encroaching on to the distal parts of the outwash plains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Opaque Mineralogy as a Tracer of Magmatic History of Volcanic Rocks:an Example from the Neogene-Quaternary Harrat Rahat Intercontinental Volcanic Field, North Western Saudi Arabia

The Neogene-Quaternary Harrat Rahat volcanic field is part of the major intercontinental Harrat fields in western Saudi Arabia.It comprises lava flows of olivine basalt and hawaiite,in addition to mugearite,benmorite,and trachyte that occur mainly as domes,tuff cones and lava flows.Based on opaque mineralogy and mineral chemistry,the Harrat Rahat volcanic varieties are distinguished into Group I(olivine basalt and hawaiite) and Group II(mugearite,benmorite and trachyte).The maximum forsterite content(~85) is encountered in zoned forsteritic olivine of Group I,whereas olivine of Group II is characterized by intermediate(Fo=50),fayalitic(Fo=25) and pure fayalite in the mugearite,benmorite and trachyte,respectively.The more evolved varieties of Group II contain minerals that show enrichment of Fe2+,Mn2+and Na+that indicates normal fractional crystallization.The common occurrence of coarse apatite with titanomagnetite in the benmorite indicates that P5+becomes saturated in this rock variety and drops again in trachyte.Cr-spinel is recorded in Group I varieties only and the Cr#(0.5) suggests lherzolite as a possible restite of the Harrat Rahat volcanics.The plots of Cr# vs.the forsterite content(Fo) suggest two distinct trends,which are typical of mixing of two basaltic magmas of different sources and different degrees of partial melting.The bimodality of Harrat Rahat Cr-spinel suggests possible derivation from recycled MORB slab in the mantle as indicated by the presence of high-Al spinel.It is believed that the subcontinental lithospheric mantle was modified by pervious subduction process and played the leading role in the genesis of the Harrat Rahat intraplate volcanics.The trachytes of the Harrat Rahat volcanic field were formed most probably by melting of a lower crust at the mantle-crust boundary.The increase in fO2 causes a decrease in Cr2 O3,and Al2 O3,and a strong increase in the proportion of Fe3+and Mg# of spinel crystallizing from the basaltic melt at T ~1200°C.The olivine-pyroxene and olivine-spinel geothermometers yielded equilibrium temperature in the range of 935-1025°C,whereas the range of <500-850°C from single-pyroxene thermometry indicates either post crystallization reequilibrium of the clinopyroxene,or the mineral is xenocrystic and re-equilibrated in a cooling basaltic magma.     

Hydrogeology and hydrochemistry of a shallow alluvial aquifer,western Saudi Arabia

A hydrogeological and hydrochemical study was conducted on a shallow alluvial aquifer, Wadi Wajj, in western Saudi Arabia to assess the influence of protection measures on groundwater quality. The hydrochemistry was assessed up-gradient and down-gradient from potential contamination sources in the main city in dry and wet seasons prior to and after the installation of major drainage and wastewater facilities. Wadi Wajj is an unconfined aquifer where water is stored and transmitted through fractured and weathered bedrock and the overlying alluvial sediments. Natural recharge to the aquifer is about 5% of rainfall-runoff. Hydrochemistry of the aquifer shows temporal and seasonal changes as influenced by protection measures and rainfall runoff. Both groundwater and runoff showed similar chemical signature, which is mostly of chloride-sulfate-bicarbonate and sodium-calcium type. Groundwater downstream of the city, though of poorer quality than upstream, showed significant improvement after the installation of a concrete runoff tunnel and a wastewater treatment plant. Concentrations of many of the groundwater quality indicators (e.g., TDS, coliform bacteria, and nitrate) exceed US Environmental Protection Agency drinking-water standards. Heavy metal content is, however, within allowable limits by local and international standards. The chemical analyses also suggest the strong influence of stream runoff and sewage water on the groundwater quality.

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Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Résumé Une étude hydrogéologique et géochimique a été menée sur l’aquifère phréatique alluviale Wadi Wajj dans l’Ouest de l’Arabie Saoudite afin d’évaluer l’influence de mesures de protection sur la qualité de l’eau souterraine. L’hydrogéochimie de l’eau a été étudiée en amont et en aval de sources potentielles de contamination dans la ville principale, pendant les saisons sèches et humides, avant et après l’installation de réseaux majeurs de drainage et d’eaux usées. L’aquifère Wadi Wajj est libre, l’eau est stockée et s’écoule dans les sédiments alluviaux et dans le socle fracturé et altéré sous-jacent. La recharge naturelle de l’aquifère représente 5% des eaux de pluie et de ruissellement. L’hydrogéochimie de l’eau de l’aquifère montre que les changements saisonniers et temporaires sont influencés par les mesures de protection et par le ruissellement des eaux pluviales. L’eau souterraine et l’eau de ruissellement ont présenté le même faciès chimique, de type bicarbonatée-sulfatée-chlorée et calco-sodique. En aval de la ville, l’eau souterraine, bien que de moins bonne qualité qu’en amont, a présenté une nette amélioration après l’installation d’un système de récupération et d’une station de traitement des eaux usées. Les concentrations de plusieurs paramètres indicateurs de la qualité de l’eau (tels que la charge totale dissoute, les coliformes, et les nitrates) dépassent les normes de potabilité de l’eau de consommation de l’agence américaine de la protection de l’environnement. Les teneurs en métaux lourds en revanche n’excèdent pas les normes locales et internationales. Les analyses chimiques indiquent aussi l’influence importante de l’écoulement par ruissellement et des eaux usées sur la qualité de l’eau souterraine.

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Resumen Un estudio hidrogeológico e hidroquímico fue hecho en un acuífero somero de Wadi Wajj, en Arabia Saudi oeste para evaluar la influecia de medidas de protección en la calidad del agua subterránea. La hidroquímica fue evaluada gradiente-arriba y gradiente-abajo de las fuentes potenciales de contaminación de la ciudad principal durante las estaciones seca y lluviosa, antes y después de la instalación de sistemas principales de drenaje y aguas servidas. Wadi Wajj es un acuífero no-confinado donde el agua es almacenada y transmitida a través de roca fracturada y meteorizada, y los sedimentos aluviales que le sobreyacen. La recarga natural del acuífero es de cerca del 5% de la precipitación-escorrentía. La hidroquímica del acuífero muestra cambios temporales y estacionales influenciados por las medidas de protección y la escorrentía de precipitación. Ambas, agua subterránea y escorrentía mostraron composición química similar, siendo mayoritariamente de tipos cloruro-sulfato-bicarbonato y sodio-calcio. El agua subterránea aguas arriba de la ciudad, aunque de calidad más pobre que aguas abajo, mostró significante mejoría después de la instalación de un tunel de concreto para escorrentía y una planta de tratamiento de aguas servidas. Las concentraciones de muchos de los indicadores de calidad de agua subterránea (e.g., STD, coliformes, y nitrato) exceden los estándares de la Agencia de Protección Ambiental USA para agua potable. El contenido de metales pesados está, sin embargo, dentro de los límites permisibles de los estándares locales e internacionales. Los análisis químicos también sugieren la fuerte influencia de la escorrentía y aguas residuales en la calidad del agua subterránea.

     

大巴山地区水系沉积物地球化学特征及找矿方向

大巴山地区跨秦岭、扬子两个一级构造单元,基于1:5万水系沉积物测量成果,统计计算了成矿元素地球化学参数,分析研究了元素分布特征、元素相关性及异常元素组合特征,认为研究区Pb、Zn、Ba、Cu、Mn找矿潜力较大,推断研究区所在的秦岭构造单元成矿类型主要为与震旦系—下寒武统黑色岩系有关的低温热液锌铜矿和沉积型钡矿;研究区所在的扬子构造单元成矿类型主要为与寒武系碳酸盐地层有关的低温热液铅锌矿和与震旦系碳酸盐岩有关的沉积型锰矿;在此基础上,划分出杨家坪—葛洞钡锌成矿远景区、镇坪钡锌成矿远景区、黄安坝—迷魂阵锌铜成矿远景区、百羊坪铅锌成矿远景区和修齐镇—石坊乡锰成矿远景区。     

Structural mapping from high resolution aeromagnetic data in west central Arabian Shield, Saudi Arabia using normalized derivatives

Aeromagnetic data covering an area of about 40,000 km² at the west central Arabian Shield, Saudi Arabia has been collected and interpreted to provide structural map of the area. A number of normalized derivatives were used to help interpret the signature of magnetic data so that weak and small amplitude anomalies can be amplified relative to the stronger and larger amplitude anomalies. The interpretations obtained from these geophysical techniques of the field data demonstrated a strong correlation between magnetic anomalies and mapped subsurface geology. Based upon the variation in magnetic lineaments, shape amplitude, and trend structural map of the west central Arabian Shield on Saudi Arabia were obtained.     

安徽乔木湾地区水系沉积物地球化学特征及找矿远景

乔木湾地区位于青阳—南陵县凹陷盆地南部,目前在该区及周边地区已发现金属矿床(点)十余处,具有良好的金、钨、铜、锑、银矿找矿潜力。在1∶5万乔木湾幅水系沉积物测量成果的基础上,以田屋—车山一带为研究区,对区内Au、Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn等12种元素的地球化学特征进行研究。通过分析元素地球化学参数特征及元素组合特征,发现Au、Ag、Sb、Hg元素在研究区具有富集成矿的可能,为研究区主要成矿元素。在以Au为主的单元素异常的基础上,根据元素组合特征及异常特征,结合异常所处的成矿地质条件,共圈定6处地球化学综合异常,划分出4个找矿远景区,即车山找矿远景区、田屋找矿远景区、金山找矿远景区、栗阳找矿远景区,对远景区内的地质成矿条件进行了概述,为该区下一步找矿工作提供了重要依据。     

Isotope geochemistry of the Miocene and Quaternary carbonate rocks in Rabigh area,Red Sea coast,Saudi Arabia

The Rabigh area, a coastal region north of Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia contains raised Quaternary coral reefal terraces and reworked coral fragments mixed with sand and gravel. This area has a thin exposure Lower Miocene shallow marine carbonate rocks that laterally pass into evaporites. The Miocene carbonate and evaporite rocks conformably overly the Lower Miocene siliciclastic sequence, are in turn capped by the Harrat basaltic boulders. The Miocene carbonates are made up of dolomitic packstone, wackestone and mudstone, whereas the overlying Quaternary reefal terraces are composed of coral boundstone and grainstones.The Quaternary reefal terraces of Rabigh area have been dated using the uranium-series dating method to obtain precise dates for these corals. The calculated ages (128, 212 and 235 ka) indicate that deposition took place during high sea level stands associated with interglacial times during Oxygen Isotope Stages (OIS) 5 and 7. The youngest age (128 ka) clearly corresponds to stage 5e of the last interglacial period. The obtained ages correlate well with those of the emerged reefs on the Sudanese and Egyptian coasts at the western side of the Red Sea. The broad distribution of wet climate, pluvial deposits on the continents and high sea level stands indicate a wide geographical range of the interglacial events of the Oxygen Isotope Stages (OIS) 5 and 7.The oxygen and carbon isotopic composition of the Miocene and Quaternary carbonate rocks in Rabigh area show a broad range of δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O. The Quaternary carbonate rocks have significantly higher δ¹³C than the Miocene ones, but low δ¹³C values of the Miocene samples likely indicate a high contribution of carbon from organic sources at the time of deposition. Linear trends are evident in both groups of samples supporting the likelihood of secondary alteration.     

湖南禾库地区水系沉积物地球化学特征及找矿预测

依据1∶5万水系沉积物测量资料,分析研究了湖南禾库地区水系沉积物地球化学特征。对元素分布、单元素异常、元素相关性、异常元素组合等特征的研究表明水系沉积物地球化学测量方法在高山峻岭、地形复杂的禾库地区有良好的找矿效果,并优选了嗅脑和杉木冲2处铅锌找矿远景区。     

新疆塔什库尔干县赞坎铁矿外围水系沉积物地球化学特征及找矿方向

通过塔什库尔干县赞坎铁矿外围地区水系沉积物地球化学特征及其元素相关性的研究表明,元素(地球化学)异常(高值区)严格受塔阿西-色克布拉克断裂带,以及泥盆纪地层、热液活动、岩脉等因素联合控制。根据异常特征与成矿地质条件,圈定了4处成矿远景区,即赞格尔铅银钨多金属成矿远景区(Ⅰ_1)、西若钨锡钼铜多金属成矿远景区(Ⅱ_2)、盖家克铬镍铜金多金属成矿远景区(Ⅱ_3)和哈尼沙里地金多金属成矿远景区(Ⅱ_4),为下一步找矿工作指明了方向。     

Geological and geotechnical aspects of Saudi Arabia

Summary This paper presents a brief review of the geological and geotechnical aspects of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The first part of the paper presents a brief summary of the geological aspects and the soil characteristics in different parts of the country. The second part gives a brief outline of the major geotechnical problems encountered in the regions of the Kingdom along with their geographical locations.     

湘东南水口地区水系沉积物地球化学特征及找矿预测

利用1∶5万水口幅水系沉积物测量成果,分析研究湘东南水口地区水系沉积物地球化学特征。利用DGSInfo软件对元素分布、单元素异常、元素相关性、异常元素组合等特征进行分析研究,认为W、Sn、Bi、Cu、Ag为区内的主要成矿元素,共圈出15处地球化学综合异常。结合综合异常所处的成矿地质条件进行综合分析,划分为下湾毒砂金锑找矿远景区、联坑—渣村钨钼铜铅锌多金属找矿远景区、曾子坳—鹰咀岩—田心钨锡铜多金属找矿远景区。通过对远景区内的综合异常查证,在下湾AS1综合异常区、联坑AS3综合异常区、曾子坳AS6综合异常区均找到了与异常相关的矿化信息。结果表明,水系沉积物地球化学测量在该区具有较好的找矿效果,为研究区下一步的找矿工作指明了方向。     

Origin and geochemical reaction paths of sabkha brines: Sabkha Jayb Uwayyid, eastern Saudi Arabia

Sabkhas are ubiquitous geomorphic features in eastern Saudi Arabia. Seven brine samples were taken from Sabkha Jayb Uwayyid in eastern Saudi Arabia. Brine chemistry, saturation state with respect to carbonate and evaporate minerals, and evaporation-driven geochemical reaction paths were investigated to delineate the origin of brines and the evolution of both brine chemistry and sabkha mineralogy. The average total dissolved solids in the sabkha brines is 243 g/l. The order of cation dominance is Na⁺   >>  Mg²⁺ >>  Ca²⁺>K⁺, while anion dominance is Cl⁻ >> SO₄ ²⁻ >> HCO₃ ⁻. Based on the chemical divide principle and observed ion ratios, it was concluded that sabkha brines have evolved from deep groundwater rather than from direct rainfall, runoff from the surroundings, or inflow of shallow groundwater. Aqueous speciation simulations show that: (1) all seven brines are supersaturated with respect to calcite, dolomite, and magnesite and undersaturated with respect to halite; (2) three brines are undersaturated with respect to both gypsum and anhydrite, while three brines are supersaturated with respect to both minerals; (3) anhydrite is a more stable solid phase than gypsum in four brines. Evaporation factors required to bring the brines to the halite phase boundary ranged from 1.016 to 4.53. All reaction paths to the halite phase boundary follow the neutral path as CO₂ is degassed and dolomite precipitates from the brines. On average, a sabkha brine containing 1 kg of H₂O precipitates 7.6 g of minerals along the reaction path to the halite phase boundary, of which 52% is anhydrite, 35.3% is gypsum, and 12.7% is dolomite. Bicarbonate is the limiting factor of dolomite precipitation, and sulfate is the limiting factor of gypsum and anhydrite precipitation from sabkha brines.     

Formation and mineral chemistry of a calcic skarn from Al-Madhiq, SW Saudi Arabia

A newly identified skarn occurrence is described from the Neoproterozoic rocks of the SW Arabian shield. It is exposed to the SE, E and NE of the Al-Madhiq town. The skarn attributes correspond to those typical of the calcic skarns that host W-deposits. It is characterized as an exoskarn of the proximal type, related to a granitoid contact close to an impure quartzite bed within the regional metamorphic rocks of mixed sedimentary and volcanic derivation. The skarn is localized along a shear zone parallel to the regional faults and other major shear zones. Samples from the studied area contain characteristic skarn minerals that include both the prograde (brownish red grossular, ferrosalite, aluminian titanite-grothite, albite-oligoclase, scapolite), and retrograde (epidote, quartz, hornblende, calcite) assemblages. The pyroxenes are ferrosalites, Mn-bearing, and more like those from “oxidized” skarns; although garnets indicate it to be a “reduced” type skarn. Epidote mimicks that from typical skarns, as it bears a pistacite content of 15.9–20.7%. Grossular composition reflects a largely reduced genetic environment; as it is in solid solution with 6.5–21.6% andradite, 0–0.15% uvarovite, 0–0.47% pyrope, 4.33–18.75% almandine, and 0.4–8.58% spessartine molecules. Titanite composition varies from aluminian titanite to grothite, that may be analogous to the newly described Al-rich titanite from the low-pressure calc-silicate rocks.     

Provenance, diagenesis, tectonic setting and geochemistry of Tawil Sandstone (Lower Devonian) in Central Saudi Arabia

The Tawil Sandstone (Lower Devonian) in Central Saudi Arabia overlies the Sharwara Member of the Tayyarat Formation (Silurian) and succeeded conformly by the Shaiba Member of the Jauf Formation. Petrographical data reveal that the Tawil Sandstone comprises 96% quartz, 3% feldspar, and 1% rock fragments and all samples are classified as quartz arenites. The presence of well sorted, altered to fresh feldspar, and discriminate function analysis suggests that the sediments have been subjected to substartial reworking resulting in a high level of maturity. Modal analysis data (Q–F–L) suggest a stable cratonic provenance for the sediments and accumulation in a passive margin basin is indicated (binary plot of SiO₂ vs K₂O/Na₂O). Diagenetic features include dissolution of feldspar and rock fragments, compaction, reduction of the existing pore space through rearrangements, and rotation and fragmentation of grains resulting in dissolution of quartz grains and cementation.     

Landslide susceptibility mapping using machine learning algorithms and comparison of their performance at Abha Basin,Asir Region,Saudi Arabia

The current study aimed at evaluating the capabilities of seven advanced machine learning techniques(MLTs),including,Support Vector Machine(SVM),Random Forest(RF),Multivariate Adaptive Regression Spline(MARS),Artificial Neural Network(ANN),Quadratic Discriminant Analysis(QDA),Linear Discriminant Analysis(LDA),and Naive Bayes(NB),for landslide susceptibility modeling and comparison of their performances.Coupling machine learning algorithms with spatial data types for landslide susceptibility mapping is a vitally important issue.This study was carried out using GIS and R open source software at Abha Basin,Asir Region,Saudi Arabia.First,a total of 243 landslide locations were identified at Abha Basin to prepare the landslide inventory map using different data sources.All the landslide areas were randomly separated into two groups with a ratio of 70%for training and 30%for validating purposes.Twelve landslide-variables were generated for landslide susceptibility modeling,which include altitude,lithology,distance to faults,normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI),landuse/landcover(LULC),distance to roads,slope angle,distance to streams,profile curvature,plan curvature,slope length(LS),and slope-aspect.The area under curve(AUC-ROC)approach has been applied to evaluate,validate,and compare the MLTs performance.The results indicated that AUC values for seven MLTs range from 89.0%for QDA to 95.1%for RF.Our findings showed that the RF(AUC=95.1%)and LDA(AUC=941.7%)have produced the best performances in comparison to other MLTs.The outcome of this study and the landslide susceptibility maps would be useful for environmental protection.