2015年震情述评

<正>1全球地震活动概况据中国地震台网测定,2015年全球共发生7级以上地震20次(表1),其中包括3次8级以上地震,即4月25日尼泊尔8.1级地震、5月30日日本小笠原群岛8.0级地震和9月17日智利中部近海8.2级地震(图1)。2015年全球7级以上地震主要发生在环太平洋地震带西段和欧亚地震带。2015年全球7级以上地震活动有以下特点。1.1全球8级地震持续活跃     

1988年新疆地震动态

根据我国台网测定,今年1月至12月全球共发生M_S≥7.0级地震15次,最大地震为3月7日阿拉斯加湾M_S7.9级地震(美国地质调查局USGS的《PDE》周报为M_S7.6)。有分析认为阿拉斯加—阿留申岛弧系地震带从1986年起开始活动,现今已进入了全面活动阶段。平静了几年的欧亚地震带,今年也进入了新的活动期,先后发生5次7级以上地震。 在全球地震活动相对活跃形势下,中国地震活动也进入了活跃期,发生了三次7级以上     

1990年新疆地震活动综述

1990年,全球地震活动集中于环太平洋地震带的西部;亚欧地震带地震活动较强。中国强震活动集中于西部;新疆周过地震活动及全区内强震的活跃引人注目。 1 全球及中国的地震活动 据我国台网测定,1990年1—12月,全球共发生7级以上大震23次,其中最大地震M_s 8,发生在菲律宾吕宋岛,是近几年来地震活动较高的一年。美洲的巨大地震(M_s≥7.7)与亚欧地震带上的强震活动有一定的相关性,前者发生一段时间后,亚欧地震带的地震活动将会增强,也发生大地震。1986年美洲地震活动开始增强,1988年进入全面活动阶段。平静了数年的亚欧地震带西区从1988年开始也发生了强地震活动。到1990年,亚欧地震带的地震活动已具有相当水平,而且地震活动有向带东区(65°E以东)迁移的迹象。同年6月14日苏联斋桑7.3级地震就是一例。1990年全球大地震活动集中在环太平洋地震带的西部和亚欧地震带上,而美     

1985年10—12月的全球地震动态

1985年第四季度全球共发生6级以上地震25次,少于前三个季度。最大震级为 M_S7.3级。第四季度的全球地震活动水平与第三季度相比有很大下降。1985年的深、浅震频数比为1.08,比1984年明显减小。第四季度的地震活动中心位于大洋岛弧地震带,瓦努阿图群岛共发生8次强震,其中有3次7级以上地震。美洲西海岸地震带的地震活动继续向北迁移。德国—捷克边界地区发生一次小震群活动。     

2022年震情述评

<正>1全球地震活动概况据中国地震台网测定,2022年1月1日—12月31日,全球共发生6级以上地震112次,其中7级以上地震7次,最大地震为9月11日巴布亚新几内亚7.6级地震(图1)。1.1全球7级以上大震活动明显偏弱2022年全球共发生7级以上地震7次,最大地震为9月11日巴布亚新几内亚7.6级地震。全球7级以上地震强度较2021年有所降低,频次显著低于1900年以来年均20次的活动水平,且显著低于2021年(解孟雨等,2021;马亚伟等,2022),2022年全球7级以上地震频次为1900年以来最低水平(图2)。     

欧亚地震带地震活动增强与中国大陆地区7级以上地震发生的关系分析

根据欧亚地震带7级以上地震释放能量与全球7级以上地震释放总能量之比,利用χ²检验方法对欧亚地震带地震活动增强与中国大陆地区7级以上地震发生的关系进行了统计检验。结果表明,当出现欧亚带年地震释放能量比高于50%且有8级以上地震发生时,其后3年内中国大陆地区将有发生多次7级以上地震或8级地震的可能性,这个关系在10%的显著水平下通过显著性检验。     

1991年震情

全球地震活动 1991年全球发生7级以上地震15次,全部是浅源的(表1)。释放总能量为169×10~(15)焦耳。地震活动水平略高于80年代的平均值。强震主要在环太平洋地震带和欧亚地震带上。最强的是4月23日在哥斯达黎加发生的8.1级大震。1990年发生多次强震的欧亚带仍然活跃。高加索、缅甸和印度北部     

2001年震情述评

1　全球地震活动概况2 0 0 1年全球发生 7级以上地震 2 3次 (2 0 0 0年为 2 1次 ) ,其中 8级以上地震 2次 ,最大地震是 2 0 0 1年 1 1月 1 4日发生在我国昆仑山的 8 1级 (2 0 0 0年最大地震为 7 8级 )地震 (图 1 ,表 1 )。全球 7级以上地震显示以下特点 :图 1　 2 0 0 1年 1～ 12月全球Ｍ≥ 7 0地震震中分布1 .1　地震活动水平持续增强全球 7级以上地震活动自 1 999年开始回升以来 ,地震频次已连续 2年超过年均 1 8次的水平。地震强度也持续增高。 2 0 0 1年发生 7.8级以上地震 4次 ,其中还发生了 2次 8级以上特大地震。无论是地震频度还是…     

甘肃省地震活动的自然节律

甘肃省是我国地震活动频繁的少数几个省份之一。近三百多年来发生的7和8级大地震数仅次于新疆维吾尔自治区。其近邻宁夏回族自治区的海原在1920年还发生过震撼全球的8 1/2级大地震,因此一直是我国重点监测的危险地区。该省地震活动带主要有三条:一是西部的河西走廊地震带;二是东部的兰州一天水地震带;三是南部与四川相连通的武都—马边地震带。根据《中国地震目录》,这三条带上自17世纪初到现在共发生过4次7级、3次8级以上的大地震。但最近三十多年来,地震活动十分平静。1955年     

1989年1—3月的全球地震动态

1989年第1季度,全球地震频数不高,未发生7级以上地震。亚欧带又有一小的平静期,只在缅甸发生了一次5—6级地震。千岛至北海道一线发生数次6级以上地震,水平仍较低。大洋岛弧地震带仍保持较高的地震活动水平。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.     

Scenario predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong

Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong.     

Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia

Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia.     

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION OF THE INFILTRATION PROBLEM

ABSTRACT

The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content.

Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data.

Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme.

Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate.     

Late Permian post‐ophiolitic trondhjemites from Central Iran: a mark of subduction role in growth of Paleozoic continental crust

Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO ₂ (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al ₂ O ₃ (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na ₂ O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K ₂ O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area.