国家海洋公园的概念、特征及建设意义

基于国内外相关文献资料的梳理与回顾,对国家公园与国家海洋公园的概念、特征及内涵等进行了比较与归纳,在此基础之上进一步提出国家海洋公园的概念及特征,并通过生态建设、环境保护、旅游价值、科学研究、科普教育、国家主权等几个方面多角度阐述了我国建设国家海洋公园的意义。     

滨海湿地保护:韩国的立法及启示

韩国滨海湿地保护立法,经历了由"湿地开发期"至"政策转变期"再到"湿地保护期"3个时期的变迁。在朝野争论与各方利益博弈中日益受到保护的滨海湿地,亦通过韩国不断完善的立法得到保障。从韩国滨海湿地保护立法中寻求有益启示,我国的相关立法应考虑明确滨海湿地的法律定义及地位,确立滨海湿地管理机构的法律地位,完善滨海湿地保护的基本制度,重视滨海湿地管理的地方性。     

耕地保护主体的行为方式及其特征分析

耕地保护主体具有基于逐利驱动下的理性思考,从而直接影响耕地保护的效果。在耕地保护行为过程中,地方政府掌握耕地的实际支配权,主导耕地的规划布局,而农民对待耕地保护的积极性则受经济利益的影响较大。现行制度框架下,耕地保护政策具有"委托-代理"关系、政策公平偏好、信息不对称、投入产出不对等、多方面利益干扰等特征。转型时期耕地保护与经济建设之间的矛盾容易凸显,应理性地正视耕地一定程度上的减少,但耕地保护的力度不容放松,需加强制度建设和耕地管理方式的创新,深化国家土地管理宏观调控。     

取之有道 用得其所——国外国家公园经费来源与使用

国家公园已经是一个存在了一百多年的普遍的制度,尽管各国之间有差别,但其基本理念是一致的:即它是公益性的,以保护"生态完整性和纪念完整性"为基本原则。尽管世界各国对国家公园的管理和经营方式     

浅谈内蒙古新型城镇化背景下的耕地保护

本文通过对内蒙古自治区耕地现状进行综合评价,分析自治区在耕地保护方面存在问题,结合《国家新型城镇化规划(2014—2020)》和《国家国土资源"十三五"规划纲要》中"实行最严格的耕地保护制度和集约节约用地制度",对内蒙古新时期耕地保护提出意见和建议。     

中国耕地保护研究的回顾与进展

以CSSCI检索出的1998年~2015年共18年的331篇耕地保护研究的文献作为研究对象,通过CitSpaceⅢ、Ucinet及SPSS软件,采用社会网络和聚类分析的方法进行计量分析。研究发现:(1)近18年我国耕地保护研究可以分为探索研究阶段(1998年~2003年)、全面发展阶段(2004年~2009年)、稳定发展阶段(2009年~2015年);(2)耕地保护研究的知识基础聚类相对集中,形成以"耕地动态变化"、"耕地安全"、"耕地制度"及"经济补偿"四大类;(3)耕地保护热点主要为耕地保护、粮食安全、土地利用、土地管理及耕地资源五大方面。农户、农民权益及社会责任等则可能成为未来研究的热点;(4)耕地保护研究成果与国家层面的耕地保护政策相对一致,研究成果在一定程度上作用于国家层面的耕地保护政策制定及实施。     

我国耕地保护制度的经济学分析

概括了制度环境的变化与耕地保护制度变迁的特点,指出了耕地保护制度对社会经济稳定发展繁荣做出的巨大贡献,总结了现行制度的被动性、镶嵌式、地方政府主导征用收益、违法占用耕地与地方政府GDP冲动及官员的政绩追求密切相关等特点。评估内在制度的柔性对刚性制度的化解与冲突,提出了诚信与合作意识、用地观念、计划意识与强势主导等3类因子的影响。分析了未来耕地保护制度的供需及其主体,指出耕地保护作为我国重要的管理政策,未来一段时间内中央政府作为唯一的制度供给主体的行为、地方政府作为制度执行主体及农民作为耕地保护的最终执行主体耕地保护的行为与利益诉求。据此,提出了耕地保护制度进一步改革调整的对策与建议。     

构建中国湿地生态效益补偿制度的思考

中国湿地面临着面积持续减少和质量不断下降的严峻形势,湿地保护与利用的冲突不断,同时湿地保护投入严重不足,因而湿地生态效益补偿制度的建立具有必要性。湿地生态效益补偿制度具有两面性,一方面对造成湿地破坏的单位和个人征收补偿金,另一方面对因湿地保护而利益受到损害、为湿地保护作出贡献的单位和个人给予补偿。为建立湿地生态效益补偿制度,首先要确定制度设计的原则,其次应从补偿主体、客体、补偿基金的建立和管理、补偿方式、补偿标准、实施程序和监督管理等方面进行具体的制度设计。     

我国台湾地区《湿地保育法》及其对大陆立法的启示

我国台湾地区《湿地保育法》确立了地区湿地保护的法治基础。其立法的直接动因源于1971年《关于特别是作为水禽栖息地的国际重要湿地公约》,之后经历多版本草案讨论,最终于2013年颁布实施。该法以"湿地合理利用"为基本原则,确立了一系列湿地保育制度,明确规定了法律责任,为台湾地区湿地保护提供了法规框架。我国大陆地区应借鉴台湾地区的经验,适时推进湿地保护专门立法,遵循"湿地合理利用"原则构建湿地保护的基本制度和管理体系,以推进湿地的可持续发展。     

新《环境保护法》下湿地保护的立法思考——基于江苏省湿地保护立法现状的分析

江苏省湿地资源丰富,湿地种类多样,分布广泛,但面临着严重的污染和破坏,且湿地立法相对分散,没有形成完整的湿地保护法律体系。《环境保护法》的修订,特别是生态红线、按日计罚、生态补偿、公益诉讼等制度设计,为江苏省湿地保护立法提供了强有力的制度支撑。在此情形下,制定"江苏省湿地保护条例"显得十分必要。     

The Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Marine Protected Area: valuing local perspectives in environmental protection

The Great Barrier Reef (GBR), Queensland, Australia, is one of the most recognisable coral reefs in the world. In 1981 the reef was listed on the World Heritage List, to be preserved as an environmental asset of global significance for all people in perpetuity. The GBR is also a landmark Marine Protected Area (MPA) under the World Heritage Marine Programme. Yet management of this iconic property is not without controversy and in recent years a number of impacts, including coastal developments, increased shipping traffic and global warming, have all threatened the reef. Any breach of Australia's World Heritage obligation to protect and conserve the property may yet result in the GBR being placed on the World Heritage List in Danger. In light of the persistent controversy surrounding GBR management, this paper gives voice to the perspectives and values of stakeholders located in and around one site of controversy, Gladstone Harbour, in the southern section of the GBR World Heritage Area. We present the views of users directly exposed to the controversial port expansion development at Gladstone Harbour in the southern GBR to shed light on the importance of community perspectives in marine park management. Our findings show that local views act to reinforce the global environmental protection narrative which underpins the World Heritage (WH) system. In this study local and global values collide and, we argue, that overlooking the perspectives of users has potential deleterious consequences for WH marine site management.     

Anthropogenic influences on Australia's Great Barrier Reef

Although legislation has been introduced to allow stricter control of activities within the Great Barrier Reef region, paradoxically there are increasing pressures due to greater use of the Reef, and population expansion and economic development on the adjacent mainland. In addition, greater understanding of the functioning of the reef system has allowed for recognition of more subtle anthropogenic effects on the Reef. On the outer Reef some localised degradation may result from intense use, accidents or from pre‐legislation activities. Runoff from the mainland has the potential to introduce increased turbidity levels, reduced salinities and some chemical pollutants particularly on nearshore reefs and in the Cairns region. Through global scale atmospheric and oceanic circulation the Great Barrier Reef is open to more distant sources of perturbation.     

南极海洋保护区建设及法律政治争论

《南极海洋生物资源养护公约》框架下的海洋保护区建设备受国际社会关注。2009年,南极海洋生物资源养护委员会建立了第一个海洋保护区,但2012年以来,罗斯海海洋保护区提案以及东南极海洋保护区代表体系提案却一直没有进展,其中涉及了南极条约体系解读与海洋保护区定义等法律争论、保护区建设与地缘政治控制以及排斥其他国家渔业活动等政治争论。研究表明,虽然委员会有权建立海洋保护区,以实现养护南极生物资源的目标,但两个提案一定程度上超越了委员会的职责范围;且这两个提案一定程度上都与提案国的南极领土主权以及渔业活动相关联,无法排除其他国家的政治关切;提案每年变化,也体现了政治妥协。因此,为真正实现按公约养护南极生物资源的目标,应切实解决相关的法律与政治关切,提高程序的透明度,扩大参与度,并认真实施对已建立的海洋保护区的研究与监测。     

福建省海洋环境保护规划信息系统设计与实现

以福建省海洋环境保护规划的方法和步骤为基础,以系统的应用需求分析为出发点,进行海洋环境保护规划信息系统开发模式分析、系统总体结构设计、系统界面与系统功能模块实现等研究,采用组件式设计方法,用C#4.0封装了ArcEngine地图引擎,实现海洋环境信息采集、存储、管理、分析和图形处理,以及查询、分析、评价和辅助决策等主要...     

THE NATURE‐CULTURE BOUNDARY AND OCEAN POLICY: GREAT BARRIER ISLAND,NEW ZEALAND*

ABSTRACT. This article analyzes New Zealand's rights‐based system of fisheries management from the perspective of local stakeholders on northern Great Barrier Island. The research identified differing perspectives through use of the concept of “boundary construction,” not only in terms of society and nature but also among societal institutions. Great Barrier Island participants exhibited significant differences, especially between staff of the local Department of Conservation and local Maori, both of whom were engaged in negotiating policy implementation at the local level. These differences expressed themselves in conceptions of both societal boundaries—the scale at which community was envisioned—and conceptions of the boundary between nature and culture. The findings confirm the need for the continued development of models of community‐based resource management as well as for the conceptual integration of society and nature in the realm of policy construction.     

Sediment source changes over the last 250 years in a dry-tropical catchment, central Queensland, Australia

Rivers draining to the Great Barrier Reef are receiving increased attention with the realisation that European land use changes over the last  150 years may have increased river sediment yields, and that these may have adversely affected the reef environment. Mitigation of the effects associated with such changes is only possible if information on the spatial provenance and dominant types of erosion is known. To date, very few field-based studies have attempted to provide this information. This study uses fallout radionuclide (¹³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Pb_ex) and geochemical tracing of river bed and floodplain sediments to examine sources over the last  250 years for Theresa Creek, a subcatchment of the Fitzroy River basin, central Queensland, Australia. A Monte Carlo style mixing model is used to predict the relative contribution of both the spatial (geological) sources and erosion types. The results indicate that sheetwash and rill erosion from cultivated basaltic land and channel erosion from non-basaltic parts of the catchment are currently contributing most sediment to the river system. Evidence indicates that the dominant form of channel erosion is gully headcut and sidewall erosion. Sheetwash and rill erosion from uncultivated land (i.e., grazed pasture/woodland) is a comparatively minor contributor of sediment to the river network. Analysis of the spatial provenance of floodplain core sediments, in conjunction with optical dating and ¹³⁷Cs depth profile data, suggests that a phase of channel erosion was initiated in the late nineteenth century. With the development of land underlain by basalt in the mid-twentieth century the dominant source of erosion shifted to cultivated land, although improvements in land management practices have probably resulted in a decrease in sediment yield from cultivated areas in the later half of the twentieth century. On a basin-wide scale, because of the limited spatial extent of cultivation, channel sources are likely to be the largest contributor of sediment to the Fitzroy River. Accordingly, catchment management measures focused on reducing sediment delivery to the Great Barrier Reef should focus primarily on decreasing erosion from channel sources.     

Analysis of the effects of land use change on protected areas in the Philippines

Deforestation and forest degradation are the most important land use change processes in the Philippines. These processes are an important threat to the highly rated biodiversity of the country. Only a small fraction of the natural forest that once covered the country remains. In spite of different policies that aim to reduce logging recent commercial deforestation, illegal logging and agricultural expansion pose an important threat to the remaining forest areas.In this paper we discuss the role of (land use) modeling approaches for assessing the threats and trade-offs of protecting the designated nature areas. At the national level different scenarios of land use change and implementation of the protected area policy are evaluated and discussed based on a spatially explicit land use allocation model. For one of the main national parks, the Northern Sierra Madre Nature Park, a detailed analysis is presented based on in-depth knowledge of the region. The two modeling approaches discussed in this paper aim at different scales and provide complementary types of information to support the planning and management of nature conservation strategies. The combination of land use change analysis at different scales respects the hierarchical organization of the land use system and addresses different levels of protected area management. The results indicate that land use change models are useful tools to inform protected area management as long as the selection of the model approach is based on the research and policy questions at the appropriate scale.     

Lasting Legacies: Conservation and Communities at Huascaran National Park,Peru

This article uses a case-study approach to investigate the challenges of protected area (PA) management for Huascaran National Park in the Peruvian Andes. The park is analyzed by situating the timing of establishment of the park boundaries within the context of two historical Peruvian events: agrarian reform (1969) and an earthquake (1970). Interviews and narratives from community members and stakeholders associated with park delimitation and management were used for the study. Analysis of narratives revealed that the establishment of park boundaries, the legal definition used for the park, and land use restrictions contribute to diminished support for the park from surrounding communities. Community and national institutions negotiate the spatial boundary of conservation in Huascaran National Park while engaging with historical narratives that invoke environmental constraints and acts of resistance.     

Present status of specially protected natural territories of Mongolia

Using Hovsgol National Park as an example, we have made an assessment of the changes in landscapes occurring from 1992 to 2008, determined the chief causes of them and outlined the principal management tasks regarding specially protected natural territories focusing on minimizing the level of negative effects. We examine the ecological problems faced by the National Park and the associated hazards and suggest recommendations on an optimization of management of the Park with a view to decrease the possible occurrence of challenging ecological hazards.