江苏圆陀角附近砂质海滩表层沉积物分布特征和输运趋势

根据对2011年8月在江苏海岸与长江口北支岸线交界点处的圆陀角附近砂质海滩采集的表层沉积物样品进行粒度分析,获得了平均粒径、分选系数、峰态、偏态等粒度参数数据,结果显示该处沉积物类型以细砂级为主,分选性较好,正偏。运用Gao-Collins二维沉积物粒径趋势分析模型模拟出沉积物净输运趋势发现:圆陀角附近砂质海滩的表层沉积物整体呈由海向岸输移的趋势,其中潮水沟中的沉积物粒径趋势比较显著,受地形影响,靠岸区域沉积物有自岸向海输移的趋势。而通过对圆陀角近岸海域一系列沙坝遥感影像的提取分析,发现沙坝的发育走向基本与海岸线方向平行,且前端都发育有沙嘴,并不断向东南方向延伸。     

中国东部海域潮汐余流特征及其动力分析

潮汐余流对中国东部海域物质输运过程起着重要作用。通过对中国东部海域的三维数值模拟,计算了潮汐余流并从潮余涡量角度分析了其形成机制。中国东部海域的欧拉余流在水深较浅的朝鲜半岛沿岸、苏北浅滩、长江浅滩、闽浙沿岸,以及冲绳海槽附近海域,流速量级较大,以余流涡旋的形式呈现,其机制为局部地形差异和潮汐水位高度波动下,科氏效应或摩擦效应导致潮周期内存在净涡量。斯托克斯漂流量级在浅水区较大,而在深水海域则远小于欧拉余流。拉格朗日余流在深水区域与欧拉余流相似,在浅水区域由欧拉余流和斯托克斯漂流共同决定。输运余流和拉格朗日余流分布特征更接近,特别是在近岸海域,但两者的物理意义并不相同。潮汐余流由于常年稳定存在,且在许多海域的流动方向同已知的沿岸流系的方向基本一致,是中国东部海域沿岸流的重要组成部分。估算出了输运余流对沿岸流的贡献率或抑制率,输运余流对近岸陆源沉积物输运和沉积物分布具有不可忽略的作用。     

东海内陆架表层沉积物粒度及其净输运模式

根据对东海内陆架海底沉积物的粒度测试,运用Gao-Collins"粒度趋势分析"方法,探讨了东海内陆架海底表层沉积物的粒度分布特征和净输运趋势。结果表明,研究区表层沉积物可以分为两类:细颗粒(>5Φ)和粗颗粒(<5Φ);细颗粒分布于研究区的大部分区域,而粗颗粒主要分布在闽江、瓯江等入海河流口门以及马祖等海岛附近;表层沉积物的平均粒径、分选系数、偏态等粒度参数对应性较好,总体特征为粒径越粗,分选越差,偏态更正偏,而粒径越细,分选越好,偏态也较低;粒径趋势分析显示东海陆架表层沉积物的运移模式总体为NE—WS方向运移,而研究区边缘在运移过程中发生向左右两侧的偏移,南部闽江河口区沉积物由近岸向海方向辐射运移,研究区表层沉积物的净输运模式主要受控于流系和地形等多种因素。     

青岛仰口湾海滩沉积物粒度特征及动力环境响应

对青岛仰口湾两条海滩横剖面的64个表层沉积物样品进行粒度参数特征分析,结合相关地质水文及地形观测资料,探讨了潮间带的沉积物输运趋势。结果表明:研究区存在3种沉积类型,以含砾砂(g)S为主,砾质砂gS和砂质砾sG类型零星分布,几乎没有黏土组份,或含量极低。研究区海滩表层沉积物平均粒径呈带状由陆向海变细,分选变好;偏态多数为正偏,到低潮带附近逐渐变为负偏;整体峰态较尖锐,峰态多样。波浪和风是本区沉积物输运的主要动力,海滩北部夏季受到波浪的影响最大,表现为剖面整体高程降低,沉积物较粗,分选较差,偏态值高,峰态尖锐,其次为中南部的秋、冬两季。     

凤凰岛东侧海域表层沉积物粒度分布特征与运移趋势分析

为了对凤凰岛近岸海域的工程建设和岸滩防护提供支持,通过凤凰岛东侧近岸海域的表层沉积物粒度组成及粒度参数的分析,结合Flemming三角图示法和Gao-Collins二维的"粒度趋势分析"方法,研究了该区域沉积环境及沉积物运移趋势。结果显示该区有5种沉积物类型,呈条带状分布,以黏土质粉砂为主体;研究区沉积物整体较细,分选较差,偏态多为正偏;研究区整体水动力较弱,表层沉积物中各级配泥沙分布与不同区域沉积环境关系密切。该区表层沉积物输运主要受潮流和波浪控制,北部区域沉积物运移主要受潮流控制,运移方向呈现由海向岸运输,南部区域沉积物运移受潮流波浪共同作用,运移方向呈现与岸线大致平行向东北方向运移,金沙滩、银沙滩沉积物动力过程主要受波浪控制,近岸处运移趋势呈现由岸向海运输,离岸处运移趋势由海向岸。     

南海北部陆架区表层沉积物粒度特征与沉积环境

对南海北部陆架沉积区244个表层沉积物样品进行了粒度组分、多元统计及输运趋势分析,结果表明:南海北部陆架区共分布9种沉积物类型,粒度组成以砂和粉砂为主,砂含量占绝对优势,沉积物主要粒级为0~8Φ,优势粒级为0~4Φ。研究区东北部粒径较粗,以中砂为主,分选中等-好,负偏,峰态中等-平坦,西南部粒径较细,以粉砂为主,分选较差,正偏,峰态平坦,中间过渡及陆架外缘粒径中等,以细砂为主,分选中等,正偏,峰态尖锐。基于粒度多元统计及输运趋势分析,南海北部陆架划分为3个沉积区:珠江口及粤东近岸沉积区(I区):主要受控于沿岸流,水动力条件较弱,物质来源以珠江、韩江等河流输运物质及近岸基岩风化、岛屿剥蚀作用产物为主,少量东沙群岛海底冲刷剥蚀产物;混合过渡沉积区(II区):受黑潮南海分支、南海暖流及沿岸流共同作用,水动力条件中等,物源复杂多样,为珠江携带陆源物质、台湾浅滩物质以及东沙群岛附近海底剥蚀产物的混合沉积区域;台湾浅滩及珠江古三角洲残留沉积区(III区):受黑潮南海分支、南海暖流、北部九龙江、沿岸流等影响,海洋水动力条件较强,以晚更新世的残留沉积为主,同时可能接受了少量现代沉积物质。     

北黄海西部海底沉积物的粒度特征和净输运趋势

根据对北黄西部海底沉积物的粒度测试,运用“粒度趋势分析”方法,分析探讨了北黄海西部（渤海海峡区）海底表层底质的粒度分布特征和净输运趋势,结果表明,本区的细颗粒沉积物主要位于北黄海中部和山东半岛沿岸,大连湾附近,粗颗粒沉积物则主要分布于庙岛群岛以东和大连湾东南侧海区,沉积物的平均粒径、分选系数、偏态系数闰度参数的分布特征有一定的对应性,除庙岛群东侧的砂质沉积,分选较好之外,其它海区的沉积物总体特征是,粒径越粗,分选越差,偏态更正偏;而粒径越细,分选越好,偏态系数也较低。山 岛北侧的沉积物具有向东和向东北的输运趋势,西中沉积物的输运趋势向东南并转向东,北部喾物的输运趋势向南,形成了向北黄海中部汇聚的趋势,本碛研究还表明“粒度趋势分析”方法在大范围的陆架区域具有较好的适用性,在操作中,使用规则的正方形网格可以较全面判     

广东阳西面前海岬角附近海域泥沙沉积特征与搬运趋势

对广东阳西面前海西侧白虎岭岬角附近海域的表层沉积物进行了分析,结果表明,该海区平均粒径由岸向外呈现出从粗到细的变化规律;沿海岸沉积物分选性较好,在双山岛与海岸之间有一个分选较好的沉积区;近岸及双山岛以西的海域沉积物偏度为负偏,其他区域为正偏。利用粒径趋势分析显示白虎岭岬角东西两侧沉积物的净输运趋势具有汇合向南的离岸输运趋势,其原因是西侧受波浪破碎产生的沿岸流作用,东侧受到海陵湾较强的落潮流作用,这一结果与海陵岛岬角泥沙汇聚趋势显著不同。     

伶仃河口湾铜鼓水域水沙净输运分析

根据对珠江伶仃河口湾铜鼓水域丰水期９个测站大、中、小潮三次同步水文泥沙资料及５７个底质样品的分析结果,本文讨论了此水域的水沙净输运趋势。结果表明,铜鼓水域表层余流向海,浅滩测站中底层余流指向河口方向,欧拉余流主要由径流构成。沟槽悬沙输运以净平流作用为主,浅滩区则以向上游的潮抽吸输运为主。沉积物净输运趋势显示铜鼓浅滩是海陆双向底质输运的汇聚地带     

渤海底质沉积物粒度特征及输运趋势探讨

基于对渤海171个表层沉积物样品的粒度分析测试结果,使用Gao-Collins粒径趋势分析方法,研究了渤海底质沉积物的分布特征和输运趋势,结果表明:渤海粗粒级沉积物主要分布于辽东和渤中浅滩附近,在滦河口和黄河口也有零星分布;细粒级沉积物主要分布于渤海湾中部和南部,并呈条带状向辽东湾方向延伸;细粒级沉积物分选较粗粒级沉积物好,偏态系数较低;渤海细粒级沉积区为渤海的现代沉积中心,周边沉积物有向这个沉积中心汇聚的输运趋势。这种沉积物分布格局和输运趋势主要受潮流和渤海环流的控制。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.