标准序列法在日平均气温缺测数据插补中的应用

利用标准序列法,对1971—2000年我国2000多个国家级地面气象站日平均气温进行了插补试验,并用交叉检验方法进行验证,对比了相关性最好和距离最近两种邻近站选取方案的插补结果。试验表明,相关性最好方案的插补精度优于距离最近方案,利用前一方案进行插补时,只需要选择与待插补站日平均气温序列相关性最高的4个邻近站参与计算即可。插补试验结果表明,平均绝对误差约为0.42℃。插补值与实际观测值之间的绝对误差、均方根误差、两者之差在±0.5℃范围内的样本比例,均与邻近站平均距离呈较好的指数关系。     

三种插值方法对区域自动气象站日气温缺测数据插补的适用性研究

为解决气温观测记录缺测的问题,选择反距离权重插值(Inverse Distance Weighted,IDW)、普通克里金插值(Ordinary Kriging,OK)和多元线性回归(Multiple Linear Regression,MLR)三种方法,以湖北省2020年为例,对全省逐日平均气温(T)、最高气温(T_max)和最低气温(T_min)进行空间插补,并采用平均绝对误差(Mean Absolute Error,MAE)对3种方法的插补结果进行检验。结果表明:用MLR插补得到的Tmax、Tmin、T的MAE最小,分别为0.41℃、0.31℃和0.20℃,其中T的插补误差在1℃以内的站点比例高达100%;相比IDW和OK,MLR插补结果的MAE空间分布均匀,其不仅随海拔高度变化较小,随季节变化也相对较小。单站试验结果表明,当用于MLR模型的样本数量越多、时间离散度越大时,MLR对气温的插补效果越好。总体上,对日气温缺测数据的插补效果,MLR最优,IDW次之,OK最差;对于建立气象站点长时间连续气温数据集而言,MLR更适合解决区域自动气象站...     

三种气温插补方法在中国西南地区的应用分析

观测数据的插补是提升气象数据完整性、恢复缺失数据真实性的重要手段。本文采用标准序列、空间回归和随机森林3种插补方法,对中国西南地区5个主要气候区地面气象观测站日平均气温序列数据以及犍为和北碚2个百年站月平均气温序列数据进行插补试验,并选用平均绝对误差、均方根误差以及插补值与观测值偏差分别在±0.8℃和±0.5℃区间的样本占比(P_0.8、P_0.5)等4项指标对插补结果进行评估。结果表明：3种方法对中国西南地区5个气候区站点气温日均值与2个百年站气温月均值插补效果较好,且空间回归方法的插补精度高、适用性最好,在5个气候区的插补精度都高于其他两种方法,在地形较为平坦的四川盆地P_0.8约0.90,在地形最为崎岖的川西南滇北山地P_0.8也在0.60以上,地形对气温插补精度影响明显。选取最优参考站数可有效降低插补误差,2个百年站95%以上的月平均气温样本插补误差可控制在±0.5℃以内。     

西安观测站长序列气温资料缺测记录插补和非均一性检验

以西安观测站1971—2013年日平均气温、最高气温和最低气温序列为研究对象,利用标准序列法和多元线性回归法进行插补实验,计算插补值与实测值的平均误差、平均绝对误差、均方根误差和插补值与实测值误差在0.5℃以内的样本比例,对比分析两种插值方法的相对优劣。结果表明：多元线性回归法插补得到的气温序列效果好于标准序列法,并且气候趋势特征与实际观测值序列更具一致性。采用t检验法、惩罚最大T检验（PMTT）、惩罚最大F检验（PMFT）对西安站1951—2020年平均气温序列的均一性进行检验。依据台站历史沿革数据进行的t检验,在6次台站历史沿革变化中,只有2次造成了年平均气温和年平均最高气温序列间断,分别由观测时次增加和仪器换型导致;年平均最低气温有4次出现间断,分别由台站站址迁移、观测时次增加、仪器换型、缺测值插补造成。PMTT和PMFT检测中发现的4次间断点因无元数据支持,认为属于合理间断点,这2种方法均未检测出因缺测值插补引起的间断点,一定程度上说明采用多元线性回归法对缺测值插补得到的西安站1951—2020年气温序列相对合理,气温序列的均一性较好。     

中岳嵩山高山站平均气温资料插补及其变化趋势分析

为明确近60 a来在近对流层自由大气底部这一特定高度上河南省中岳嵩山气温变化特征,在对河南省登封气象站月平均气温数据均一化的基础上,采用该站均一化数据构建嵩山站月平均气温模拟模型,对1990—2002年缺测数据插补,建立中岳嵩山高山国家基准气候站1956—2017年时间序列连续的月平均气温资料,采用线性回归对其进行气温变化趋势分析。结果表明：均一化处理对登封站月平均气温因台站迁移的非自然因素引起的非均一性取得了明显的校正效果。均一化后,1969—2017年登封站年平均气温由显著上升速率0.218℃/10 a增至0.310℃/10 a。利用独立数据对模型进行验证表明,总体上,嵩山站各月平均气温推算模型模拟值与实测值的线性相关系数和斜率分别为0.999和0.989(n=204,P < 0.01);1—12月各月模型验证检验参数的平均值相关系数为0.958、均方根误差为11.7%、平均绝对偏差为0.3℃、平均偏差为0.1℃、拟合指数为0.973、模拟效率为0.900,模型具有较好的模拟效果。1956—2017年嵩山站年平均气温增温显著,其速率为0.223℃/10 a。四季之间,以春季增温速率最大,为0.350℃/10 a;冬季和秋季次之;夏季增温不显著。各月之间,以2月增温速率最大,达0.445℃/10 a。     

一种基于SVD的迭代方法及其用于气候资料场的插补试验

提出一种基于SVD的迭代对气象场序列缺测记录插补延长的技术方法,对长江流域20个测站1月份气温做插补试验,平均均方误差为0.25,插补精度明显优于迭代EOF,插补效果良好且性能稳定;而且插补站数所占比例越小效果越好.此研究表明,基于SVD迭代的插补方法是一种非常有效的插补途径.     

20世纪全球表面温度场序列的插补试验

利用基于主分量典型相关分析的典型变量回归 (CVR)插补模式 ,在综合分析Jones等 5°× 5°格点温度资料覆盖率的演变情况、缺测场与基本场温度距平相关结构、稳定性的基础上 ,确定合理的插补方案 ,对其陆面格点温度场进行插补延长试验 ,得到了 1 90 0～ 1 998年连续、均一的全球月平均气温场序列。独立样本检验表明插补效果优良 ,总缺测场误差方差与原序列方差之比低于 0 .40。插补前后全球及纬向平均序列的演变特征基本一致 ,原 Jones序列的线性增温率较重建序列高0 .1 1℃ /(1 0 0年 ) ,可能与原 Jones场序列空间分布的不均一性有关     

利用车贝雪夫多项式进行资料缺测插补的研究

使用一维车贝雪夫多项式展开进行历史年降水量和月平均气温各种缺测情况下资料的插补试验，在迭代计算过程中，还对理想初值的两种临界迭代次数选取方案和迭代终值法进行了大量的试验。结果表明，一般情况下迭代终值计算精度较高，旱涝年则理想初值拟合结果更好一些；一年缺测插补精度高于连续多年缺测；双向插补计算结果优于单独使用顺序或逆序插补结果。     

藏北高原气温资料插补及其变化的初步分析

通过定义最优配对分段插补法,以NewD66/D66、D105、Amdo和BJ为主站,D66/五道梁气象站(WDL)、D110、MS3478和MS3608为辅站,对主站缺失的地面气温资料进行插补,以获得完整的气温序列,并以此为基础分析主站近期气温变化。主站和辅站气温一致性分析结果表明,一年中每两个配对站的气温变化均有很好的一致性;温差表现为冬半年大、夏半年小。插补效果分析表明,插补效果夏季比冬季好;插补效果D66站最好,D105站相对较差;插补误差近似服从正态分布,时间尺度越大插补结果的可用性越强;大幅降温、降水、较大风速以及较大风向转变是影响插补效果的主要因素。对主站完整气温序列分析表明,NewD66站的气温年较差最大(26℃),Amdo站最小(19℃);BJ站多年平均气温最高(-0.3℃),D105站最低(-5℃);BJ站处于季节冻土区,其余三站处于多年冻土区;近十几年主站年平均气温均呈波动上升趋势,BJ站和NewD66站升温明显,D105站和Amdo站升温缓慢。     

谈谈怎样进行资料插补订正

《一九五一至一九八○年全国地面基本气候资料统计方法》(以下简称《统计方法》)规定,全国统一对旬、月平均气温,旬、月降水量共4项作资料插补订正。其他项目(站点)是否作插补订正,各省自定。我省要求各站对旬、月平均气温和降水最缺测资料都要作插补订正。     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

前寒武纪气候演化中的三个重要科学问题

自地球形成至寒武纪将近40亿年（距今46亿～5.4亿年,通常称为前寒武纪）的气候演变是一个具有特殊难度和挑战性的研究领域,同时也是基础和前沿的研究领域。文章选择了前寒武纪气候演化中的三个重要科学问题进行综述：大气演化、两次全球性的冰川期以及暗弱太阳问题。关于大气演化,本文首先描述了大气成分的演化历史,然后简述了影响大气成分演化的三个基本过程：大气逃逸、两次大气氧含量突然增加、碳酸盐-硅酸盐循环及其对气候系统的负反馈作用。两次全球性的冰川期分别发生在古元古代（距今24亿～21亿年）和新元古代（距今8亿～5.8亿年）,文章简述了其成因以及相关的气候模拟结果。暗弱太阳问题是地球历史气候演化的一个经典问题,论文简要地综述了一些最新的研究成果和观点。     

淮河流域水文极值预测模型研究

为探索气候变化影响下水文极值的非平稳性和预测方法,建立了水文极值非平稳广义极值（GEV）分布的统计预测模型。利用1952-2010年淮河上游流域累计面雨量和流量年最大值资料、同期500 hPa环流特征量资料以及17个CMIP5模式对环流特征量的模拟结果,筛选出对水文极值影响显著的年平均北半球极涡强度指数作为GEV分布参数的预测因子。分析了在RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景下2006-2050年淮河上游流域水文极值对气候变化的响应。结果表明,10年以下与10年以上重现期的水文极值在非平稳过程中呈现前者下降而后者上升的相反变化趋势;多模型预测的集合平均在未来情景中均呈现上升趋势,情景排放量越大增幅越大,重现期越长增幅也越大。与极值的常态相比,极值的极端态更易受气候变化影响。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

The impact of AIRS atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles on hurricane forecasts: Ike (2008) and Irene (2011)

Atmospheric Infra Red Sounder(AIRS) measurements are a valuable supplement to current observational data, especially over the oceans where conventional data are sparse. In this study, two types of AIRS-retrieved temperature and moisture profiles, the AIRS Science Team product(Sci Sup) and the single field-of-view(SFOV) research product, were evaluated with European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF) analysis data over the Atlantic Ocean during Hurricane Ike(2008) and Hurricane Irene(2011). The evaluation results showed that both types of AIRS profiles agreed well with the ECMWF analysis, especially between 200 h Pa and 700 h Pa. The average standard deviation of both temperature profiles was approximately 1 K under 200 h Pa, where the mean AIRS temperature profile from the AIRS Sci Sup retrievals was slightly colder than that from the AIRS SFOV retrievals. The mean Sci Sup moisture profile was slightly drier than that from the SFOV in the mid troposphere. A series of data assimilation and forecast experiments was then conducted with the Advanced Research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model and its three-dimensional variational(3DVAR) data assimilation system for hurricanes Ike and Irene. The results showed an improvement in the hurricane track due to the assimilation of AIRS clear-sky temperature profiles in the hurricane environment. In terms of total precipitable water and rainfall forecasts, the hurricane moisture environment was found to be affected by the AIRS sounding assimilation.Meanwhile, improving hurricane intensity forecasts through assimilating AIRS profiles remains a challenge for further study.