华南暖区降水数值预报的初值同化试验

为了了解初值场对华南短时临近降水预报的影响,文中利用GRAPES区域中尺度模式,针对华南一次暖区暴雨过程分别进行控制试验、同化地面探空资料、nudging雨水资料和同化雷达径向风等四个模拟试验。分析结果表明：(1) 同化地面探空资料有助于改善24小时的降水落区及其量级;(2) nudging雨水资料对临近降水预报有积极影响;(3) 同化雷达径向风能使24小时的降水落区、量级得到明显的提升。这些结论为下一步的华南地区短时临近降水预报研究提供了重要的技术参考。     

资料同化对2017年登陆广东沿海台风的短期降水与路径预报影响

利用华南精细数值天气预报模式,设计了无同化资料(CTRL)、同化雷达反演水汽(EXP1)以及同化雷达反演水汽、地面和探空资料(EXP2)三个试验,对2017年登陆广东沿海的四个台风降水预报与路径预报进行模拟,以评估资料同化对登陆台风短期降水预报、路径预报的影响。分析结果如下:雷达反演水汽同化后对未来24小时降水预报技巧均有正的改善,对台风路径预报影响不大;在此基础上同化地面、探空资料后对台风路径预报有改进,对降水预报改进不明显(与EXP1比)。通过诊断分析台风“玛娃”,发现模式初值场水汽的增量配合对流上升区有利于短时间内成云致雨,从而提高短时降水预报;地面及探空资料同化有利于登陆台风的短时路径预报。      

雷达反射率资料的三维变分同化研究

应用天气研究和预报模式(WRF)三维变分系统中一种新的雷达反射率资料间接同化方法来进行反射率资料的三维变分同化研究,评估雷达反射率资料对夏季短时定量降水预报的作用.该方法不直接同化雷达反射率资料,而是同化由反射率资料反演出的雨水和估计的水汽.以2009年夏季北京地区发生的4次强降水过程为例,考察了北京市气象局业务运行的快速更新循环同化预报系统对京津冀地区雷达网的雷达反射率资料的同化性能以及雷达反射率资料和径向风资料同时同化的效果.数值试验结果表明:(1)同化反演雨水或水汽都能改善降水预报,但同化反演水汽对降水预报效果的改善起了更重要的作用;(2)同化反射率资料能极大地提高短时降水预报的效果,其稳定的正面效果可以延伸到6h的预报时效,而同化径向风资料不能得到稳定的正效果;(3)同化雷达资料时,应用快速更新循环同化预报系统是提高短时定量降水预报的一个有效途径.     

快速更新循环同化在江西暴雨数值模拟中的应用

基于WRF 模式三维同化(3DVar)建立每3 h 快速更新循环同化系统(简称RUC),循环同化地面常规观测资料、探空资料、船舶资料和飞机报,并以此为基础建立预报系统,对2011 年6 月4 日20 时-5 日20 时江西一次大暴雨过程进行模拟检验,初步研究RUC 在江西暴雨预报中的应用.结果表明:(1)RUC 有效改...     

Evaluation of radar and automatic weather station data assimilation for a heavy rainfall event in southern China

To improve the accuracy of short-term(0–12 h) forecasts of severe weather in southern China, a real-time storm-scale forecasting system, the Hourly Assimilation and Prediction System(HAPS), has been implemented in Shenzhen, China. The forecasting system is characterized by combining the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF-ARW)model and the Advanced Regional Prediction System(ARPS) three-dimensional variational data assimilation(3DVAR) package. It is capable of assimilating radar reflectivity and radial velocity data from multiple Doppler radars as well as surface automatic weather station(AWS) data. Experiments are designed to evaluate the impacts of data assimilation on quantitative precipitation forecasting(QPF) by studying a heavy rainfall event in southern China. The forecasts from these experiments are verified against radar, surface, and precipitation observations. Comparison of echo structure and accumulated precipitation suggests that radar data assimilation is useful in improving the short-term forecast by capturing the location and orientation of the band of accumulated rainfall. The assimilation of radar data improves the short-term precipitation forecast skill by up to9 hours by producing more convection. The slight but generally positive impact that surface AWS data has on the forecast of near-surface variables can last up to 6–9 hours. The assimilation of AWS observations alone has some benefit for improving the Fractions Skill Score(FSS) and bias scores; when radar data are assimilated, the additional AWS data may increase the degree of rainfall overprediction.     

快速更新循环同化预报系统的汛期试验与分析

为了支持短时临近预报,利用新一代数值预报技术,结合高时空分辨的新一代探测所提供的观测信息,开发了基于快速更新循环同化的数值预报系统。基于GRAPES预报模式及其三维变分,开发了逐时循环同化,包括雷达、卫星、飞机、常规地面和探空等观测资料的同化模块,并采用nudging技术,引入雷达回波,订正模式的初始云水、雨水等信息,实现快速更新预报。多种测试和汛期连续试验表明,系统运行稳定可靠。逐时同化场合理,与实况基本一致。通过1个月的滚动预报综合分析和个例预报分析均表明,预报稳定有效,与观测分布基本一致,初步具备开展短时临近预报的能力。     

潜热加热纳近方法在地面降水资料同化中的应用

基于国家气象中心GRAPES_Meso高分辨率区域模式,针对中尺度数值预报模式中预报雨带形成滞后问题,研究了潜热加热纳近方法在地面降水资料同化中的应用,以期提高短时数值天气预报的水平。2013年6月20日—7月20日的初步试验结果表明:通过调整模式潜热加热廓线,可以改进初始场中温、湿、风等要素的合理分布,增加降水区的对流不稳定性;潜热加热纳近方法可以缩短模式的调整适应 (spin-up) 时间,改进短时降水预报的落区和强度,提高3 h,6 h,12 h的降水预报TS,ETS评分;与传统的冷潜热加热纳近的试验结果相比,改进的暖潜热加热纳近试验对降水落区和强度的预报更接近观测,但强降水中心范围略大。     

华南暴雨区域集合预报中不同同化方案的影响试验研究

基于全球集合预报系统(GEFS)资料,利用WRF中尺度模式及GEFS动力降尺度获取区域集合预报初值场,通过对同化后的分析场进行模式积分实现华南前汛期区域集合预报。对2019年6月10日的一次华南前汛期暴雨过程进行不同同化方案的试验:混合同化(Hybrid)、三维变分(3Dvar)、集合卡尔曼滤波(EnKF)和对比试验(Ctrl)四组试验的对比分析,探讨具有不同背景误差协方差矩阵的同化方案对区域集合预报集合扰动和集合离散随时间演变特征的影响,评估不同试验的降水模拟效果。(1) Hybrid对模式初始场有较好的改善作用,而3DVar和EnKF对初始场的改善作用不明显。(2) 对风场、温度场和湿度场,在前期预报中Hybrid的预报误差小于3DVar和EnKF,在中后期的预报中,3DVar和EnKF的预报误差得到改善,且好于Hybrid。同样,集合扰动能量,Hybrid和Ctrl在前期预报发展好于3DVar和EnKF,而在中后期的预报3DVar和EnKF好于Hybrid和Ctrl。(3) 从24 h累积降水评分中,整体上同化试验好于Ctrl,3DVar和EnKF好于Hybrid,且3DVar对大中雨级别的降水评分较好,而EnKF对暴雨以上级别的降水评分较好。(4) 对于集合统计检验分析,同化试验的AUC值都大于Ctrl的AUC值,24 h累积降水量阈值在10~100 mm的AUC值,3DVar最好;而125 mm阈值的AUC值,EnKF最好。      

基于西南涡加密探空资料同化的一次奇异路径耦合低涡大暴雨数值模拟研究

利用WRF模式及WRFDA同化系统,引入业务探空资料和西南涡加密探空资料,对一次四川盆地奇异路径低涡耦合大暴雨过程进行了数值试验,对比检验不同同化试验对本次过程降水和低涡移动路径的模拟能力,分析了加密探空资料同化对西南涡结构及其降水演变的影响。结果表明:在同化业务探空资料的基础上,引入西南涡加密探空资料能改善模式对本次降水和低涡移动路径的模拟,而仅同化业务探空资料对模拟结果的改善作用有限;引入西南涡加密探空资料,一方面能在初始风场上产生气旋式扰动,增加初始高原涡和西南涡的强度,另一方面通过调整初始四川盆地上空大气温、湿度结构,使模式在积分初期就能产生出实况量级的降水;西南涡加密探空资料的同化试验揭示了仅靠高层的高位涡不足以激发和维持700 hPa的西南涡,需要通过低层水平辐合引起正涡度增加并向上输送来增强700 hPa的气旋式环流,进而促进西南涡的移动和发展,而模拟初期降水的潜热释放也起重要作用,加深了对西南涡及其降水成因的认识。      

基于GSI的华南地区对流尺度快速循环同化预报试验

针对对流尺度快速循环同化系统多次循环同化带来的预报效果改进和资料应用问题,利用GSI同化技术和WRFARW区域模式,设计了华南地区对流尺度快速循环同化方案,对2016年4月17一18日华南地区的飑线天气强降水过程进行模拟试验,分析不同循环同化方案和雷达径向风资料同化对雷达回波、相对湿度、降水量级等的预报效果,以期提高华南地区飑线强降水过程预报技巧。检验结果表明:尽管只同化常规资料对预报效果的改进有局限性,但是多次循环同化对于模式预报的降水有一定改善作用;同时同化雷达径向风资料与常规资料对湿度和降水等模拟技巧均有所提高,大雨以上量级的ETS评分改进尤为明显;尽管模式模拟降水峰值小于真实观测值,但同化雷达径向风资料有效改善了飑线最强时段内的垂直上升速度,使得强降水发生时间和强度更接近真实观测。     

THE IMPACT OF DIFFERENT PHYSICAL PROCESSES AND THEIR PARAMETERIZATIONS ON FORECAST OF A HEAVY RAINFALL IN SOUTH CHINA IN ANNUALLY FIRST RAINING SEASON

An ensemble prediction system based on the GRAPES model, using multi-physics, is used to discuss the influence of different physical processes in numerical models on forecast of heavy rainfall in South China in the annually first raining season(AFRS). Pattern, magnitude and area of precipitation, evolution of synoptic situation, as well as apparent heat source and apparent moisture sink between different ensemble members are comparatively analyzed. The choice of parameterization scheme for land-surface processes gives rise to the largest influence on the precipitation prediction. The influences of cumulus-convection and cloud-microphysics processes are mainly focused on heavy rainfall;the use of cumulus-convection parameterization tends to produce large-area and light rainfall. Change in parameterization schemes for land-surface and cumulus-convection processes both will cause prominent change in forecast of both dynamic and thermodynamic variables, while change in cloud-microphysics processes show primary impact on dynamic variables. Comparing simplified Arakawa-Schubert and Kain-Fritsch with Betts-Miller-Janjic schemes, SLAB with NOAH schemes, as well as both WRF single moment 6-class and NCEP 3-class with simplified explicit schemes of phase-mixed cloud and precipitation shows that the former predicts stronger low-level jets and high humidity concentration, more convective rainfall and local heavy rainfall, and have better performance in precipitation forecast. Appropriate parameterization schemes can reasonably describe the physical process related to heavy rainfall in South China in the AFRS, such as low-level convergence, latent heat release, vertical transport of heat and water vapor, thereby depicting the multi-scale interactions of low-level jet and meso-scale convective systems in heavy rainfall suitably, and improving the prediction of heavy rainfall in South China in the AFRS as a result.     

DRP-4DVar方法同化AIRS反演资料在一次江淮流域暴雨中的应用

利用经济省时的降维投影四维变分同化方法(DRP-4DVar),在2009年7月22～23日江淮流域的一次大暴雨过程中同化晴空条件下高光谱大气红外探测仪(AIRS)反演温度、湿度廓线,改进此次强降水过程的模拟。试验结果分析显示,同化AIRS反演的温度及湿度场后,基于四维变分同化系统的模式约束,能够改进湿度场、高度场、高低层散度场。从累积降水量偏差图及同化试验增量图可以看到,正降水量偏差对应于正湿度增量、负位势高度增量及低层负散度高层正散度增量,负降水量偏差则与之相反。同化试验较参照试验可更好地模拟出暴雨的天气形势、对暴雨的落区及强度有更好的反映。此外,从单次同化与连续同化的试验对比结果看出,连续同化试验结果较单次同化结果有进一步的改进,说明不断加入新的观测资料可以更好地模拟强降水过程。     

Contrasting the impact of dynamic data assimilation on the numerical simulations of cyclogenesis during GALEIOP 10 and IOP 1

Summary The nudging assimilation scheme described in the companion paper by Brill et al. is applied to study oceanic cyclogenesis during GALEIOP 10 on 27–28 February 1986. A 36-h control simulation statically initialized from 0000 UTC 27 February 1986 data moves the cyclone too far north and east in the 12-h period of most rapid deepening limiting the usefulness of the simulation for diagnostic study. The use of nudging to dynamically assimilate special 3-h and routine 12-h rawindsonde and dropsonde data into the model during the entire 36-h forecast period failed to deepen the cyclone as it moved northeast off the Atlantic seaboard beyond the area covered 3-h by sounding data. Subjectively analyzed mean sea-level pressures (MSLP) were included in the data base to allow the model to nudge toward 3-h surface pressure analyses extended to cover the region of cyclogenesis over the ocean. The assimilation of 3-h surface data over the ocean is insufficient to produce a realistic simulation of cyclogenesis. This result motivated the use of the nudging technique to assimilate surface pressure and upper air data over land during the 12-h pre-cyclogenetic period (i.e. dynamic initialization) and compare the subsequent 24-h simulation with one initialized statically at the same synoptic time.Dynamic initialization produced the best simulation of the occanic cyclone based upon the standard statistical scores and positions of the MSLP minima. This simulation is used to diagnose differences between cyclogenesis during GALEIOP 1 and IOP 10. Isentropic analyses and vertical cross sections are derived from the model simulations and are used to contrast the strength of the upper tropospheric forcing and the low-level static stability associated with each case. The results of the diagnostic analyses reveal that stronger surface response (based upon MSLP minima) to weaker upper-level forcing during GALEIOP 10 (compared with GALEIOP 1) was associated with differences in the lower tropospheric static stability and thermal advection patterns and their interaction with upper tropospheric features.With 19 Figures     

登陆台风强度变化过程预报的影响试验研究

探索了基于WRF模式的集合卡尔曼滤波同化方法（WRF-EnKF,简称EnKF）在近海有可能达到更强台风连续循环同化中国大陆高时空分辨率多普勒天气雷达径向风观测资料的效果,同时检验台风Vicente（2012）的三维结构演变及其动力学特征。通过短期集合预报得到跟随当前流场变化着的背景误差协方差的台风涡旋和动力学结构。研究发现,EnKF同化预报系统能有效地同化高时空分辨率雷达径向速度观测资料,显著改善初始场中台风Vicente的中小尺度内核结构,同时提高对台风Vicente的路径和强度及其相伴随的短期强降水预报。在台风最强时刻同化雷达径向风观测能快速（1~2 h）得到真实的暖核台风结构,同时进一步提高台风路径和强度的预报。另外,EnKF同化雷达径向风观测资料还能有效提高短期降水预报,1 h和3 h累积降水的分布、降水中心以及降水随时间演变都能得到显著改善,这与改善台风路径、结构和强度有密切关系。因此,对中国东南沿海有可能达到较强的台风进行同化雷达径向风观测资料可改善登陆台风的预报水平,这为利用我国地基多普勒天气雷达观测资料改善模式的初始场从而提高台风预报提供一定的指示作用。      

西南涡加密资料同化对西南区域模式降水预报的影响

本文基于2017年西南涡加密观测试验的四川省11个观测站的探空资料,利用西南区域9km和3km分辨率数值天气预报模式系统,开展了数值预报同化试验。同化试验每日06和18UTC各进行一次,持续40天。西南区域9km分辨率数值预报系统(SWC-WARMS)的模拟结果表明,加密探空观测资料对四川高空观测起到了补充。同化后可以改善模式初始场,有助于提升24小时降水预报的ETS评分,对小雨到大雨量级的BIAS评分也有一定的改善。西南区域3km分辨率系统得益于分辨率的提升,相比SWC-WARMS减小了大暴雨空报面积。同化加密探空观测可以提升降水预报的ETS评分,但空报面积也有所增加。      

EVALUATION OF THE PARAMETERIZATION SCHEMES AND NUDGING TECHNIQUES IN GRAPES FOR WARM SECTOR TORRENTIAL RAINS USING SURFACE OBSERVATIONS

Sensitivities of parameterization schemes were conducted based on the Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System (GRAPES) model. Surface observations were used to evaluate the simulations and to improve the model’s ability to simulate the extreme precipitation over southern China on 20 July 2016. The results showed that GRAPES captured the large-scale precipitation over southern China but failed to predict the extreme precipitation over Xinyi. The model showed a systematic cold biases by adopting different parameterization schemes. In particular, the ECMWF analyses data showed a strong cold bias over Guangdong province and Guangxi Region. Observational nudging results showed that the surface temperature could largely help to alleviate the cold bias. The alleviation in the warm sector accounted for main improvement by the nudging scheme, and the RMSE was reduced by 1.56 degree from 3.25 degree to 1.69 degree by 1-h simulation and with 1.3 degree alleviation by 2-h simulation. Sensitivities using different parameterizations and the nudging scheme showed that the model’s underestimation of the precipitation was still present despite improvements in the predictions of surface temperature.     

ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF 3DVAR AND ENSRF DIRECT ASSIMILATION OF RADAR DATA ON THE FORECAST OF A HEAVY RAINFALL EVENT

The present study designs experiments on the direct assimilation of radial velocity and reflectivity data collected by an S-band Doppler weather radar (CINRAD WSR-98D) at the Hefei Station and the reanalysis data produced by the United States National Centers for Environmental Prediction using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, the WRF model with a three-dimensional variational (3DVAR) data assimilation system and the WRF model with an ensemble square root filter (EnSRF) data assimilation system. In addition, the present study analyzes a Meiyu front heavy rainfall process that occurred in the Yangtze -Huaihe River Basin from July 4 to July 5, 2003, through numerical simulation. The results show the following. (1) The assimilation of the radar radial velocity data can increase the perturbations in the low-altitude atmosphere over the heavy rainfall region, enhance the convective activities and reduce excessive simulated precipitation. (2) The 3DVAR assimilation method significantly adjusts the horizontal wind field. The assimilation of the reflectivity data improves the microphysical quantities and dynamic fields in the model. In addition, the assimilation of the radial velocity and reflectivity data can better adjust the wind fields and improve the intensity and location of the simulated radar echo bands. (3) The EnSRF assimilation method can assimilate more small-scale wind field information into the model. The assimilation of the reflectivity data alone can relatively accurately forecast the rainfall centers. In addition, the assimilation of the radial velocity and reflectivity data can improve the location of the simulated radar echo bands. (4) The use of the 3DVAR and EnSRF assimilation methods to assimilate the radar radial velocity and reflectivity data can improve the forecast of precipitation, rain-band areal coverage and the center location and intensity of precipitation.     

降水资料同化在GRAPES-MESO模式中应用试验研究

利用国家气象中心中尺度业务数值预报模式GRAPES-MESO v3.0,以2010年6月1～30日为例,开展地面降水率1DVAR(one-dimensional variational assimilation)同化方案在GRAPES-3DVAR(three-dimensional variational assimilation)同化系统中的应用试验研究(ASSI试验),并以未加降水资料同化的试验为对照试验(CNTL试验),以评估全国1h加密雨量资料在模式中同化应用的效果。结果表明:1)在相对湿度背景误差和降水率观测误差范围内,1DVAR同化方案能够对湿度廓线进行有意义的调整,使分析降水向观测降水靠近;ASSI试验对初始温、压、湿、风场的修正主要为正效果;2)对2010年6月17～21日江南、华南连续性降水过程进行了分析,整体而言ASSI试验对逐日及逐时降水强度的预报普遍强于CNTL试验,与实况更加接近;3)ASSI试验对2010年6月1～30日08时起报的0～24 h模式预报的小雨、中雨、大雨、暴雨、大暴雨各个降水量级TS评分及ETS评分相比CNTL试验均有较明显提高,预报偏差也更接近于1;4)ASSI试验较CNTL试验能更好地模拟雨带的分布、雨带演变特征和降水强度的变化;5)对降水所做的典型个例和统计检验分析从不同角度说明了地面降水资料1DVAR同化方案在GRAPES-3DVAR系统中的应用改善了GRAPES-MESO v3.0的降水模拟效果。     

Nudging方法对中国西北强降水过程的模拟试验研究

通过在WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)模式中运用松弛逼近方法(Nudging)同化NCEP-FNL资料,对中国西北地区夏季3次对流降水过程进行了模拟试验,检验了模式运用谱逼近(Spectral Nudging,SN)和格点逼近(Grid Nudging,GN)方案后对研究区域内降水过程的模拟性能。结果表明:SN和GN试验相对于控制试验,模拟的降水结果更接近于站点观测。在降水落区和量级的模拟效果上都有显著提高,且SN试验所得结果优于GN试验。通过分析两个同化试验在降水时段的基本要素场(湿度、温度和风速)变化,在近地面层,GN试验模拟的风速和温度较SN试验更接近观测;但700 hPa上,SN试验中风速、风向、温度、湿度的增量场变化及分布同降水的模拟结果存在较好的对应关系。最后,从物理诊断量—水汽通量散度的空间垂直变化来看,SN试验中600 hPa和700 hPa的水汽通量散度的正负分布有效调节降水的空间分布,更逼近观测。因此700 hPa的物理量场变量增量是降水模拟效果改善的主要原因之一。     

NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS FOR THE EFFECTS OF TWO MODEL INITIALIZATION SCHEMES ON RAINFALL FORECAST IN THE 2008 FLOODING SEASON

In this paper, based on heavy rain numerical forecast model AREM （Advanced Regional Eta Model）, two different initialization schemes, LAPS and GRAPES-3DVAR, are used to run assimilation experiments of AREM-LAPS and AREM-3DVAR with the same data source （NCEP forecast field, surface data and radio-soundings） during the period from 21 May to 30 July 2008 to investigate the effect of the two initialization schemes on the rainfall simulation. The result suggests that： （1） the forecast TS score by the AREM-LAPS is higher than that by the AREM-3DVAR for rainfall in different areas, at different valid time and with different intensity, especially for the heavy rain, rainstorm and extremely heavy rain; （2） the AREM-3DVAR can generally simulate the average rainfall distribution, but the forecast area is smaller and rainfall intensity is weaker than the observation, while the AREM-LAPS significantly improves the forecast; （3） the AREM-LAPS gives a better forecast for the south-north shift of rainfall bands and the rainfall intensity variation than the AREM-3DVAR; （4） the AREM-LAPS can give a better reproduction for the daily change in the mean-rainfall-rate of the main rain band, and rainfall intensity changes in the eastern part of Southwest China, the coastal area in South China, the middle-lower valleys of Yangtze river, the Valleys of Huaihe river, and Shandong peninsula, with the rainfall intensity roughly close to the observation, while the rainfall intensity simulated by the AREM-3DVAR is clearly weaker than the observation, especially in the eastern part of Southwest China; and （5） the comparison verification between the AREM-LAPS and AREM-3DVAR for more than 10 typical rainfall processes in the summer of 2008 indicates that the AREM-LAPS gives a much better forecast than AREM-3DVAR in rain-band area, rainfall location and intensity, and in particular, the rainfall intensity forecast is improved obviously.