辽宁沿海高速公路浓雾气候特征及气象影响因子

利用2005—2018年辽宁沿海高速公路沿线气象站点观测资料和NCEP再分析资料,对辽宁沿海高速公路浓雾气候特征及其与各相关气象要素的关系进行分析,并探讨了利于浓雾发生的环流特征和影响因子。结果表明：辽宁沿海高速公路年均浓雾日数由西至东呈现高—低—高的分布特点,同时,辽东沿海高速公路沿线各站年均浓雾日数差异较小,且存在明显的自东向西的下降趋势;辽西沿线高速公路各站差异最大,受到局地的影响最强。沿海高速公路年均浓雾日数具有明显的月变化与季节变化特征,全年有两个浓雾出现的集中时段,分别为2—3月和10—11月;秋季浓雾日数占全年的比率最高。秋季沿海高速公路浓雾以0—200 m的强浓雾为主;温度为10—15℃,相对湿度大于98%,风速为0—3 m·s^-1,风向为偏东北风时,浓雾出现的概率最大。辽宁秋季沿海地区受副热带高压影响较小,受东亚大槽等中高纬度纬向环流和极涡的影响较大,纬向环流和极涡越强（弱）,辽宁沿海地区浓雾日数越多（少）;辽宁沿海地区浓雾的水汽一部分来源于辽宁东部山区,一部分来源于渤海、黄海北部。辽宁沿海地区秋季浓雾并非以海雾为主,而以辐射雾、锋面雾居多,同时辽东沿海地区有来自辽东山区的平流雾。     

沈大高速公路雾气候特征与气象要素分析

利用1958—2007年沈大高速公路沿线6站雾日资料对沈大高速公路雾的气候特征及气象要素进行分析。结果表明：沿海地区雾日偏多,且总体呈上升趋势,内陆地区雾日偏少,且呈下降趋势。内陆地区雾多出现在秋冬季,沿海地区多出现在夏季。雾多在凌晨至日出前后时段生成,日出后逐渐消散,持续时间多为1—3 h。相对湿度、气温、风速和风向对雾的预报有较好指示意义：当相对湿度在90%—100%时,春季气温为-5—15 ℃、夏季为16—24 ℃、秋季为-3~19℃、内陆冬季为-20~2 ℃,沿海冬季为-7~4 ℃范围内,内陆风速为0—3 m•s-1,沿海风速为0—6 m•s-1,且沿海地区为偏南风时,雾易发生。     

山东半岛大风的统计与分析

为了更好地预报海上和近海陆地大风,统计了山东半岛1981—2010年的大风资料,从统计结果看,沿海地区冬、春季的大风日数最多,秋季次之,夏季最少。通过逐日气象观测站资料对山东半岛沿海的大风日数进行统计,结果表明:秋、冬季偏北大风海上平均风力和极大风力较北部沿海地区偏大1～2个量级,较南部沿海地区偏大2～3个量级;春季偏南大风海上风力较北部沿海地区相当,较南部沿海地区偏大1～2个量级。西北路冷空气对山东半岛造成的大风最强,持续时间长,当冷锋前有气旋时,容易出现强风。     

闽南沿海地区低能见度事件变化特征分析

利用2005-2010年闽南沿海地区9个气象站(厦门、同安、漳州、东山、漳浦、龙海、诏安、晋江和崇武)的日常观测能见度、相对湿度等气象资料,采用统计方法,探讨了闽南沿海地区低能见度事件的年、季和日变化等变化特征规律.分析发现,闽南沿海地区低能见度事件的年平均能见度一般在6 km左右,且低能见度在霾时总体要好于(轻)雾时;上半年低能见度事件持续时间较长且多发,下半年低能见度事件持续时间短且出现频率低于上半年.通常,08时的能见度最差,14时和20时转好,02时的能见度较08时要好,只有沿海测站东山站和崇武站在冬春季02时能见度较08时差.霾是造成闽南沿海地区出现低能见度事件的主要原因,(轻)雾次之,反映出该地区经济快速发展对能见度的影响.     

中国不同等级雾日的气候特征

 利用1961-2005年中国300个台站的逐日雾资料及能见度资料,分析了不同等级雾的时空分布及基本气候特征、雾生时间和持续时间的年代际变化。结果表明：雾的空间分布范围随着能见度的降低而减小;随时间的变化多呈减少趋势,但沿长江及东部沿海的重浓雾日在20世纪70年代发生突变,雾日增多;内陆、南部沿海雾生时间多在清晨06:00-08:00,东部及沿海多发生在夜间20:00-21:00;雾生频次经历少-多-少的年代际变化,90年代后频次减少,个别区域雾生时间随着年代的延伸而推后;大部分地区雾的持续时间在3 h内,12 h以上的雾区多集中在沿海、华北和陇东-山西地区,沿海、四川盆地、云贵地区90年代12 h以上雾的发生频次最高。     

中国不同等级雾日的气候特征

利用1961-2005年中国300个台站的逐日雾资料及能见度资料,分析了不同等级雾的时空分布及基本气候特征、雾生时间和持续时间的年代际变化。结果表明：雾的空间分布范围随着能见度的降低而减小;随时间的变化多呈减少趋势,但沿长江及东部沿海的重浓雾日在20世纪70年代发生突变,雾日增多;内陆、南部沿海雾生时间多在清晨06:00-08:00,东部及沿海多发生在夜间20:00-21:00;雾生频次经历少-多-少的年代际变化,90年代后频次减少,个别区域雾生时间随着年代的延伸而推后;大部分地区雾的持续时间在3 h内,12 h以上的雾区多集中在沿海、华北和陇东-山西地区,沿海、四川盆地、云贵地区90年代12 h以上雾的发生频次最高。     

江苏沿海大风特征及其变化分析

利用1981—2010年江苏沿海地区的大风资料,分析30 a沿海大风气候特征,结果表明:江苏沿海地区最大风速≥6级和≥8级大风,呈逐年递减趋势。夏季,江苏沿海大风以东南风为主;秋、冬季,以偏北风为主;而春季,沿海大风以偏北风为主,东南风次多。冷空气偏北大风以冬季最为常见,低压(气旋)大风和入海高压后部大风易发生在春、夏两季,雷雨大风主要发生在夏季,台风大风主要发生在夏季和秋季。     

威海沿海地区雾的气候特征及相关影响因子分析

利用威海市6个基本气象站40a（1971—2010年）的气象观测资料,对威海沿海地区雾的时空分布特征、气候变化特征和雾过程持续时间等进行了统计分析,探讨了影响沿海雾生成的相关因子,其中还针对典型个例进行了统计分析。结果表明：威海地区雾呈现沿海大于内陆,东部大于西部地区的分布特点;其年代际变化特征表现并不一致,成山头和荣成的年雾日数呈明显的上升趋势,而威海,石岛和文登年雾日数也呈现增长趋势,但变化相对缓慢,只有乳山的年雾日数40a来呈现减小的趋势;除了文登和乳山,其他各站雾日数变化有着明显的季节变化特征,基本上呈春、夏季多、秋、冬季少的分布特点,各站大雾的日变化特征并不一致,其中乳山站日变化特征最为明显,其次是威海站,总体表现为夜间到早晨为大雾多发期,中午为大雾的低发期的特点,而成山头站除了夏季,日变化特征并不明显;各地雾过程出现的雾持续时间各不相同,威海的雾主要以<4h的短时雾为主,成山头雾持续性较长,而乳山站的雾基本在02—08时之间;从风向、风速上来看,大雾主要发生在偏南风的流场下,成山头雾主要出现在3～4级风的情况下,而威海站雾则主要在3级风以下;大雾发生时海温不能高于25℃,且海温在10～25℃之间,海温越接近气温时,大雾更易发生;大雾主要发生在高空脊和西北气流影响下,夏季在弱低槽,弱低涡和副高边缘时大雾也可能发生,地面形势主要为均压场和低压前部型,同时大雾前和大雾期间大气层结稳定,地面湿度大,温度露点差大雾时在0～1℃之间,轻雾时在1～5℃之间。     

清河秋冬季雾变化规律及相关气象要素分析

利用清河国家气象观测站1960—2020年雾日数和2016—2020年逐时地面气象资料,分析清河雾的年、季、月变化规律和各等级雾在一日中生消变化规律、持续时长及与气象要素的相关性。结果表明：清河雾日数呈缓慢增长趋势,线性趋势率为099 d/10 a,秋冬季雾占总雾日的82%,是雾的高发季节;秋冬季浓雾和强浓雾的日变化规律基本一致,强浓雾出现频次最多,累计时间最长,特强浓雾出现频次最少;秋冬季雾的生成时间主要分布在后半夜到清晨,其次是19—20时,11—17时较少有雾生成,消散时间主要在09—12时;雾的浓度越高,持续时间越长,清河秋冬季雾持续时长在5 h以下占比最多,占48%。通过分析秋冬季雾的能见度和气象要素的相关性得出,能见度和相对湿度、10 min平均风速显著相关,当湿度大于90%时,10 min平均风速小于30 m/s时,更利于雾的生成和发展。     

最近40年中国雾日数和霾日数的气候变化特征

根据1971～2010年567个中国地面观测站点的雾日数和霾日数资料,分析了我国雾日数和霾日数的空间分布、季节变化以及年代际变化特征,并且利用REOF（旋转经验函数正交）分解对雾日数进行气候区划。结果表明：（1）雾主要分布在东南沿海地区、四川盆地地区、湘黔交界、山东沿海以及云南南部等地区。霾主要集中于华北、河南以及珠三角和长三角地区。（2）在季节变化上：秋、冬季雾和霾的分布大于春夏。（3）雾日数和霾日数年代际变化明显,雾日数在20世纪70至90年代较多,20世纪90年代以后减少;霾日数自2001年以来急剧增长。（4）雾日数可以共可分为10个区,其中华北区、川渝区以及长江中下游区是雾出现频率较高的几个重点区域。     

Advective, orographic and radiation fog in the Tarapacá region, Chile

A project in northern Chile was undertaken to determine the origin and behaviour of fog in the coastal and inland locations of the Tarapacá Region. In the Pampa del Tamarugal, 50 km from the sea, conditions exist for the formation of radiation fog. Advective fog has been studied on the coast and orographic fog was observed at a few coastal sites near mountain ranges with elevations above 1000 m. Fog water collected by two standard fog collectors (SFC) for 3 1/2 years showed an average flux of 8.5 l m⁻² day⁻¹ on the coast and 1.1 l m⁻² day⁻¹ inland 12 km from the coastline. On only a few days in 10 months was water collected at the inland site of Pampa del Tamarugal. GOES satellite images are shown to illustrate the pattern of formation of the stratocumuli cloud over the sea, its approach to the coastline, the entrance of fog by corridors through the coastal range and the presence of radiation fog inland. The results are important for the understanding of fog formation and dissipation along the coastal mountain range and for the recognition of potential sites for the installation of fog water collectors, which can be used as a water source in the Atacama Desert. The results also provide vital information for use in the preservation of the unique ecosystems of the most arid desert of the world.     

Applying Anomaly-based Weather Analysis to the Prediction of Low Visibility Associated with the Coastal Fog at Ningbo-Zhoushan Port in East China

Low visibility episodes (visibility < 1000 m) were studied by applying the anomaly-based weather analysis method. A regional episode of low visibility associated with a coastal fog that occurred from 27 to 28 January 2016 over Ningbo-Zhoushan Port, Zhejiang Province, East China, was first examined. Some basic features from the anomalous weather analysis for this case were identified: (1) the process of low visibility mainly caused by coastal fog was a direct response to anomalous temperature inversion in the lower troposphere, with a warm center around the 925 hPa level, which was formed by a positive geopotential height (GPH) anomaly in the upper troposphere and a negative GPH anomaly near the surface; (2) the positive humidity anomaly was conducive to the formation of coastal fog and rain; (3) regional coastal fog formed at the moment when the southwesterly wind anomalies transferred to northeasterly wind anomalies. Other cases confirmed that the low visibility associated with coastal fog depends upon low-level inversion, a positive humidity anomaly, and a change of wind anomalies from southwesterly to northeasterly, rain and stratus cloud amount. The correlation coefficients of six-hourly inversion, 850?925-hPa-averaged temperature, GPH and humidity anomalies against visibility are ?0.31, 0.40 and ?0.48, respectively, reaching the 99% confidence level in the first half-years of 2015 and 2016. By applying the anomaly-based weather analysis method to medium-range model output products, such as ensemble prediction systems, the anomalous temperature?pressure pattern and humidity?wind pattern can be used to predict the process of low visibility associated with coastal fog at several days in advance.     

基于WRF模式的青岛近海能见度算法比较研究

采用GFS背景场资料和ADAS资料同化系统,使用WRF模式对2014—2016年青岛近海17个海雾个例进行了模拟,分析了3种能见度算法的预报效果。结果表明, FSL（Forecast Systems Laboratory）算法对于沿海站、岸基站雾的预报较SW99（Steolinga and Warner 1999）算法有优势;对于海岛站而言,SW99算法则优于FSL算法。混合算法CVIS（Combined Visibility）较单一算法预报雾准确率有所提高。3种能见度算法基本上是高估能见度的,SW99算法能见度预报均方根误差最大。另外,SW99算法对沿海站、岸基站雾开始时间预报较实况多偏晚,结束时间预报较实况多偏早,持续时间预报较实况多偏短。     

下垫面热力作用对黄海春季海雾的影响——观测与数值试验

利用海上浮标站、高分辨率数字式探空仪等多种观测手段和中尺度模式WRF,对2008年5月2—3日黄海发生的一次海雾过程进行了观测分析和数值模拟。观测表明,出现海雾时,气温明显下降,气海温差(海表面以上2 m气温减海表面以下1m水温)减小,不足0.5℃,浓雾时,甚至出现海温(SST)高于气温的现象。较强的湍流活动出现在大气边界层低层150 m以下。反映了低层大气稳定性减弱,可能有利于海雾的维持。海雾消散阶段,海气温差明显加大,湍流强度减弱,湍流发展高度升高。海雾过程中,可能存在动量下传的局地海-气相互作用机制,SST的升高可使雾中能见度好转。数值模拟的结果与观测基本一致,雾区内的气海温差明显小于雾区外,敏感性试验进一步表明:100 m以下气层稳定性和湍流发展条件对SST的变化敏感。SST的变化对稳定度的影响和对雾区范围的影响与近海面的水汽含量有关:在湿度较小(q0.5 g/kg)的薄海雾区,SST增加1℃,稳定度明显减弱(θ_v/z≤0.01 K/m),海雾面积缩小;SST下降1℃,稳定度增加(θ_v/z≥0.07 K/m),薄海雾面积增大。在湿度较大(q0.6 g/kg)的浓海雾区,SST的变化对静力稳定度的影响不大,海雾仍然维持。因此,当海气温差减小,甚至出现SST高于气温时,如果仍然有海雾,则一般是水汽含量比较大的浓海雾。该结果有助于对海雾形成机制的认识。     

Local Meteorological and Synoptic Characteristics of Fogs Formed over Incheon International Airport in the West Coast of Korea

Fogs observed over Incheon international airport (IIA) in the west coast of Korea from January 2002 to August 2006 are classified into categories of coastal fog, cold sea fog, and warm sea fog based on the areal extent of the fogs and the difference between the air temperature (T) and the SST, i.e., cold sea fog if TSST = T-SST>0^oC and warm sea fog if TSST <0^oC. The numbers of coastal, cold, and warm sea fog cases are 64, 26, and 9. Coastal fogs form most frequently in winter, while cold sea fogs occur mostly in summer and warm sea fogs are observed from January to May but not in November and December. On average the air gets colder by 1.6^oC during the three hours leading up to the coastal fog formation, and an additional cooling of 1.1^oC occurs during the fog. The change in the dew point temperature (T_d) is minimal except during the fog (0.6^oC). Decreases in T for the cold and warm sea fogs are relatively smaller. The average T_d is higher than SST during the cold sea fog periods but this T_d is more than 4^oC higher than that for the corresponding non-fog days, suggesting that cold sea fogs be formed by the cooling of already humid air (i.e., T_d>SST). Increases of T_d are significant during the warm sea fog periods (1.4^oC), implying that efficient moisture supply is essential to warm sea fog formation. Four major synoptic patterns are identified in association with the observed fogs. The most frequent is a north Pacific high that accounts for 38% of cases. Surface or upper inversions are present in 77%, 69%, and 81% of the fog periods for coastal, cold, and warm sea fogs, respectively.     

Multidecadal simulation of coastal fog with a regional climate model

In order to model stratocumulus clouds and coastal fog, we have coupled the University of Washington boundary layer model to the regional climate model, RegCM (RegCM-UW). By comparing fog occurrences observed at various coastal airports in the western United States, we show that RegCM-UW has success at modeling the spatial and temporal (diurnal, seasonal, and interannual) climatology of northern California coastal fog. The quality of the modeled fog estimate depends on whether coast-adjacent ocean or land grid cells are used; for the model runs shown here, the oceanic grid cells seem to be most appropriate. The interannual variability of oceanic northern California summertime fog, from a multi-decadal simulation, has a high and statistically significant correlation with the observed interannual variability (r = 0.72), which indicates that RegCM-UW is capable of investigating the response of fog to long-term climatological forcing. While RegCM-UW has a number of aspects that would benefit from further investigation and development, RegCM-UW is a new tool for investigating the climatology of coastal fog and the physical processes that govern it. We expect that with appropriate physical parameterizations and moderate horizontal resolution, other climate models should be capable of simulating coastal fog. The source code for RegCM-UW is publicly available, under the GNU license, through the International Centre for Theoretical Physics.