用氡-222评价五缘湾的地下水输入

海底地下水排泄(SGD)近年来成为陆-海相互作用的研究热点,地球化学示踪方法是其主要研究手段,尝试用天然示踪剂氡-222评价厦门五缘湾的SGD。为了评价五缘湾SGD的入海通量及其变化,对五缘湾海水中²²²Rn和²²⁶Ra活度、大气中²²²Rn活度、风速、水温和水深进行了连续2 d的测量,对沉积物进行了培养实验用以获得其²²²Rn扩散通量和孔隙水中²²²Rn活度。基于海水中²²²Rn通量的质量平衡,对实测的海水中²²²Rn活度实施了母体支持、涨落潮影响、大气逃逸损失、沉积物扩散输入、混合损失的校正,保守估计SGD输入的²²²Rn通量在0~126.7 Bq/(m²·h)范围内变化,对海水中²²²Rn的平均贡献达54%。以井水和孔隙水中²²²Rn的加权平均值作为SGD端元的代表,获得SGD的输入速率为0~29.3 cm/d,平均输入速率9.3 cm/d。SGD输入速率的动态变化基本围绕12 h的周期波动,是对本海域正规半日潮的具体响应。假设SGD以平均速率在五缘湾海底输入,则五缘湾海底的SGD输入量为1.86×10⁵ m³/d。以陆源地下淡水占SGD输入量的10%考虑,五缘湾的陆源地下淡水输入量约为1.86×10⁴ m³/d。     

格尔木河222Rn同位素变化及其对地表水-地下水交互关系的指示意义

我国西北内陆干旱区水资源匮乏,生态环境脆弱,在全球气候变化和人类活动干扰背景下,采用同位素方法进行精细尺度地表水-地下水交互作用研究是探求当地水循环变化和水资源管理的基本要求。通过测量格尔木河流域河水、地下水样品2019年5月和8月的²²²Rn浓度和典型断面流量,结果发现：山区河段河水²²²Rn浓度最高,平均值为948.72 Bq·m^-3,指示基岩裂隙水是山区河段重要补给来源;山前冲洪积扇河水²²²Rn浓度最低,平均值为76.71 Bq·m^-3,地下水补给较少;溢出带地区河水²²²Rn浓度上升至平均676 Bq·m^-3,地下水溢出补给河水,向下至细土平原,河水²²²Rn浓度呈下降趋势。时间变化上,8月与5月相比,河水²²²Rn浓度下降,表明地下水补给减少。溢出带S1~S2河段河水与地下水交互关系以双向转化为主,基于质量守恒原理计算河水与地下水交互通量,5月和8月累积河水渗漏通量分别为3.87 m³?s^-1和0.9 m³?s^-1,地下水补给通量分别为0.51 m³?s^-1和0.47 m³?s^-1,河水渗漏强度大于地下水补给,二者交互通量存在时空差异。     

基于氡同位素示踪的洞庭湖区枯水期湖水与地下水交互作用研究

洞庭湖区水系发达,水文地质条件复杂,人类活动强烈,地表水和地下水的水力联系变化频繁,其研究的难度以及由此造成的研究不足影响了对湖区地下水赋存和运动规律的深入认识。本文以洞庭湖整体为研究对象,采用水位动态分析和氡(²²²Rn)同位素示踪法,定性和定量研究枯水期洞庭湖区地表水与地下水的交互作用关系与交互通量。枯水期洞庭湖区水位和氡浓度空间分布特征指示研究区内地下水向湖水排泄,尤以东洞庭湖最为显著。氡箱模型计算结果显示枯水期地下水排泄²²²Rn通量为455.09 Bq/(m²·d),占总输入²²²Rn通量的60.07%,地下水排泄总量为0.29×10⁸ m³/d,平均排泄速率为56.27 mm/d,地下水排泄对湖水的贡献率为7.04%。敏感性分析表明：风速、地下水和湖水²²²Rn浓度以及湖面面积等参数较为敏感,合理布置取样点并提高敏感参数测量准确度能提高模型计算结果的可靠度。氡同位素示踪法物理意义明确、操作过程简便,是研究复杂区域地下水补、...     

氡(222Rn)在地下水-地表水相互作用中的应用研究进展

地下水-地表水相互作用是水资源管理和地表水生态系统保护中重要的一个环节,氡同位素(²²²Rn)由于其在地下水与地表水中含量差异显著、性质保守、检测难度低,广泛运用于地下水-地表水相互作用的研究当中。本文通过总结分析²²²Rn在不同地表水体(海水、河水、湖水等)中的应用,指出刻画地下水氡浓度的异质性是估算地下水排泄的重点和难点。在估算海底地下水排泄(SGD)时,氡的混合损失项估算不确定、海水氡浓度时空变异性、SGD的多组分特征等可能给估算结果带来较大不确定性;在估算河流地下水排泄时难以确定氡的大气逃逸量;研究人员对氡在示踪地表水补给地下水方面的研究程度相对不足。本文从科学研究和实际生产方面,对²²²Rn的研究应用提出以下潜在方向:(1)降低地下水氡空间变异性对估算地下水排泄量的影响;(2)针对不同水体、不同水文条件,准确刻画氡的大气逃逸量;(3)拓展²²²Rn示踪能够解决的科学问题;(4)将氡质量平衡模型计算与不确定分析相结合,实现软件化。     

某铀矿山废石堆场氡污染调查

通过对某铀矿山11个废石堆场氡析出率和大气氡浓度的测量及氡所致年有效剂量估算表明,该矿山正在使用的废石堆场氡析出率值均超出了国家规定的管理限值水平,只有退役治理后的废石堆场氡析出率在管理限值以内;矿山废石堆场产生的大气氡浓度值为72.35Bq/m3,其所致的年有效剂量值为0.69mSv。     

铀矿山废石堆表面氡析出率的变化规律

铀矿的退役处理是放射性固体废物处理的一个重要领域,研究退役铀矿的放射性水平及其影响因素具有重要的意义。对某矿山的11个废石堆进行表面氡析出率的实地测量,探讨废石堆表面氡析出率的影响变化规律,提出平地堆放型较依山堆放型的析出率高且更不稳定,建立了废石的粒度大小、在堆表面所处的位置和废石中u,Ra的活度与表面氡析出率的相关性,并建立了表面氡析出率与气温、地温、气压、相对湿度、降雨等气象因素的相关规律,为铀矿山退役治理提供理论依据。     

热电离质谱法测定国际比对氧化铀芯块中的铀同位素比值

采用全蒸发-热电离质谱技术测量了国际比对二氧化铀样品中的铀同位素比值。比对结果表明,本实验室提交的²³⁴U/²³⁸U、²³⁵U/²³⁸U和²³⁶U/²³⁸U值与IAEA公布的参考值偏差分别为0.02%、-0. 003%和0. 97%,在实验室间分析测试能力评价中, Z (或ζ)分数分别是0.03(或0.05)、-0.05(或-0.07)和0.15(或0.25),均被评价为满意。     

基于MC-ICP-MS测定水中铀同位素比值的富集方式对比研究

水体的铀同位素比值是反演古海洋及古大气氧化还原变化的有效手段,但是天然水样品中铀元素含量较低,需要对水体进行富集和纯化。文章将水中铀元素不同的富集方法结合UTEVA树脂柱二次分离的回收率进行比较,并对比了其相对于参考值的偏倚程度,使用多接收电感耦合等离子质谱仪(MC-ICP-MS)测定分离纯化后样品的铀同位素比值(²³⁵U/²³⁸U和²³⁴U/²³⁸U)。结果表明Ca₃(PO₄)₂共沉淀的富集方式回收率最高(78.5%),且比值偏倚程度较小(²³⁵U/²³⁸U偏倚值为0.007%,²³⁴U/²³⁸U偏倚值为0.064%),并可以大幅度降低杂质干扰,适用于水中铀元素的富集。     

用γ能谱测量确定铀尾矿氡析出率的可行性

本从氡析出率的理论计算和野外实测的大量分析结果，探讨了γ 能谱测量镭比活度计算铀尾矿氡析出率的可行性。     

干旱地区空气中氚浓度测定方法研究

空气中³H以水蒸气形态存在,环境中气氚的测定先是把空气中³H收集起来,再在收集液中加入闪烁液,用低本底液闪谱仪测量水样中³H浓度,然后换算成空气中³H浓度.     

Controls on pore-fluid concentration of 4He and 222Rn and the calculation of 4He/222Rn ages

Controls governing the production of ⁴He and ²²²Rn in the solid phase as well as parameters and processes contributing to their transport into the pore fluid are discussed. ²²²Rn activity is used to quantify the uranium sources for ⁴He and the result is a simplified pore-fluid age equation which is virtually independent of the porosity, the water/rock ratio, the rock density and the uranium concentration, but does require a Th/U estimate. The crucial parameter is the ratio of the release factors for the two species, /GL_Rn//GL_He, which is discussed in terms of three possible release mechanisms: (1) recoil; (2) recoil followed by diffusion; and (3) weathering release of accumulated ⁴He. It was found that /GL_Rn//GL_He can vary over several orders of magnitude, but can be expressed in terms of the effective grain size r, and the diffusive half-length for ²²²Rn decay, r_e.⁴He measurements are used to “date” gases from known gas fields and the agreement with the assumed source-rock age is good. Application of ⁴He/ ²²²Rn measurements to continental freshwater springs indicates that the weathering release of accumulated ⁴He dominates the input and results in a large overestimate of groundwater age. Measurement in the Lardarello geothermal field indicates that the ⁴He/²²²Rn method can indicate relative transport direction. Other possible applications in various geochemical fields are suggested.     

Controls on pore-fluid concentration of He and Rn and the calculation of He/Rn ages

Controls governing the production of ⁴He and ²²²Rn in the solid phase as well as parameters and processes contributing to their transport into the pore fluid are discussed. ²²²Rn activity is used to quantify the uranium sources for ⁴He and the result is a simplified pore-fluid age equation which is virtually independent of the porosity, the water/rock ratio, the rock density and the uranium concentration, but does require a Th/U estimate. The crucial parameter is the ratio of the release factors for the two species, /GL_Rn//GL_He, which is discussed in terms of three possible release mechanisms: (1) recoil; (2) recoil followed by diffusion; and (3) weathering release of accumulated ⁴He. It was found that /GL_Rn//GL_He can vary over several orders of magnitude, but can be expressed in terms of the effective grain size r, and the diffusive half-length for ²²²Rn decay, r_e.⁴He measurements are used to “date” gases from known gas fields and the agreement with the assumed source-rock age is good. Application of ⁴He/ ²²²Rn measurements to continental freshwater springs indicates that the weathering release of accumulated ⁴He dominates the input and results in a large overestimate of groundwater age. Measurement in the Lardarello geothermal field indicates that the ⁴He/²²²Rn method can indicate relative transport direction. Other possible applications in various geochemical fields are suggested.     

陕西省石煤矿放射性水平调查分析

为了掌握陕西省石煤矿的辐射环境现状,对陕西省3个石煤矿进行了放射性水平调查,结果表明陕西省石煤中238 U、226 Ra平均比活度分别为当地环境本底的26~35倍、19~30倍,γ辐射水平为当地天然环境本底的4~7倍,各工作场所及周边环境的222 Rn及其子体浓度处于正常范围之内。石煤开发活动所致矿区作业人员、公众年附加有效剂量满足国家标准相关限值要求。     

静电α薄膜测量方法及找铀矿效果

静电α薄膜测量方法,是根据Rn的扩散机理及~(218)Po核素带正电的特性,用一种经过化学处理的带静电负压的取样片,直接从土壤中吸附α粒子的新的找铀矿方法。实践表明,该法能获得较好的找矿效果,本文就该法的基本原理、方法的主要技术性能、野外工作方法及找铀矿效果作一扼要叙述。     

Radon as a geochemical exploration tool

Radon (Rn-222) is a unique element in the radioactive decay chain of U that has properties quite different from the other isotopes. Because Rn is radioactive, it can be detected at extremely low concentrations and this provides the basis for a very sensitive geochemical method. Radon has proven useful in exploring for not only U but for other associated elements. It has also been used successfully in exploring for geothermal sources, in earthquake prediction and in many other applications. With wider use of Rn as a geochemical tool in recent times has come a better understanding of the factors influencing its release, movement and detection. Studies of Rn emanation from a wide variety of U- and Ra-containing minerals have shown the effects of water content and other chemical and physical factors on the emanation rates. Published results from field research on Rn movement and experience with Rn as an exploration tool for uranium exploration have resulted in new data about the movement of Rn and its precursors in typical field situations. A number of new techniques for making integrated Rn measurements have been developed, and some appear to have some distinct advantages over the older grab sampling methods. This paper will discuss some of the more recent developments of Rn as a geochemical exploration tool and present new data on the numerous applications now utilizing Rn.     

Radon concentrations in soil gas,considering radioactive equilibrium conditions with application to estimating fault-zone geometry

A calculation method for determining the amount of Rn isotopes and daughter products at the start of measurement (CRAS) is proposed as a more accurate means of estimating the initial Rn concentration in soil gas. The CRAS utilizes the decay law between ²²²Rn and ²²⁰Rn isotopes and the daughter products ²¹⁸Po and ²¹⁶Po, and is applicable to α-scintillation counter measurements. As Rn is both inert and chemically stable, it is useful for fault investigation based on the soil gas geochemistry. However, the total number of α particles emitted by the decay of Rn has generally been considered to be proportional to the initial Rn concentration, without considering the gas condition with respect to radioactive equilibrium. The CRAS method is shown to be effective to derive Rn concentration for soil gases under both nonequilibrium conditions, in which the total number of decays increases with time, and equilibrium conditions, which are typical of normal soil under low gas flux. The CRAS method in conjunction with finite difference method simulation is applied to the analysis of two active fault areas in Japan, and it is demonstrated that this combination could detect the sharp rises in ²²²Rn concentrations associated with faults. The method also allows the determination of fault geometry near the surface based on the asymmetry variation of the Rn concentration distribution when coupled with a numerical simulation of ²²²Rn transport. The results for the new method as applied to the two case studies are consistent with the data collected from the geological survey. It implies that the CRAS method is suitable for investigating the fault system and interstitial gas mobility through fractures. The present analyses have also demonstrated that high Rn concentrations require the recent and repeated accumulation of ²²²Rn parents (²³⁰Th and ²²⁶Ra) in fault gouges through deep gas release during fault movement.     

Some limitations in using <Superscript>222</Superscript>Rn to assess river–groundwater interactions: the case of Castel di Sangro alluvial plain (central Italy)

²²²Rn was used to assess river–groundwater interactions within Castel di Sangro alluvial aquifer (Italy). The effectiveness of results obtained through this indicator was verified by also analyzing δ¹⁸O, major ions and temperature in both surface and groundwater, and carrying out piezometric head monitoring and discharge measurements. Hydrogeological investigations suggested that the river infiltrates into the aquifer in the south-eastern aquifer portion, while groundwater discharges into the river in the north-eastern portion. The latter phenomenon is supported by ²²²Rn data. Nevertheless, flow-through conditions cause the modelled discharge along this river reach, estimated by ²²²Rn data in a degassing-corrected two-component mixing model, to be greater than the measured discharge. Concerning river infiltration into the aquifer, δ¹⁸O, major ions and temperature data show that the river contribution is negligible in terms of aquifer recharge. Thus, the observed increase in ²²²Rn concentration in that portion of the aquifer is due to the enrichment process caused by infiltration of rainwater (²²²Rn free) which flows from the local divide area. Hence, in the study site, the use of only ²²²Rn to predict river–groundwater interactions causes some estimation inaccuracies and it must be coupled with other hydrochemical and hydrogeological parameters to gain a thorough understanding of such interactions.     

Analysis of the exchange of groundwater and river water by using Radon-222 in the middle Heihe Basin of northwestern China

In arid regions of western China, water resources come from mountain watersheds and disappear in the desert plain. The exchange of surface water and groundwater takes place two or three times in a basin. It is essential to analyze the interaction of groundwater with surface water to use water resources effectively and predict the change in the water environment. The conventional method of analysis, however, measures only the flow of a stream and cannot determine groundwater seepage accurately. As the concentration of Radon-222 (²²²Rn) in groundwater is much higher than in surface water, the use of ²²²Rn was examined as an indicator for the analysis of the interaction between surface water and groundwater. Measurement of the ²²²Rn concentration in surface water was conducted to detect groundwater seepage into a stream in the middle Heihe Basin of northwestern China. Furthermore, the simultaneous groundwater flow into and out of a stream from the aquifers was quantified by solving the ²²²Rn mass balance equation, in which the losses of gas exchange and radioactive decay of ²²²Rn are considered. Meanwhile, river runoff was gauged to determine the exchange rates between surface water and groundwater. The result shows that ²²²Rn isotope can be used as a good environmental tracer with high sensitivity for the interaction between surface water and groundwater, especially in the fractured aquifer system, karst aquifer system and discharge basins.     

The relationship of soil Po and Pb geochemical dispersion patterns to uranium mineralization

²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb measurements of soils delineated uranium anomalies at three out of four test sites in Ontario, Canada. Measurements were made of ²¹⁰Po in solutions produced by both complete digestion and partial leaching of soil samples. Direct plating of ²¹⁰Po onto metal plates was followed by measuring the alpha activity. Subsequent plating of ²¹⁰Po in-grown from ²¹⁰Pb in solution several months later confirmed the anomalies.The ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb anomalies at three of the test sites coincided with ²²⁶Ra and ²²²Rn anomalies. Samples from the fourth uranium occurrence associated with a known ²²²Rn anomaly failed to show either a ²²⁶Ra anomaly on the one hand, or ²¹⁰Po or ²¹⁰Pb anomalies on the other. This suggests that the ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb anomalies were probably produced by the decay of ²²⁶Ra contained within secondary dispersion haloes.Although anomalies due to the ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb products of ²²²Rn have now been documented, prospecting methods based on their use as direct tracers of the migration paths of ²²²Rn require much further development.