VIEWS OF THE AAG: RESULTS OF THE LONG RANGE PLANNING MEMBERSHIP SURVEY

In this issue THE PROFESSIONAL GEOGRAPHER presents the first two reports in a series on the Association's long-range planning process, which was described by Past President Marcus in May. David Morgan outlines here the results of a survey of members' attitudes on a number of important questions.     

REPORT OF THE EDITOR OF THE PROFESSIONAL GEOGRAPHER

Attas of Finland. Geographical Society of Finland and the Department of Geography of Helsinki University. Leo Aario, ed.

The Highlands and Islands of Scotland. A. C. Odell, Kenneth Walton.

Soviet Power. Jordan A. Hodgkins.

Problèmes de Gdologie Sous-Marzha. Le Précontinent, Le Littoral et sa Protection, La Stratigraphie Sow-Marine. Jacques Bourcart.

Life World Librury.

The Geography of California in Essays and Readings. R. W. Durrenbenger.

Sources of Ivzfomzrrtion about Californid. R. W. Durrenberger.

Festschrift: Clarence F. Jones. Merlb C. Prunty, Jr., ed.

India's Urban Future.

Schuieizerischer Mittelschulatlas. Eduard Imhof, ed.

Pacific Island Bastions of the United States. Herold J. Wiens.

New Forces in Africa. William H. Lewis, ed.

The World of Ice. Jamb L. Dyson.

Dictionery of Geological Terms

Physical Oceanography. Albert Depant.

A Concise Natural History of East and West Florida. Bernard Romans.

Coal Traffic on the Ohio River System. Fred A. Carlson and Frank Seawall.

The Morfihology of the Earth: A Study and Synthesis of World Scenery. Lester C. King.

Guide to Photocopied Historical Materials in the United States and Canada. Richard W. Hale, Jr., (ed.)

Research Opportunities in American Cultural History. John Francis Mc-Dermott, (editor)     

CONSTITUTION OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN GEOGRAPHERS

The Geography of Economic Activity: An Introductory World Survey. Richard S. Thoman.

Urban Responses to Agricultural Change. Clyde F. Kohn, ed.

Learn Geography the Easy Way, revised edition. Raymond P. Dollinger, ed.

The Tropical World: Its Social and Economic Conditions and Its Future Status, 3rd edition. Pierre Gourou.

Outdoor Recreation for America: A Report to the President and to the Congress by the Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission.

Francois Matthes and the Marks of Time: Yosemite and the High Sierra. Fritiof Fryxell, ed.

Hammod's Ambassador World Atlas, 2nd edition. C.S. Hammond and Co.

The Wew Rand McNally Pocket World Atlas, Cardinal Edition.

The Golden Khersonese: Studies in the Historical Geography of the Malay Peninsula before A.D. 1500. Paul Wheatley.

Plant Life of Palestine, Israel and Jordon. Michael Zohary.

Europe's Needs and Resources. J. Frederic Dewhurst, John O. Coppock, P. Lamartine Yates AND Associates.

Problems of Applied Geography. Kazimierz Dziewonski, ET AL., eds.

Problems of Dynamic Meteorology and Climatic Theory.

Questions of Physics of the Atmosphere.

Mapuche Social Structure: Institutional Reintegration in a Patrilineal Society of Central Chile. L.C. Faron.

The Statesman's Yearbook, 1961–1962. S. H. Steinberg, ed.

A Regional Geography of South Australia. D.D. Harris AND D.A.M. Lea.

Volcanoes: In History, In Theory, In Eruption. Fred M. Bullard.     

REVISITING THE TOPIA ROAD: WALKING IN THE FOOTSTEPS OF WEST AND PARSONS*

ABSTRACT. In 1940, Berkeley graduate‐student geographers Robert West and James Parsons traveled to Mexico's Sierra Madre Occidental to retrace the Topia Road, colonial Mexico's main trans‐Sierran trail linking isolated mountain mining hamlets with the Pacific Coast and the world beyond, a journey chronicled in a 1941 Geographical Review article. Almost sixty years later, we document an attempt to retrace West and Parsons's route. Based on field observations, interviews with local informants, replication of Parsons's photographs, and his field notes, we evaluate landscape alteration in what West and Parsons referred to as some of the most isolated settlements in Mexico. We assess changes in the still‐remote communities along the route in terms of three influences: mining, migration, and drug trafficking.     

A PUBLIC INFORMATION PROGRAM FOR THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN GEOGRAPHERS

Advances in Earth Science. P. M. Hurley (ed.).

Climates of the World aed their Agricultural Potentialities. J(uan) Papadakis.

Rebuilding Cities. Percy Johnson Marshall.

The Alliance for Progress: Key t o Latin America's Development. J. Warren Nystrom and Nathan A. Haverstock.

Market Potential and Economic Shadow. D. Michael Ray.

Soils, An Introduction to Soils and Plant Growth. Roy L. Donahue.

Guide to Russian Reference Books: Volume 11: History, Historical Sciences, Ethnography, Geography. Karol Maichel, (ed.) J. S. G. Simmons.

Middle America: Its Lands and Peoples. Robert C. West and John P. Augelli.

California's Many Climates. Ernest L. Felton.

The Soviet Union, People and Regions. David Hooson.

Planning in the Soviet Union. Philippe J. Bernard. Translated by I. Nove.

Human Nature in Geography. John K. Wright.

Military Geography. Louis C. Peltier and G. Etzel Pearcy.

The Philififiines: Nation of Islands. Alden Cutshall.

The Journals Of ZebuLon Montgomery Pibe with Letters and Related Documents. Donald Jackson (ed.).

The Sabi Valley Irrigation Projects. Wolf Roder.

How to Identify Old Maps and Globes. Raymond Lister.

The Seigneurial System in Early Canada: A Geographical Study. Richard Colebrook Harris.

North Atlantic Arena: Water Transport in the World Order. Charles C. Colby.

Continental Drift. G. B. Garland (ed.).

Land Use in Sudan. J. H. G. Lebon.

Uboma: A Socio-Economic and Nutritional Suruey of a Rural Community in Eastern Nigeria. H. A. Oluwasanmi, I. S. Dema, and others.

City and Region. R. E. Dickinson.

An Introduction to Geography. Rhoads Murphey.

A Reporter in Micronesia. Ely Jacques Kahn

Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, House of Representatives Water Management and Floods in the Fraser River Basin. W. R. Derrick Sewell.

Human Geografihy. Aime Vincent Perpillou (Tr. by E. D. Laborde).

Dictionary of Geography. Dudley Stamp (ed.).

The Roman City of London. Ralph Merrifield.

Land Behind Baghdad. Robert McC. Adams.

The Evolution of Urban Society: Early Mesopotamia and Prehispanic Mexico. Robert McC. Adams.

A Preface to Economic Geography. Harold H. McCarty and James B. Lindberg.

Scandinauian Lands, Roy Millward.

The Great American Desert. W. Eugene Hollon.

City and Regional Planning in Poland. Jack C. Fisher (ed.).

Luftbildatlas Schleswig-Holstein. Christian Degn and Uwe Muuss.     

THE RISE,FALL, AND RECONFIGURATION OF THE MEXICAN EJIDO*

ABSTRACT. After the Mexican Revolution of 1910 the Mexican federal government created a communal resource‐holding institution, the ejido, to redress long‐standing land‐tenure inequality. Between the 1930s and the late 1970s, the period of active redistribution of federalized and previously private resources, half of Mexico's entire area was transferred to the ejido sector. Local ejidos became the driving political and economic force at the municipio level for agrarian reform, redistributing local power and affirming the national stamp of the Partido Revolucionario Institucional, the dominant national party of the twentieth century. Although the 1992–1993 reforms to Article 27 of the Mexican Constitution prohibited any future expansion of communal lands and allowed privatization of communal resources, few widespread privatization schemes have taken hold in the vast majority of ejidos. In this article I provide examples of this new communal framework and its implications, with illustrations based on fieldwork in the states of Guanajuato and Sonora.     

THE DEPENDENCE OF THE ANNUAL TOTAL ON THE NUMBER OF RAIN‐SPELLS AND THEIR YIELD IN THE MEDITERRANEAN

Rain‐spells are a key parameter for examining the variation in rainfall amounts, especially in arid and semi‐arid areas. A rain‐spell is defined as a period of consecutive days with rainfall above a certain determined Daily Rainfall Threshold (DRT). Two different seasons or two stations may have the same average TOTAL, but different synoptic conditions are the cause for the differences in their Number of Rain‐Spells (NRS) their Rain‐Spells Yield (RSY) or both. The present study examines whether a season is drier/wetter according to its length, or whether it depends on the NRS in 41 Mediterranean stations. It analyses the relationships between dry/wet seasons and various elements of the rain‐spells. These objectives are analysed both at a basin level of the entire Mediterranean, and at a station level. The main conclusions at the basin level are that precipitation amounts are not related to the length of the seasons, and therefore, a Short or a Long season can be either Dry or Wet. The significant positive correlation between the TOTAL and the annual NRS that was found indicates that a Dry season tends to have Few rain‐spells and a Wet season tends to have Many rain‐spells. At the station level of most stations, a Dry or Wet season is caused mainly by changes in the RSY and less so by changes in the NRS. This tendency is more evident in the southern Mediterranean. Furthermore, Wet seasons are characterized by an increase in the number of Long rain‐spells (longer than three days) and mainly in the RSY of these spells. These conclusions may serve to characterize the rainfall regime under any scenario due to a climatic change.     

CAPTAIN BRITAIN AND THE NARRATION OF NATION*

Captain Britain Weekly (1976–1977) was the first comic book specially created for the British market by New York‐based Marvel Comics. The title character was created as an analogue to Captain America, the legendary American nationalist hero of the so‐named comic book, but with key differences meant to resonate in the British context. I utilize visual and textual discourse analysis to study the narrative and imagery used to introduce this character to British comics fans, and I discuss readers' letters to the editor to evaluate audience response to the character and story lines. Attention is drawn to the hero's origin, which fuses science and magic to construct a paradoxically primordial, yet modern, British identity. Villains in these story lines provide hints about “un‐British” behavior and provide lessons for young readers, with direct moral connections to, and contrasts with, the narratives found in Captain America.     

NEOTRADITIONAL DEVELOPMENTS: THE ANATOMY OF A NEW URBAN FORM

Built at a small scale and incorporating many features of certain old-city neighborhoods, such as narrow streets and small setbacks, neotraditional developments have been designed by architects and built by a small number of developers on suburban greenfield sites since the early 1980s. The distinctive neotraditional urban form represents the convergence of certain aspects of two planning traditions—urban aesthetics and social utopianism. In this paper I outline the two traditions and show how they have been selectively appropriated by neotraditional architects and planners. I suggest that the recent restructuring and fragmentation in the suburban housing market has led to the creation of niche markets, such as the market for neotraditionalism. Using Pierre Bourdieu's concept of habitus, I argue that the commercial success of neotraditional developments can be explained when recognition is given to the role of relatively affluent house buyers intent on creating a habitus and appropriating symbolic capital. Habitus is defined as the system of values, dispositions, and practices that constitute and are constituted by a societal group.     

AMERICAN NATIONAL IDENTITY AND THE PROGRESS OF THE NEW SOUTH IN NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE*

ABSTRACT. This article examines how National Geographic Magazine's coverage of the U.S. South contributed to the production of an exalted American national identity. The framework of internal orientalism is employed to explain the role of the South as an internal other in the national discourse and to show how even positive representations of the South are often implicated in this othering. In the pages of National Geographic, the New South's progress is measured by the steps it takes away from the Old South. In highlighting the improvements made within the South, the articles provide subtle hints that the legacy of segregation, intolerance, racism, and poverty continues to haunt the region. The articles set up a spatial distinction that construes these evils as inherently southern problems, which implies that however far the New South moves away from the problematic legacy of the Old South, it will never quite reach the American ideal.     

THE LEGENDARY “REDISCOVERY” OF GEORGE PERKINS MARSH

The conventional narrative regarding the American reception of George Perkins Marsh, author of Man and Nature (1864), is that his work and ideas were “lost,”“forgotten,” or “neglected” until Lewis Mumford “rediscovered” him and introduced him to geographers at the University of California‐Berkeley through The Brown Decades (Mumford [1931] 1955) and until Carl Sauer made him known to the profession at large beginning in 1938. This article upends the conventional narrative by looking at earlier references to Marsh's later versions of Man and Nature, which were published as The Earth as Modified by Human Action from 1874 to 1907. Analysis reveals that a number of geographers and historians cited these editions between 1875 and the early 1950s. Examining the legend of loss and rediscovery suggests the value of methods utilized in reception studies for research on the history of geography.     

THE LEGITIMACY OF JUDICIAL DECISION MAKING IN THE CONTEXT OF RICHMOND v. CROSON

The public profile of the U.S. Supreme Court has rarely been as high as it is now. The replacement of retiring judges with Republican-nominated conservatives over the past decade combined with a series of contentious decisions regarding minority rights and affirmative action in the nation's cities have again raised doubts about the legitimacy of the Court. With respect to the Court's recent decision in City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co., this paper considers the theoretical logic behind three strategies of legitimization: (1) the idealization of law as a political institution; (2) the idealization of law as a superior mode of reasoning; and (3) the idealization of law as an ethical blueprint for society. Understanding the logic and limits of these strategies in the context of urban racial justice is the goal of this paper. In doing so, however, it is argued that all three strategies make too powerful claims about the theoretical virtues of their approaches to the law. Notwithstanding the virtues of theory, there may be no substitute for a moral commitment to others.     

SUGGESTIONS FROM THE AAG PLACEMENT COMMITTEE

Perspective on the Nature of Geography. Richard Hartshorne

The Statesman's Year-Book 1959. Ed. S. H. Steinberg

Microclimatic and Vegetational Studies in a Cold-Wet Deciduous Forest. Philip Ross

Urban Problems and Techniques, Ed. Perry L. Norton

Statistisk Sentralbyra, Bosettningkart over Norge (Settlement Map of Norway

Mapa General de Cuba. Edited by P. Fernandez y Cia

Water for the Future. John R. Stockton, Stanley A. Arbingast, Richard C. Henshaw, Jr., and Alfred G. Dale

America's Natural Resources. Ed. Charles H. Callison

Everydav Meteorology. A. Austin Miller &; M. Parry

Geography of the Soviet Union: Electric Power

Thailand–An Outline. Edwin F. Stanton

Historical Atlas and Gazetteer. A Study of History, Volume XI. Arnold J. Toynbee &; Edward D . Myers

New Viewpoints in Geography. Preston E. James, Ed.

Man In Malaya. B. W. Holler

The Location of the Synthetic-fiber Industry, A Case Study in Regional Analysis. Joseph Airov

General Meteorology. 3rd Ed. Horace R. Byers

Man's Journey Through Time. L. S. Palmer

Anglo-America: A Regional Geography. Earl B. Shaw

Proceedings of IGU Regional Conference in Japan 1957.     

THE RISE AND FALL OF THE AIZJOMI LANDSCAPE†

This article considers the history of a particular Latvian cultural landscape, located on the coast of the Baltic Sea. Known as an aizjomi landscape, it consists of small, humanly made tilths on the seashore. These features are both physical elements and repositories of historical and cultural meaning. In one sense, through hard labor humans created the aizjomi landscape, adjusting the morphological and dynamic elements of the landscape and continually maintaining them. These human efforts made agriculture possible in the dunes, and in so doing they fashioned a means for producing a livelihood and, indeed, for sustaining life. The aizjomi landscape became a materialization of the people's day‐to‐day life in the middle and late nineteenth century and can thus be considered a “taskscape,” pulsating simultaneously with the rhythm of nature and historical events. I have analyzed empirical evidence from archival documents, reviewed ecological and historical studies, and conducted field research on specific farming practices that shaped the landscape that, in turn, shaped agricultural activities. Through a retrospective analysis I trace the development and decline of the aizjomi landscape.     

喀斯特溶蚀强度分析与估算*

以红水河流域水化学资料推算的溶蚀量为依据,分析降水量、岩性、地貌、气温等因素对溶蚀强度的影响.得出影响喀斯特溶蚀强度的主要因素是岩性,其次是降水量,随着地表起伏度的增加溶蚀强度稍有增加.气温对溶蚀强度的影响在本研究区内没有发现明显的规律.     

ON THE SENSITIVITY OF CONCLUSIONS ABOUT THE BASES OF COGNITIVE DISTANCE

The “ecological fallacy’ inherent in two studies of the correlation of cognitive distance with objective distance and travel time is considered. The studies reach opposite conclusions using similar types of data, but both involve different types of aggregation of cognitive-distance judgments. It is shown that, under certain circumstances, correlations based on aggregate data can lead to reverse conclusions to those based on more behaviorally valid disaggregate data. Hence such aggregation is unjustifiable and, as a result, neither study's conclusions can be relied upon.     

泰山旅游环境承载力及其时空分异特征与利用强度研究

旅游环境承载力作为一种稀缺性非实物资源具有空间分异和时间变化规律;文章采取静态的模型研究方法,对泰山主景区的旅游环境承载力作出了系统测算,揭示了其时空分异规律,剖析了旅游环境承载力资源的利用强度,提出了旅游调控策略。     

坡面流与坡面侵蚀动力过程研究的最新进展*

在回顾了坡面流及坡面侵蚀过程研究的简史与现状的基础之上,全面总结了坡面流形成机理及其模式、坡面流水动力学特性、坡面侵蚀动力过程及其侵蚀产沙模型诸方面研究的最新进展,并对坡面流各要素分析及坡面小侵蚀陡坎的形成等进行了一些探讨。最后,提出了坡面流及坡面侵蚀过程研究中存在的主要问题及未来展望。     

HUMBOLDT'S NODES AND MODES OF INTERDISCIPLINARY ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE IN THE ANDEAN WORLD*

ABSTRACT. Alexander von Humboldt engaged in a staggering array of diverse experiences in the Andes and adjoining lowlands of northwestern South America between 1801 and 1803. Yet examination of Humboldt's diaries, letters, and published works shows how his principal activities in the Andes centered on three interests: mining and geological landscapes; communications and cartography; and use and distribution of the quinine‐yielding cinchona trees. Each node represented a pragmatic concern dealing with environmental resources in the context of the Andes. To pursue these interests in his Andean field studies, Humboldt relied on varied cultural interactions and vast social networks for knowledge exchange, in addition to extensive textual comparisons. These modes of inquiry dovetailed with his pragmatic interests and his open‐ended intellectual curiosity. Fertile combinations in his Andean studies provided the foundation and main testing ground for Humboldt's fused nature‐culture approach as well as his contributions to early geography and interdisciplinary environmental science.     

山区气候的立体性与农林牧的分层模式*

对华北山区年平均温度和年降水推算的基础上,计算山区自然植被净第一性生产力的垂直分布,结合山区开发对象或作物的生物学指标,建立单因子和综合因子分层开发模式。华北山区分层种植模式一般分3～4层:1～2层(下中层)为农粮层,3～4层(中上层)为经济林和用材林层。山区综合开发利用方向是巩固下层,保护上层,重点开发利用中层的立体化模式。