Prediction of Overpressure Contributed Mainly by Structural Compression Using Impedance Inversion in Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin

The origin and distribution of formation overpressure have effect not only on hydrocarbon migration and accumulation, but also on technique of drilling well. The study and prediction of overpressure are very important in basin analysis. At present, overpressure is mostly predicted by stack velocity.The process in calculating inter-velocity from stack velocity is very complex and inevitably leads to errors. Especially, this method is not available in the case that structural compression contribution to overpressure occurred. This paper introduces a new method, impedance inversion, to predict overpressure,and the principle is discussed. This method is used to predict the overpressure in Kuqa depression, Tarim basin and as a result, the absolute errors are less than 0.1, and relative errors are less than 5％ for predicted fluid pressure coefficients to the drill stem test (DST) measurements. It suggests that this method can be widely used to predict overpressure in foreland basins.     

Noise Reduction Technique Applied to the Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves

This paper shows the presence of noises and technique to reduce these noises during the surface wave analysis. The frequency-dependent properties of Rayleigh-type surface waves can be used for imaging and characterizing the shallow subsurface. Interference by coherent source-generated noise inhibits the reliability of shear-wave velocities determined through inversion of the phase velocities of Rayleigh waves. Among these interferences by non-planar, non-fundamental mode Rayleigh waves (noise) are body waves, scattered and non-source-generated surface waves, and higher-mode surface waves. For the reduction of noise, the filtering technique is implemented in this paper for the multichannel analysis of surface wave method (MASW). With the de-noising technique during the MASW method, more robust and reliable outcome is achieved. The significance of this paper is to obtain pre-awareness about noises during surface wave analysis and take better outcomes with de-noising performance in near surface soil investigations.     

Stratigraphic Division and Correlation of the Nihewan Beds by Multivariate Statistical Analysis

Described in paper is the principle of optimal partitioning method for stratigraphic division and correlation.The Nihewan Beds are taken for example to show how to apply this approach in stratigraphic division and correlation.The semiquantitative spectral analysis data on aggregate trace elements in 324 samples taken from the nine sections in the Nihewan Basin are treated with multivariate statistical method for stratigraphic division and correlation.First ,the data from all the sections are respectively calculated by the optimal partitioning method to establish the stratigraphic boundaries.The optimal partitioning method has proved itself to be applicable to stratigraphic division and correlation. In our practice the Nihewan Beds are divided into five zones (I-V).Zone I includes subzones Ia and Ib,Zones Ia,Ib,II and III are considered to be corresponding to the Pliocene(N2),the early Early Pleistocene,the late Early Pleistocene,and the Middle Pleistocene,respectively .Zones IV and V are probably Late Pleistocene in age.This indicated that sediments deposited con-temporaneous in the sections of the same basin are similar in geochemical characteristics,although dif-ferent in geographical location.However,the sediments also show some variations ,with a transitional relationship from one section to another .For example ,in Zone II,the sediments of the Xiaodukou section show not only the characteristics of the Nangou-Hongya and Hutouliang sections,but also those of the Xiashagou,Shixiaxi,Shixiadong and Wulitai sections.It can be seen from the above that the zones can be characteristically correlated with one another.In addition the feasibility of the optimal partitioning method is also described in the present paper.     

Solution of Multiple——Point Statistics to Extracting Information from Remotely Sensed Imagery

Two phenomena of similar objects with different spectra and different objects with similar spectrum often result in the difficulty of separation and identification of all types of geographical objects only using spectral information．Therefore,there is a need to incorporate spatial structural and spatial association properties of the surfaces of objects into image processing to improve the accuracy of classification of remotely sensed imagery．In the current article,a new method is proposed on the basis of the principle of multiple-point statistics for combining spectral information and spatial information for image classification．The method was validated by applying to a case study on road extraction based on Landsat TM taken over the Chinese YeHow River delta on August 8,1999． The classification results have shown that this new method provides overall better results than the traditional methods such as maximum likelihood classifier (MLC)     

The Offset-Domain Prestack Depth Migration with Optimal Separable Approximation

The offset-domain prestack depth migration with optimal separable approximation, based on the double square root equation, is used to image complex media with large and rapid velocity variations. The method downward continues the source and the receiver wavefields simultaneously. The mixed domain algorithm with forward Fourier and inverse Fourier transform is used to construct the double square root equation wavefield extrapolation operator. This operator separates variables in the wave number domain and variables in the space domain. The phase operation is implemented in the wave number domain, whereas the time delay for lateral velocity variation is corrected in the space domain. The migration algorithm is efficient since the seismic data are not computed shot by shot. The data set test of the Marmousi model indicates that the offset-domain migration provides a satisfied seismic migration section on which complex geologic structures are imaged in media with large and rapid lateral velocity variations.     

Grains Containing Oil Inclusions in Different Hydrocarbon Production and Show Types of Sandstone Reservoirs from the Central Junggar Basin, Northwest China

The values of grains containing oil inclusions (GOI) in 120 reservoir sandstone samples from the central Junggar Basin of Northwest China were investigated. The sandstones are characterized by different types of hydrocarbon production and shows. The values range from 0.015% to 19.9%, and show a fairly good correlation with the hydrocarbon production/shows, which are qualitatively suggestive of reservoir hydrocarbon abundance and petroleum migration. Thus, it may be implied that the values can reflect hydrocarbon migration, being not controlled mainly by the other influencing factors. Further correlation between the values and the reservoir hydrocarbon production and show types indicates that the GOI method can be used in hydrocarbon migration study when the petroleum type of a reservoir is normal oil or gas alone, but it should be used with caution when light oil charges the reservoirs or a complex hydrocarbon migration event takes place. The case study in the central Junggar Basin using the method presents some new understanding on hydrocarbon migration. Thus, the method may help to solve specific petroleum geological problems, and can be treated as a routine tool in hydrocarbon migration study.     

Groundwater contaminant source identification based on QS-ILUES

When groundwater pollution occurs,to come up with an efficient remediation plan,it is particularly important to collect information of contaminant source(location and source strength)and hydraulic conductivity field of the site accurately and quickly.However,the information can not be obtained by direct observation,and can only be derived from limited measurement data.Data assimilation of observations such as head and concentration is often used to estimate parameters of contaminant source.As for hydraulic conductivity field,especially for complex non-Gaussian field,it can be directly estimated by geostatistics method based on limited hard data,while the accuracy is often not high.Better estimation of hydraulic conductivity can be achieved by solving inverse groundwater problem.Therefore,in this study,the multi-point geostatistics method Quick Sampling(QS)is proposed and introduced for the first time and combined with the iterative local updating ensemble smoother(ILUES)to develop a new data assimilation framework QS-ILUES.It helps to solve the contaminant source parameters and non-Gaussian hydraulic conductivity field simultaneously by assimilating hydraulic head and pollutant concentration data.While the pilot points are utilized to reduce the dimension of hydraulic conductivity field,the influence of pilot points’layout and the ensemble size of ILUES algorithm on the inverse simulation results are further explored.     

Hydrocarbon migration characteristics of the Lower Cretaceous in the Erlian Basin

The paper systematically analyzes the hydrocarbon migration characteristics of the Lower Cretaceous in the Erlian Basin, based on the geochemical data of mudstone and sandstone in the main hydrocarbon-generating sags. (1) The source rocks in K1ba and K1bt1 are estimated to be the mature ones, their hydrocarbon expulsion ratio can reach 32%-72%. The Type-I sags in oil windows possess good hydrocarbon generation and expulsion conditions, where commercial reservoirs can be formed. (2) According to the curves of the mudstone compaction and evolution of clay minerals, the rapid compaction stage of mudstones is the right time of hydrocarbon expulsion, i.e., primary migration. (3) The timing between hydrocarbon generation and expulsion is mainly related to the accordance of the oil window and the rapid compaction stage of mudstones in the hydrocarbon generation sags of Type-I. That forms the most matching relation between hydrocarbon generation and migration. (4) The faults and unconformities are the important paths for the secondary hydrocarbon migration. Especially, the unconformity between K1ba and K1bt1 has a favorable condition for oil accumulation, where the traps of all types are the main exploration targets. (5) Hydrocarbon migration effect, in the Uliastai sag, is most significant; that in the Saihan Tal and Anan sags comes next, and that in the Bayandanan and Jargalangt sags is worst.     

Accessing Multi-Source Geological Data through Network in MORPAS Software System

MORPAS is a special GIS (geographic information system) software system, based on the MAPGIS platform whose aim is to prospect and evaluate mineral resources quantificationally by synthesizing geological, geophysical, geochemical and remote sensing data. It overlays geological database management, geological background and geological abnormality analysis, image processing of remote sensing and comprehensive abnormality analysis, etc.. It puts forward and integrative solution for the application of GIS in basic-level units and the construction of information engineering in the geological field. As the polularization of computer networks and the request of data sharing, it is necessary to extend its funictions in data management so that all its data files can be accessed in the network server. The paper utilizes some MAPGIS functions for the second development and ADO (access data object) technique to qccess multi-source geological data in SQL Server databases. Then remote visiting and congruous management will be realized in the MORPAS system.     

A Continuum One——Dimensional Model for Radionuclide Migration Testing in Unsaturated Loess

Unsaturated radionuclide migration experiments were conducted in a pit inside thetesting hall.Several types of radionuclides were used in the experiments.Tritium wasused as a tracer for water movement in unsaturated loess.Other kinds of radionuclideswere also used in order to obtain fundamental parameters for radionuclide migration sothat further environmental assessment of low—level radioactive waste disposal can be car-ried out.Mechanisms governing unsaturated flow in loess,that is,principles ofone—way lateral flow,are presented qualitatively in this paper.And a continuumone—dimensional model for radionuclide migration testing is developed based on the ex-periments conducted under the particular conditions at the test site.The data measuredfrom the tests were compared with solutions of this one—dimensional model.Resultsshow that this model is feasible for modeling radionuclide migration in unsaturatedloess.     

Study of a full-wave equation-based seismic illumination analysis

Recently, the seismic illumination analysis has progressed considerably in methodology which has been developed not only from one-way wave equation-based illumination to full-wave equation-based illumination but also from conventional illumination analysis to directional illumination analysis with local plane-wave decomposition. Because of the inherent defects of the one-way wave equation, the full-wave equation-based seismic illumination methods have increasingly attracted more attention. However, full-wave equation-based wavefield includes both downgoing and upgoing waves, such as transmissive, turning, and reflected waves. This hybrid wavefield can mislead us in seismic illumination analysis. For the sake of a preferable seismic illumination analysis method, we separated upgoing and downgoing wavefields in the time domain using Poynting vector and defined the incident and reflected illumination analysis functions based on the separated wavefields. Furthermore, we applied these two new illumination functions in seismic illumination analysis with the Sigsbee2a model. Multiple-shot illumination results show that the full-wave illumination and incident illumination maps are consistent with the seismic migration image. Because of no interference caused by the interactions between upgoing and downgoing waves, the incident illumination is superior for illumination analysis. Successful application of the full-wave equation-based incident and reflected illumination functions in the actual acquisition direction design of marine seismic geometry verifies their applicability and reveals their excellent prospects.     

井间地震串联滤波波场分离方法

本文根据井间地震波场响应以及多种波场分离方法的性能，采用基于Ｋ－Ｌ变换的特征向量滤波与中值滤波相结合的串联滤波方法分离井间地震观测到的上、下行反射波。数值计算结果表明：在波场分离过程中，由于同时综合考虑了地震波能量主分量分布以及反射波同相轴时差两个参数，使得分离效果明显、处理更为简便，具有滤波特征矢量的选取条件更为宽松、无需精确确定拉平轴的时间等特点。     

叠前时间偏移技术在潞安矿区的应用

潞安某矿区构造较复杂,地层倾角大,以往开展的叠后时间偏移成像精度低且空间位置不够准确,为此对该区进行了三维叠前时间偏移处理。根据Krehhoff积分法叠前时间偏移处理原理,对该区叠前数据进行净化、振幅补偿、静校正等准备工作,并对其处理过程进行细化,以求得准确的偏移速度场。通过该区叠前时间偏移和叠后时间偏移的应用效果对比,可以看出,叠前时间偏移处理能较好地反映深层复杂构造及大倾角地层情况,其叠前时间偏移剖面中下组15#煤的同相轴连续性明显变好,断陷点更清晰,断层及断点空间位置更趋合理。结合本次实践经验,指出该项技术在实际应用中应注意其适用范围、处理流程及速度建模等问题。     

TEM拟地震解释中的反射系数确定

在反射波地震勘探中,能观测到输入大地中的地震波在介质的分界面上的反射,这些反射组成的时间序列就是地震记录,而记录上所显示的反射序列可以看作是地下介质的脉冲响应。TEM电磁波场源同样存在二次波和透射波,从电磁波和弹性波在介质中传播的相似性角度认识,存在二次场拟地震解释的条件。其中,对它们的反射系数函数的对比分析,是认识两者有机地联系的关键。本文就是基于上述理论,运用解释地震资料的方法解释电磁法资料。      

高分辨率多方位VSP方法在塔河油田奥陶系裂缝性储层研究中的应用

塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层的裂缝及缝洞非常发育，在纵横向都表现出很强的非均质性。常规地面地震方法难以精确地应用于该区的储层预测。将高分辨率多方位VSP地震方法应用于塔河油田储层描述，实现了上行反射P波和S波精确成像，提高了地震资料及储层预测的分辨率；并建立了含缝洞碳酸盐岩储层的地震反射特征和裂缝发育储层的地震识别方法。     

VSP wavefield separation using the gray-scale Hough transform: synthetic data

The principal objective in Vertical Seismic Profile (VSP) processing is the separation of the downgoing and upgoing wavefields. Several methods have been suggested in this area. This paper presents a new approach based on the gray-scale Hough transform (GSHT) which is an extension of the conventional Hough transform used to detect straight lines and other curves. The technique, we suggest here, directly maps the gray-scale VSP image, including the downgoing and upgoing linear events, in image coordinate space (x,t,g) to the gray Hough parameter counting space (θ,ρ,g), where θ and ρ are the polar parameters and g is the gray-scale value. In this new space, the downgoing events appear in the negative angles θ quadrant and the upgoing in the positive quadrant, owning to their opposite apparent velocities. The inverse GSHT algorithm, we developed in this study, is performed for extracting separately these two wavefields by considering the straight lines that satisfy the corresponding filtering conditions. The experimental results on synthetic VSP datasets are convincing. The wave separation is well performed, even in the presence of loud noise levels, with signal to noise ratio improvement and amplitude preservation, in contrast to median filtering.     

泌阳凹陷南部陡坡带地震资料的炮域波动方程叠前深度偏移

泌阳凹陷南部陡坡带是河南油田的重点勘探老区,其构造产状不仅陡,断层也多,叠后时间偏移难以得到较好的地震成像效果,基于Kirchhoff积分偏移方法具有运算速度快、效率高的特点,以及炮域波动方程方法能保持地震波的动力学特征,应用Kirchhoff积分偏移方法进行了偏移速度分析,建立了精细的速度模型.然后基于该模型在深度域进行了剩余速度分析以及层析成像,进一步提高了速度模型的精度. 通过分析偏移孔径、去假频参数以及延拓步长等成像处理参数对成像效果的影响,确定出最佳偏移处理参数,最后利用炮域波动方程方法对工区的三维地震数据进行了叠前偏移成像.成像结果表明,该方法能够使该区陡坡带反射层位得到较好的偏移,信噪比和横向分辨率都得到提高.     

叠前时间偏移技术在八宝矿区的应用

八宝矿区总体构造形态为不对称的向斜构造,北翼岩层倾角达60°～80°,南翼倒转,矿区断层较多,三维地震叠后时间偏移成像困难,为此进行了三维叠前时间偏移外理。在本次地震资料处理中,选取偏移孔径为5000,依据CRP道集拉平程度确定叠前时间偏移速度场,以区内CMP道集内的炮检距分布情况确定最大、最小炮检距和炮检距增量,并将反假频距离确定为CMP间距的1～1.5倍。通过对比叠前、叠后时间偏移剖面,可以发现叠前时间偏移剖面能够较好地反眏深层构造及大倾角地层情况,其信噪比较高,地震剖面同相轴连续性好,断点清晰,处理效果显著。     

二维地层结构和速度的走时反演

介绍了在倾斜均匀各向同性层状介质情况下,根据地震反射走时反演二维地层结构和地层速度的地震射线层析成像方法——走时反演。正演模型射线追踪是根据Fermat原理实现的,即求解满足该原理的非线性方程组得到射线与界面的交点,进而计算相应的走时。反演是先假设一初始模型,用最优化方法使射线追踪走时与观察走时的残差极小。最后计算了分辨矩阵和信息密度矩阵,以评价反演结果。对有噪情形也进行了反演。     

黑龙江板块构造地球物理研究基本进展

位于东北亚的黑龙江板块由额尔古纳－兴安、松嫩－张广才岭、佳木斯、兴凯微板块和完达山地体拼贴组成。自中国满洲里－绥芬河地学断面（GGT）地球物理综合研究以来,东北地区进行了大量的地电、重磁、地震探测工作,得到的成果对研究东亚地球动力学、探查矿产资源具有极为宝贵的基础作用。这些成果包括：1）地震波速指示松辽盆地石炭－二叠纪（C－P）基底地层至少在松辽盆地北部和南部都存在,这里成为油气探查的新领域;松辽盆地滨北地区面积约7 万km²,具有良好的油气远景。2）解释MT资料发现,组成黑龙江板块的几个微板块之间都存在陆间洋的俯冲,并时有洋壳残片伴生;而黑龙江板块与其南部的华北板块之间则存在古亚洲洋向黑龙江板块的俯冲。3）对大兴安岭－太行山－武陵山大型重力梯级带的成因机制提出了“三结点模型”。利用近垂直反射地震剖面,发现了松辽盆地一带莫霍（Moho）界面大型近南北向的“断开带”。 4）油气地震成像、去噪、波场与信息方面,建立了三维条件下的有限孔径偏移理论;在提出消减随机噪声的一维时变中值滤波基础上,又建立了二维中值滤波技术;把时频峰值滤波引进到地震勘探消噪领域,建立了Ricker子波核最小二乘支持向量机回归滤波方法;提出了Seislet变换重建技术,以及扩展的高阶Seislet变换方法。由迹变换理论出发建立了消减地震面波的Co-Core迹变换方法。用伪谱法模拟黏弹各向异性介质中波的传播特征,发现黏弹各向异性介质中准S（qS）波比准P（qP）波衰减程度大;通过建立的混沌振子系统,检测出淹没在强随机噪声背景中的地震同相轴,并建立了时空域双曲滤波方法。系统研究了地质雷达的理论和方法,建立的地质雷达偏移成像系统成功地用在了地雷成像中。