水劈裂过程中岩体渗透性规律及机理分析

岩体的结构及其透水性直接关系到建筑物围岩的稳定及安全。通过水力劈裂试验,可以真实地反映高水压作用下岩体的结构和渗透性的变化规律。以某水电站工程坝址区岩体所作的水力劈裂试验资料为基础,分析了在水力劈裂过程中,岩体的结构和渗透性发生的变化及其规律以及在该过程中岩体裂隙形成的机理。     

基于扩展有限元法的岩体水力劈裂耦合模型

考虑裂隙水流与岩体开裂之间的相互作用,在含裂隙单元的附加节点上引入反映裂隙局部特性的附加函数,然后基于考虑裂隙面水压力作用的虚功原理推导出了采用扩展有限元法分析水力劈裂问题的控制方程,给出了裂隙水流与岩体开裂相互作用的扩展有限元实现方法,并采用该法对岩石试件与压力隧洞在裂隙水压作用下的开裂过程进行了数值模拟。数值计算结果表明:岩石试件裂纹内水压变化规律与试验结果相吻合;裂隙长度较小时,裂隙的存在对压力隧洞周围岩体应力、位移场的影响较小,随着裂隙的扩展,其影响范围将逐步扩大;水力劈裂对隧洞的径向位移影响较小,而对环向位移的影响较大,考虑水力劈裂耦合分析得到的环向位移要大于不考虑裂隙内水压分析得到的结果。     

基于扩展有限元法的岩体水力劈裂耦合模型

考虑裂隙水流与岩体开裂之间的相互作用,在含裂隙单元的附加节点上引入反映裂隙局部特性的附加函数,然后基于考虑裂隙面水压力作用的虚功原理推导出了采用扩展有限元法分析水力劈裂问题的控制方程,给出了裂隙水流与岩体开裂相互作用的扩展有限元实现方法,并采用该法对岩石试件与压力隧洞在裂隙水压作用下的开裂过程进行了数值模拟。数值计算结果表明:岩石试件裂纹内水压变化规律与试验结果相吻合;裂隙长度较小时,裂隙的存在对压力隧洞周围岩体应力、位移场的影响较小,随着裂隙的扩展,其影响范围将逐步扩大;水力劈裂对隧洞的径向位移影响较小,而对环向位移的影响较大,考虑水力劈裂耦合分析得到的环向位移要大于不考虑裂隙内水压分析得到的结果。     

裂隙岩体水力劈裂研究综述

作为裂隙岩体渗流-应力耦合研究的一个子课题,岩体水力劈裂问题的研究尚处于初始阶段,许多基本的理论问题尚待深入研究。当今许多大型工程的建设已经在向地下发展,建设在地下的各种建筑结构离不开水压的作用。工程建设的需要正在推动岩体水力劈裂理论的研究。水力劈裂作为一种技术最初在石油工业用来增加油井产量,后来逐渐用于初始地应力测量等其他工程项目。随着水电工程建设、地下核废料储存、地热开发、井工矿产采掘等岩体工程越来越多的处于高水头、大埋深等恶劣水文地质条件下,水力劈裂作用正在受到越来越多工程岩体稳定性研究者的关注。通过对水力劈裂研究的现状作较为详细地综述,列举了当今研究的理论、方法和成果,以及目前水力劈裂研究的热点问题,并作了简单评述。最后,指出了目前需要重点研究的几个关键问题。     

高水压力作用下裂隙岩体渗透性的变化研究

渗透系数是表征裂隙岩体透水性能的一个重要参数,当水压力较小时,岩体的渗透系数变化不明显,但在高水压力条件下,岩体的渗透系数会发生明显变化,这给我们在进行渗流分析时带来了一定的困难,因为多数情况下是将渗透系数当作定值来计算的。在高压水条件下,基于非达西流方程,推导了裂隙岩体的渗透系数与水压力之间的表达式,并给出了常规压水或低水压力、高压压水时水力劈裂前后渗透系数的计算公式。现场压水试验结果表明,当岩体发生水力劈裂后,渗透系数增加明显,此时可以通过压水量和水压力的变化量来计算裂隙岩体的渗透系数。通过几个抽水蓄能电站的高压压水试验结果验证了裂隙岩体水力劈裂前后渗透系数的变化规律,并与实际裂隙岩体的渗透系数进行了比较,其误差在10%左右,表明本文给出的渗透系数表达式的合理性和准确性,为水利水电工程的渗流分析及渗漏量的计算提供了渗透系数选择的依据。     

土石坝心墙水力劈裂机制研究

心墙的水力劈裂问题是土质心墙坝建设中亟需解决但尚未很好解决的重要岩土工程问题。从心墙受力变形方面探讨了水力劈裂发生、发展的机制。研究认为：水库蓄水初期是水力劈裂的危险期;完全均质的心墙内不会发生水力劈裂;“裂缝或局部的缺陷”及“迅速蓄水的初期”是土石坝心墙发生水力劈裂的两个重要条件,水力劈裂发生的根本原因是局部高水力梯度的存在。最后,对上述机制进行了简单的试验验证。为进一步研究水力劈裂发生的判定、水力劈裂计算模拟指出了研究方向与思路。     

高心墙堆石坝心墙水力劈裂的颗粒流模拟

目前针对堆石或土石坝的心墙水力劈裂问题虽然已取得了不少成果,但现有的成果大多从宏观的角度进行研究,对心墙水力劈裂发生机制的认识尚未达成一致的观点。采用颗粒流方法从细观角度对心墙水力劈裂问题进行初步研究,模拟了心墙水力劈裂发生和发展的过程。计算结果表明,劈裂水压力Pf随着竖向应力的增大而增大,且两者基本呈线性关系,与室内成果的规律基本一致;心墙在高水力梯度作用下,形成的水楔效应降低了裂缝尖端区附近的最大主应力,当该值小于或接近心墙上游的外水压力时则会导致水力劈裂的发生。此外,计算结果还证明了心墙发生水力劈裂的主要力学原因是由于心墙中的张拉应力超过了土体的抗拉强度。     

荷载作用下土体气压劈裂效果试验研究

采用自行研制的模型试验装置进行了不同喷气压力和上覆荷载下土体的气压劈裂室内模型试验,分析了喷气压力和上覆荷载对土体气压劈裂效果的影响。试验结果表明,向土体中喷入高压气体能在土体中产生裂隙,裂隙可加速超静孔隙水压的消散;喷气结束时裂隙宽度达到最大值,喷气结束后裂隙不完全闭合,残余裂隙宽度为裂隙宽度峰值的1/100。对比不同喷气压力和上覆荷载作用下气压劈裂试验结果发现,气压劈裂影响范围与裂隙宽度均和喷气压力与上覆荷载大小密切相关,其中喷气压力对气压劈裂影响范围与裂隙宽度的影响更为显著;气压劈裂影响范围与喷气压力呈双曲线相关关系,裂隙宽度与喷气压力呈线性正相关关系;气压劈裂影响范围随上覆荷载增加而减小,裂隙宽度与上覆荷载呈线性负相关关系     

岩石倾斜裂隙与水平裂隙扩展贯通试验及数值模拟研究

采用最新配置的水泥砂浆材料,通过在试件中布置倾斜裂隙和水平裂隙,开展了单轴和双轴条件下的压缩试验,详细分析了不同加载条件下试件裂隙的扩展和贯通规律。试验结果表明:无裂隙内水压时,在单轴压缩条件下倾斜裂隙在扩展贯通水平裂隙后裂纹的扩展路径和方向发生明显改变,试样最终发生劈裂破坏。侧压的增大抑制了倾斜裂隙端部翼裂纹和次生裂纹的萌生,高侧压下翼裂纹没有贯穿水平裂隙,试样破坏模式变成了剪切破坏。水力耦合作用下,单轴压缩时倾斜裂隙翼裂纹尖端的最大主应力分布范围随着内水压的增大逐渐变小,翼裂纹的起裂应力、起裂角和峰值强度逐渐降低,试样发生劈裂破坏。通过数值模拟得到的裂纹扩展贯通规律与试验结果具有良好的一致性,开展了不同内水压时倾斜裂隙扩展贯通无水压的水平裂隙的数值分析,随着内水压的增加倾斜裂隙首先萌生共面裂纹随后产生翼裂纹,翼裂纹扩展贯通水平裂隙时扩展路径同样会发生改变。水力耦合作用下侧压也会抑制翼裂纹的萌生,随着内水压的增大减弱了侧压对倾斜裂隙翼裂纹的抑制作用。     

不同侧压力系数下裂隙网络岩体非线性渗流特性

基于人工裂隙网络模型,展开一系列不同边界荷载作用下含不同交叉点个数的裂隙网络渗流试验。针对所有试验工况,模型进水口水压力范围均为0～0.6 MPa,侧压力系数均由1.0增加至5.0。试验结果表明：裂隙网络体积流速和水力梯度之间的相关性可以通过Forchheimer函数进行拟合,拟合方程中线性和非线性项系数均随着侧压力系数的增加逐渐增大,而随着裂隙网络交叉点个数的增加逐渐减小;渗流试验过程中,非线性效应系数E和水力梯度J之间的相关性可采用一个幂指数函数进行描述,随着水力梯度的增加,非线性效应系数逐渐增大;随着侧压力系数的增加,裂隙网络临界水力梯度呈现逐渐增大的趋势,对于所有裂隙网络交叉点个数（1～12）,当侧压力系数由1.0增加至5.0,临界水力梯度由0.63～12.13增加至6.01～81.55;提出数学模型 对归一化导水系数 随水力梯度的增大而减小的特征进行分析,随着侧压力系数的增加,两者之间的拟合曲线逐渐上移,拟合系数 整体呈现逐渐增大的趋势。裂隙网络的等效渗透系数随侧压力系数的增加逐渐降低。     

薄互层水力裂缝垂向扩展控制因素试验研究

新疆油田某地区油藏的储隔层岩性组合复杂,呈现突出的薄互层产状特征,研究合、分压判断条件有利于提高压裂效率,增强储层动用程度与压后改造效果。水力裂缝在薄互层中的穿层与裂缝扩展行为受薄互层地质特征与压裂施工参数的影响。基于此,开展了薄互层物理模型压裂试验,研究界面胶结、岩层分布、岩层厚度、压裂液黏度与注液排量对薄互层中水力裂缝垂向扩展的影响分析。试验结果表明：薄互层的地层特征界面胶结与岩层分布是水力裂缝垂向扩展的主要控制因素,界面胶结强度对裂缝垂向扩展行为的影响强于岩层分布;由于弱胶结界面的存在,水力裂缝垂向扩展穿层时可发生方向偏转,抑制裂缝垂向扩展;提高压裂液黏度与注液排量有利于薄互层中水力裂缝的穿层垂向扩展。     

An explicitly coupled hydro‐geomechanical model for simulating hydraulic fracturing in arbitrary discrete fracture networks

Modeling hydraulic fracturing in the presence of a natural fracture network is a challenging task, owing to the complex interactions between fluid, rock matrix, and rock interfaces, as well as the interactions between propagating fractures and existing natural interfaces. Understanding these complex interactions through numerical modeling is critical to the design of optimum stimulation strategies. In this paper, we present an explicitly integrated, fully coupled discrete‐finite element approach for the simulation of hydraulic fracturing in arbitrary fracture networks. The individual physical processes involved in hydraulic fracturing are identified and addressed as separate modules: a finite element approach for geomechanics in the rock matrix, a finite volume approach for resolving hydrodynamics, a geomechanical joint model for interfacial resolution, and an adaptive remeshing module. The model is verified against the Khristianovich–Geertsma–DeKlerk closed‐form solution for the propagation of a single hydraulic fracture and validated against laboratory testing results on the interaction between a propagating hydraulic fracture and an existing fracture. Preliminary results of simulating hydraulic fracturing in a natural fracture system consisting of multiple fractures are also presented. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A numerical investigation of the hydraulic fracturing behaviour of conglomerate in Glutenite formation

Rock formations in Glutenite reservoirs typically display highly variable lithology and permeability, low and complex porosity, and significant heterogeneity. It is difficult to predict the pathway of hydraulic fractures in such rock formations. To capture the complex hydraulic fractures in rock masses, a numerical code called Rock Failure Process Analysis (RFPA2D) is introduced. Based on the characteristics of a typical Glutenite reservoir in China, a series of 2D numerical simulations on the hydraulic fractures in a small-scale model are conducted. The initiation, propagation and associated stress evolution of the hydraulic fracture during the failure process, which cannot be observed in experimental tests, are numerically simulated. Based on the numerical results, the hydraulic fracturing path and features are illustrated and discussed in detail. The influence of the confining stress ratio, gravel sizes (indicated by the diameter variation), and gravel volume content (VC) on the hydraulic fracturing pattern in a conglomerate specimen are numerically investigated, and the breakdown pressure is quantified as a function of these variables. Five hydraulic fracturing modes are identified: termination, deflection, branching (bifurcation), penetration, and attraction. The propagation trajectory of the primary hydraulic fractures is determined by the maximum and minimum stress ratios, although the fracturing path on local scales is clearly influenced by the presence of gravels in the conglomerate, particularly when the gravels are relatively large. As the stress ratio increases, the fractures typically penetrate through the gravels completely rather than propagating around the gravels, and the breakdown pressure decreases with increasing stress ratio. Furthermore, the breakdown pressure is affected by the size and volume content of the gravel in the conglomerate: as the gravel size and volume content increase, the breakdown pressure increases.     

煤层定点水力压裂防冲的机制研究

为实现在掘进或回采前对冲击危险煤层的一次性卸压,达到区域防冲的目的,提出了煤层定点水力压裂技术。为了从理论上说明煤层定点水力压裂技术防治冲击地压的可行性和有效性,首先,通过建立煤层压裂力学模型,从定性和定量两方面分析煤层定点水力压裂防冲的机制,认为煤层压裂通过增阻和降能2方面实现冲击地压的防治;提出了基于压裂效能指数In的压裂防冲效果评价方法以及关键冲击块临界体积的估算公式,为煤层压裂施工参数的选择提供参考;最后,在华丰煤矿1412工作面成功应用该项技术,从现场观测、管路压力、微震事件和应力变化4方面验证了煤层定点水力压裂技术防治冲击地压的效果。     

页岩水平井多段分簇压裂起裂压力数值模拟

页岩储层孔隙度和渗透率极低,天然裂缝和水平层理发育,常规压裂增产措施无法满足页岩气的开发要求,水平井多段分簇压裂是页岩气开发的关键技术之一,该技术能够大幅度提升压裂改造的体积、产气量和最终采收率。为确定页岩储层水平井多段分簇射孔压裂的起裂点和起裂压力,采用有限元方法建立了水平井套管完井（考虑水泥环和套管的存在）多段分簇射孔的全三维起裂模型。数值模型的起裂压力与室内试验结果吻合较好,证明了数值模型的准确性和可靠性。利用数值模型研究了页岩水平井多段分簇射孔压裂的起裂点和起裂压力的影响因素,研究发现：射孔孔眼附近无天然裂缝或水平层理影响,起裂点发生在射孔簇孔眼的根部;射孔簇间距越小,中间射孔簇的干扰越大,可能造成中间的射孔簇无法起裂;射孔密度和孔眼长度增大,起裂压力降低;天然裂缝的存在,在某些情况能够降低起裂压力且改变起裂位置,主要与天然裂缝的分布方位及水平主应力差有关;水平层理可能会降低起裂压力,但与垂向主应力与水平最小主应力的差值有关。获得的起裂压力变化规律,可作为进一步研究水平井多段分簇射孔条件下的裂缝扩展规律的基础,可以为压裂设计和施工的射孔参数确定及优化给出具体建议。     

考虑页岩层理剪切滑移的水力裂缝几何参数计算方法

针对现有页岩气体积压裂层理裂缝扩展模型及其计算方法研究的不足,基于三点弯曲试验,结合数字图像法获取了页岩层理关键力学参数;利用弹性力学理论和线弹簧模型建立了页岩气体积压裂层理裂缝扩展拟三维数学模型,并得到了试验验证;开发了裂缝几何参数计算程序,计算分析了层理参数与压裂施工参数对水力裂缝扩展的影响规律。结果表明：当层理刚度小于10 GPa/m及大于30 GPa/m时,剪切滑移量达到极大值及极小值,且基本保持不变,当层理刚度在10～30 GPa/m之间时,层理刚度与剪切滑移量呈线性负相关关系;当层理密度为5～7条时,主裂缝会沟通更多的层理;当层理强度为5～8 MPa时,水力裂缝易穿层扩展,且能使层理产生剪切滑移,从而生成复杂裂缝;当压裂液排量和压裂液黏度分别在9～12 m3/min和2.5～5m Pa·s范围内时,水力裂缝易穿层扩展,最终形成十字型裂缝,有助于复杂裂缝的形成。该研究对认识页岩层理力学性能及其对层理裂缝扩展规律的影响有一定的指导意义。     

青海共和盆地干热岩地热储层水力压裂物理模拟和裂缝起裂与扩展形态研究

水力压裂是青海共和盆地干热岩地热资源开发的难点技术问题之一。本文基于升级改造的大尺寸真三轴水力压裂物理模拟实验系统模拟干热岩储层高温高压环境,利用青海共和盆地露头岩心进行水力压裂物理模拟实验,揭示干热岩储层水力裂缝的起裂和扩展规律。通过物理模拟实验发现：干热岩储层裂缝起裂可以通过文中提出的起裂模型判断起裂方式和预测起裂压力;水力裂缝在岩石基质中的扩展形态简单,仅沿最大主应力方向延伸;但是水力裂缝会受到岩石中弱面的影响,发生转向沿弱面延伸,形成较复杂的裂缝形态。因此,建议在干热岩储层实际施工中,在天然裂缝发育较丰富的层段开展水力压裂,以实现复杂裂缝网络提取地热能。     

Experimental Investigation on the Basic Law of Hydraulic Fracturing After Water Pressure Control Blasting

Because of the advantages of integrating water pressure blasting and hydraulic fracturing, the use of hydraulic fracturing after water pressure control blasting is a method that is used to fully transform the structure of a coal-rock mass by increasing the number and range of hydraulic cracks. An experiment to study hydraulic fracturing after water pressure blasting on cement mortar samples (300 × 300 × 300 mm³) was conducted using a large-sized true triaxial hydraulic fracturing experimental system. A traditional hydraulic fracturing experiment was also performed for comparison. The experimental results show that water pressure blasting produces many blasting cracks, and follow-up hydraulic fracturing forces blasting cracks to propagate further and to form numerous multidirectional hydraulic cracks. Four macroscopic main hydraulic cracks in total were noted along the borehole axial and radial directions on the sample surfaces. Axial and radial main failure planes induced by macroscopic main hydraulic cracks split the sample into three big parts. Meanwhile, numerous local hydraulic cracks were formed on the main failure planes, in different directions and of different types. Local hydraulic cracks are mainly of three types: local hydraulic crack bands, local branched hydraulic cracks, and axial layered cracks. Because local hydraulic cracks produce multiple local layered failure planes and lamellar ruptures inside the sample, the integrity of the sample decreases greatly. The formation and propagation process of many multidirectional hydraulic cracks is affected by a combination of water pressure blasting, water pressure of fracturing, and the stress field of the surrounding rock. To a certain degree, the stress field of surrounding rock guides the formation and propagation process of the blasting crack and the follow-up hydraulic crack. Following hydraulic fracturing that has been conducted after water pressure blasting, the integrity of the sample is found to be far lower than after traditional hydraulic fracturing; moreover, both the water injection volume and water injection pressure for hydraulic fracturing after water pressure blasting are much higher than they are for traditional hydraulic fracturing.     

Cluster spacing optimization of multi-stage fracturing in horizontal shale gas wells based on stimulated reservoir volume evaluation

The multi-stage fracturing in horizontal well is a common technique for shale gas reservoir exploitation, in which cluster spacing governs the fracturing performance. Undersized cluster spacing might make the stimulated reservoir volume (SRV), activated by the respective hydraulic fracture, excessively overlap with each other, while oversized cluster spacing might leave a large unstimulated volume between neighboring hydraulic fractures; in either case, fracturing would be inefficient. Previous design of cluster spacing has failed to maximize the SRV due to the absence of a dynamic SRV evaluation model. A numerical model of SRV evaluation in shale reservoir was established by integrating four main modules, including fracture propagation, reservoir pressure distribution, formation stress distribution, and natural fracture failure criterion. Then, a method to optimize cluster spacing was developed with the goal of maximizing SRV. In order to validate this method, it was applied in Fuling shale gas reservoir in Southwest China to determine the optimal cluster spacing. The sensitivity of key parameters on the optimal cluster spacing has been analyzed. This research proposed a compelling cluster spacing optimization method, which could reduce the uncertainty in cluster spacing design, and provides some new insights on the optimal design of multi-stage fracturing in horizontal shale gas well.     

页岩水力压裂过程的态型近场动力学模拟研究

水力压裂技术广泛使用于页岩气开采工程中。为了分析压裂过程中多裂缝扩展形成复杂裂缝网的机制,尝试将态型近场动力学理论引入页岩水平井水力压裂过程的力学建模与数值仿真,在物质点间相互作用力模型中加入等效水压力项以实现在新生裂缝面上跟踪施加水压力,建立了水力压裂过程的近场动力学分析模型。通过模拟页岩储层的水力压裂过程,可得到复杂的裂缝扩展路径、裂缝网络的形成过程以及裂缝扩展受射孔间距及页岩天然裂缝和层理的影响。研究结果表明:射孔间距过小会造成起裂干扰,使中心射孔的裂缝扩展受到抑制;在压裂压力一定的情况下适当增大射孔间距,可以显著增强页岩压裂形成裂缝网的能力;压裂过程中水平层理面可能张开形成水平裂缝,且天然裂缝会诱导形成更复杂的垂直裂缝。模型和方法可为页岩水力压裂过程和机制研究及工程实践提供参考。