水泥土芯样强度变形特性及本构关系试验研究

为了研究现场施工工艺下水泥土的强度及变形特性,对水泥搅拌桩钻孔芯样进行了无侧限抗压强度试验与三轴试验,分析了水泥掺量与围压对水泥土芯样强度、变形特性的影响规律。结果表明：随着水泥掺量的提高,水泥土芯样的强度明显增强,变形模量显著增大,但其破坏应变变小,脆性增大;水泥掺量超过18%的水泥土芯样其应力-应变关系表现为软化型,随着围压的提高,其强度增强,破坏应变增大,脆性降低,且应力-应变关系曲线有可能发生转型;不同围压下的水泥土芯样三轴试验先为体缩,后变化为体胀,发生剪胀的应变较破坏应变略小,是由剪切面上颗粒错动引起的,在颗粒错动达到一定程度后抗剪强度才发挥到峰值;水泥土的结构屈服应力比较大,在围压的作用下其胶结结构未发生破损,强度包线满足摩尔-库仑线性强度规律;根据水泥土的强度变形特征,应力-应变全曲线分弹性、塑性、软化3个阶段,可采用Popovics模型对其进行模拟,与试验结果较为吻合。     

Effect of Cement Type on the Mechanical Behavior of a Gravely Sand

The behavior of a cemented gravely sand was studied using triaxial compression tests. Gypsum, Portland cement and lime were used as the cementing agents in sample preparation. The samples with different cement types were compared in equal cement contents. Three cement contents of 1.5%, 3.0% and 4.5% were selected for sample preparation. Drained and undrained triaxial compression tests were conducted in a range of confining pressures from 25 kPa to 500 kPa. Failure modes, shear strength, stress–strain behavior, volume and pore pressure changes were considered. The gypsum cement induced the highest brittleness in soil among three cement types while the Portland cement was found to be the most ductile cementing agent. In lower cement contents and lower confining pressures the soil cemented with Portland cement showed the highest shear strength. However, in the same range of cement content, the soil cemented with gypsum showed highest shear strength for highest tested confining stress. For higher cement contents the shear strength of soil cemented with Portland cement is higher than that for the two other cement types for the range of confining pressures tested in the present study. The samples cemented with lime had the least peak and ultimate shear strength and the highest pore pressure generation in undrained tests. Contrary to the soil cemented with lime, the brittleness of soil cemented with gypsum and Portland cement reduces in undrained condition. Finally it was found that the effect of cement type on the shear strength of cemented soils is more profound in drained condition compared to undrained state.     

粗粒料强度和变形的大型三轴试验研究

通过大型三轴试验,对高低围压下粗粒料的应力应变特性、抗剪强度、内摩擦角和颗粒破碎特性进行了对比分析,并探讨了不同泥岩含量对堆石坝料强度的影响。结果表明：中高围压下粗粒料表现出应变硬化特性和剪缩,强度包线和不同围压下的最大主应力比与剪胀率的关系近似为线性,而低围压下主要表现为应变软化和剪胀,抗剪强度包线等表现为非线性。随着围压的增加,主应力比降低、颗粒破碎率增大、内摩擦角减小。泥岩含量的增加使颗粒表面的摩擦阻力与粒间的咬合力减弱,导致抗剪强度降低。     

Behaviour of Cellular Reinforced Sand Under Triaxial Loading Conditions

Cellular reinforcement is a three dimensional reinforcement used for reinforced soil structures. Behaviour of such reinforcement is important for its use in actual practice. Present paper focuses on the behavior of cellular reinforcement in sand under the triaxial loading conditions. Series of triaxial tests are performed on unreinforced and reinforced sand with single layer as well as double layers of cellular reinforcements with 75 mm sample diameter. Six different reinforcement heights of cellular reinforcements (varying from 3 to 50 mm) are used along with one sheet reinforcement of thickness 1 mm. From the experimental failure patterns of the triaxial samples, multiple zones of failure are observed as an effect of cellular reinforcement. Deviator stress–strain curves are studied for single and double layers of cellular reinforcement under three different confining pressures. Peak deviator stress is found increasing with increasing height of cellular reinforcement, which shows the confining effect of cellular reinforcement. Shear strength parameters are evaluated and are found increasing with increase in height of cellular reinforcement, also cellular reinforcement with heights 10 mm and more have showed increased shear strength parameters, as compared to 1 mm thick sheet reinforcement. This assures better behavior performance of cellular reinforcement over the planar one. Failure patterns are also visualized by finite element analysis and found in accord with experimental observations Horizontal displacement for reinforced samples visualized multi-zoned failure pattern. Finite element results for deviator stress–strain relationship are found in reasonably good accord with experimental results.     

水泥砾质土三轴试验研究

对某水泥砾质土进行了三轴固结排水剪切试验,研究在不同水泥掺入比下水泥砾质土应力-应变关系和强度特性。结果表明：随水泥掺入比的增加,水泥砾质土试样在不同围压下应力-应变关系曲线均表现出不同程度的软化和剪胀现象,尤其在低围压（200 kPa）和高水泥掺入比（8%）下,剪胀性比较明显;在相同水泥掺入比下,峰值强度 随围压的增加近似呈线性增长;与不掺水泥砾质土相比,水泥砾质土的内摩擦角 因掺入不同量的水泥而得到不同程度的提高,黏聚力 随水泥掺入比的增加呈增长趋势,且增幅显著;割线模量 和 均随围压和水泥掺入比的增加而增加。不同高度的心墙堆石坝三维有限元算例的计算结果表明：水泥砾质土作为心墙材料可以显著降低土石坝心墙沉降。     

A simple three‐dimensional distinct element modeling of the mechanical behavior of bonded sands

This paper presents a simple three‐dimensional (3D) Distinct Element Method (DEM) for numerical simulation of the mechanical behavior of bonded sands. First, a series of micro‐mechanical tests on a pair of aluminum rods glued together by cement with different bond sizes were performed to obtain the contact mechanical responses of ideally bonded granular material. Second, a 3D bond contact model, which takes into account the influences of bond sizes, was established by extending the obtained 2D experimental results to 3D case. Then, a DEM incorporating the new contact model was employed to perform a set of drained triaxial compression tests on the DEM bonded specimens with different cement contents under different confining pressures. Finally, the mechanical behavior of the bonded specimens was compared with the available experimental results. The results show that the DEM incorporating the simple 3D bond contact model is able to capture the main mechanical behavior of bonded sands. The bonded specimen with higher cement content under lower confining pressure exhibits more pronounced strain softening and shear dilatancy. The peak and residual strengths, the apparent cohesion and peak/residual friction angles, and the position and slope of the critical state line increase with increase in cement content. Microscopically, bond breakage starts when the system starts to dilate and the maximum rate of bond breakage coincides with the maximum rate of dilation. Bond breakage is primarily due to tension‐shear failure and the percentage of such failures is independent of both confining pressure and cement content. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

胶结充填体三轴压缩变形破坏及能量耗散特征分析

充填体的变形破坏、能量耗散与围压的变化密切相关,通过开展不同灰砂配比、浓度的充填体单轴、三轴压缩试验,基于系列试验结果,研究了不同围压加载阶段充填体的变形特征、破坏模式及能量耗散与围压的内在关系。结果表明,随着围压的增加,充填体的峰值应变随之增大,且两者呈线性相关;低围压时充填体呈现脆性破坏,表现为应变软化特征,随着围压增大,充填体由脆性向应变硬化转化,灰砂比越大、浓度越高,充填体发生脆-延性的临界围压值越大。充填体的破坏裂纹发展形式各异,大致可分为单一、平行、交叉和复合4种类型;宏观破坏表现主要呈“X”状、“Y”状剪切模式,破坏面的类型主要分为：直线式光滑摩擦面、圆弧式破碎摩擦面、直线式破碎摩擦面以及台阶式破碎摩擦面。充填体的峰值强度与围压也呈正线性相关,内摩擦角对灰砂比的敏感性要高于浓度。围压的增大能够相当程度上提高充填体各阶段的应变能,峰前、峰后能耗量、单位体积变形能以及总能耗与围压皆呈正相关性。     

高应力卸荷条件下砂岩扩容特征及其剪胀角函数

为研究高应力水平条件下岩石卸荷扩容特性及其剪胀角变化规律,开展了若干不同初始围压水平的三轴峰前卸围压试验,同时进行了相应围压水平的常规三轴压缩试验。基于试验成果分析了卸荷应力路径对砂岩扩容的影响效应,总结了卸荷应力路径下剪胀角变化规律,进而提出了基于卸荷应力路径的剪胀角函数,并给出了其数值实现方法,最后通过对三轴峰前卸围压试验的数值模拟,验证了所提出的剪涨角函数的可行性与合理性。研究表明：（1）加载路径时,不同围压水平下峰前扩容体积应变值相差不大,而卸荷应力路径时,随着围压水平的增加,峰前扩容体积应变从最小值3.15×10?3增加到最大值9.65×10?3,卸荷路径下的峰前扩容体积应变约为加载路径的1.1～4.0倍;（2）卸荷应力路径下偏应力峰值对应的体积应变基本为0或接近于0,而加载应力路径下偏应力峰值对应的体积应变均为负值;（3）卸荷应力路径条件下峰前扩容体积应变在总扩容体积应变中所占比例显著大于加载路径;（4）两种应力路径下,剪胀角随塑性剪切应变增加均经历了先增加后减小的过程,并且低围压工况下偏应力峰值对应的剪胀角和最大剪胀角均大于高围压工况;（5）与加载路径相比,卸荷路径下的剪胀角更快达到剪胀角最大值,并且其偏应力峰值对应的剪胀角和最大剪胀角更大;（6）基于砂岩三轴卸荷试验成果,采用线性拟合方法得出了以围压和峰后塑性剪切应变增量为自变量的剪胀角函数,基于该函数与应变软化本构模型的砂岩三轴峰前卸围压试验的数值模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好,表明该函数能较好地描述三轴峰前卸围压条件下砂岩的扩容特性。以上结论可为深部地下工程变形预测、稳定性分析与支护设计提供理论基础。     

钙质砂剪切特性的围压效应和粒径效应研究

为研究钙质砂剪切特性的围压效应和粒径效应,开展了在不同粒径、不同相对密实度以及不同围压条件下的三轴剪切试验,并引入应力相对软化系数和剪胀系数对应变软化特征及剪胀特征进行了定量表征。试验研究表明,随围压的增大,不同粒径钙质砂试样应变软化特征及剪胀特征逐渐减弱,且围压与应力相对软化系数和剪胀系数均呈半对数线性相关。不同粒径钙质砂试样存在一强度临界围压和体变临界围压分别使得应变软化特征和剪胀特征消失。在粒径为5～0.075 mm范围内,对松样而言,围压对软化特征和剪胀特征存在显著影响,但与粒径不存在显著相关性;对密样而言,随粒径逐渐减小,围压对试样软化特征的影响逐渐增强,而对试样剪胀特征的影响逐渐减弱。在低围压（50 kPa）条件下,0.5～0.25 mm粒径组试样破碎最显著。     

基于结构性的冻结黄土力学特性试验研究

通过对重塑冻结黄土和人工结构性冻结黄土（通过对重塑黄土添加水泥获取）进行室内三轴剪切试验,研究了围压、含水量、温度、水泥含量等因素对冻结黄土力学行为的影响. 结果表明：不同试验条件下,非饱和土试样和饱和土试样的应力-应变关系呈现不同的特点. 温度和围压是影响冻土体强度的主要因素,温度越低,其破坏强度越高;非饱和土样强度随围压增大而增大,饱和土体强度受围压影响很小. 初始含水量是影响冻土体强度的另一主要因素,对非饱和土样,随着含水量的增加土体强度逐渐增高,达到某一峰值之后随含水量继续增加而减小,饱和土体强度最低. 对非饱和土样,水泥含量越高,对应的破坏强度也就越大;但对饱和土样,水泥含量对冻土的应力-应变行为及强度影响不大. 最后,提出了与所试验土体强度参数相关的综合性系数M,通过回归分析,得出了其与c和tan φ的关系,并验证了其可靠性.     

含碳酸盐混合砂的三轴剪切试验研究

含碳酸盐混合砂作为一种特殊的岩土材料主要分布于热带沿海地区,独特的成因和组构使得其具有不同于陆源砂的岩土工程特性。针对取自我国南海的珊瑚砂与取自长江流域石英砂按不同质量百分比配制而成的混合砂,开展不同围压下的三轴固结排水剪切试验,研究不同碳酸钙含量混合砂的剪切特性。结果表明：（1）混合砂峰值强度随有效围压和碳酸钙含量的增加呈近似线性增长;（2）围压及碳酸含量是影响混合砂剪胀特性的主要参数,随着碳酸盐含量的增加,胀缩转换点及其对应的轴向应变量增大;（3）随着碳酸盐含量的增加,混合砂的黏聚力呈线性增加趋势,峰值内摩擦角?f缓慢增长;（4）混合砂的相对破碎率Br随碳酸钙含量及围压的增加而增加。     

Multi-surface Cyclic Plasticity Sand Model with Lode Angle Effect

A Drucker-Prager J ₂ multi-surface-plasticity sand model is modified to employ the Lade-Duncan failure criterion as the yield function. This function includes the first and third stress invariants to account for the dependence of cyclic shear stress–strain behavior on confining pressure and the Lode angle. Related modifications to the flow rule and hardening rule are described. Dependence of dilatancy on confinement is also included. Salient features of the model performance are presented under general three-dimensional (3D) loading conditions, where the yield function provides a more accurate representation of nonlinear shear response. Dynamic response analyses of a mildly inclined infinite slope are performed to illustrate the influence of excitation direction on the accumulation of liquefaction-induced lateral ground deformation.     

Stress–Strain Model for Carbonate Rocks Based on Haldane’s Distribution Function

Summary. This paper presents a model created by the author to predict stress–strain relationships for weak to strong carbonate rocks (σ_c < 100 MPa) exhibiting axial strains up to 1%. The stress–strain model based on Haldane’s distribution function (Haldane, 1919) relates the axial stress (or normalized axial stress) to the square of an exponential function where the exponent is axial strain. To obtain accurate stress–strain relationship over the whole pre-failure strain with the proposed stress–strain model, it is necessary to have only one datum point (peak axial stress and maximum axial strain at this peak stress). It is shown that the stress–strain relationships observed in laboratory compression tests on samples collected from six carbonate rock formations (chalk, dolomites and limestones) from different parts of Israel, agree well with the stress–strain prediction model proposed by the author.     

Study on the strength of frozen clay at high confining pressure

An extensive test program was conducted on East China deep clay to investigate mechanical behavior in the process of axial compression and triaxial compression. In addition, the effect of negative temperature and confining pressure on the strength of frozen clay was analyzed. It is concluded that the stress-strain curves at high confining pressure belong to the strain hardening type and its strength almost corresponds to confining pressure in the range of tested confined stress. With respect to temperature, the strength increases when the temperature decreases. __________ Translated from Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2007, 29(4): 636–639 [译自: 冰川冻土]     

颗粒破碎对钙质砂的应力-应变及强度影响研究

压力作用下颗粒发生破碎是引起砂土力学特性变化的重要因素之一, 对于钙质砂这种易破碎的材料更是如此。为进一步弄清颗粒破碎对钙质砂的应力-应变强度影响, 本文对钙质砂进行三轴固结排水剪切试验得到应力-应变曲线, 并筛分得到三轴试验前后钙质砂颗分曲线。通过引入Hardin定义的颗粒相对破碎率Br, 分析了相对密度、围压与颗粒破碎的关系及颗粒破碎对钙质砂应力-应变和抗剪强度的影响。结果表明:随围压的增大颗粒破碎增量逐渐减小, 直到破碎达到一个上限值, 此时围压和相对密度对颗粒破碎影响很小; 颗粒间的滑动标志着应力达到极限状态, 而颗粒破碎会阻碍应力达到极限状态, 在本实验中, 低围压时颗粒破碎少, 颗粒相对运动形式为滑移, 使应力-应变曲线为软化型, 高围压下颗粒破碎严重, 颗粒破碎在剪切过程中始终发生, 使应力-应变曲线呈应变硬化型; 颗粒破碎使体变从剪胀逐渐发展到剪缩, 且破碎越严重剪缩越严重; 在低围压下钙质砂强度主要由剪胀和咬合提供, 高围压下颗粒破碎严重, 剪胀消失, 咬合减小, 使峰值摩擦角减小, 抗剪强度降低。     

轻量砂变形及强度特性三轴试验研究

通过三轴试验系统研究了新型土工材料--轻量砂的变形及强度特性。结果表明,不同的配比、龄期使轻量砂具有不同的原生结构强度,围压使不同原生结构强度的土样处于剪胀或剪缩状态,导致发生应变硬化、应变软化以及相应状态下孔压的3种对应形态变化。变形模量随EPS（发泡聚苯乙烯）球粒掺入比的增大而线性减小,随水泥掺入比、龄期增大而线性增大,相同配比的土样变形模量与围压关系不大;三轴抗压强度随EPS球粒掺入比增大而呈负指数关系减小,随水泥掺入比、龄期、围压增大而线性增大,存在水泥掺入比阀值;土骨架转换效应对于土样强度的影响很大,造成了土体单轴、三轴抗压强度分带,高水泥掺入比能够大大弱化EPS颗粒的土骨架效应。结合前人成果,系统地研究了轻量砂密度、无侧限抗压强度的影响因素,引入材料学中比强的概念,提出了单价比强图结合配方公式的方法,对轻量土砂进行配方优化。分析了轻量土砂应力-应变关系转型问题,提出采用无侧限抗压强度来表征不同配比、龄期轻量土砂的原生结构强度。通过试验与数理统计,建立临界围压与原生结构强度的关系,为数值模拟计算与建立本构模型奠定了基础。     

Fracture strength of dry silicate rocks at high confining pressures and activity of acoustic emission

Three dry silicate rocks, gabbro, dunite and eclogite, were triaxially compressed up to a confining pressure of 3 GPa at room temperature. These rocks exhibited brittle fracture behavior up to the highest confining pressure. The change of the mechanism of fracture in the brittle region is suggested from the measurement of the compressive fracture strength and the activity of acoustic emission. The existence of the “high-pressure brittle-fracture” phase is proposed. The fracture strength increased with increase of confining pressure. The increasing rate of strength was lowered at a value of confining pressure: at about 0.8 GPa on gabbro; at about 1.0 GPa on dunite; and at about 1.5 GPa on eclogite. At lower confining pressures than the above value, the acoustic emission rate began to increase at the onset of dilatancy and increased rapidly followed by fracture as the axial stress was increased. At the higher confining pressures, however, the acoustic emission rate did not increase rapidly before final fracture, and stayed constant to the fracture. The similar behavior was shown on the granite studied previously. It is interesting that the frictional strength forms the boundary between “low- and high-pressure brittle-fracture” phases.     

不同泥质含量砂岩三轴渗透试验研究

为探讨三向应力状态下不同泥质胶结物含量砂岩渗透力学性能的异同,对泥质含量分别为4%、15%、24%、31%的4组不同泥质含量砂岩进行了三轴压缩渗透试验。试验结果表明:砂岩的强度和弹性模量随着泥质胶结物的增加呈幂函数型减小,随围压的升高而增大,内摩擦角和黏聚力随含泥量增加而逐渐减小;相同围压和泥质含量下,渗透性随加载应力的增大呈先减小后增大、再略微减小的整体趋势,渗透系数在峰值应力附近达到最大值;相同围压和偏应力下,渗透系数随泥质胶结物含量的升高而呈线性减小;同等泥质含量和偏应力下,砂岩的渗透性随围压的升高呈对数型函数减小。基于试验结果,分析得到了一种综合考虑围压、孔隙度以及泥质含量影响的砂岩综合渗透模型,并通过理论与试验数据对比分析验证了模型的合理性。     

基于大三轴试验的粗粒土剪胀性研究

采用大三轴剪切仪对3种不同相对密度的双江口心墙坝覆盖层料进行固结排水剪切试验,重点研究粗粒土的剪胀特性,分析粗粒土的剪胀性与围压、相对密度之间的关系,并检验修正剑桥模型的剪胀方程、Rowe剪胀方程对粗粒土的适用性。结果表明,粗粒土在低围压下表现出明显的剪胀趋势,随着围压的增加,逐渐由剪胀向剪缩过渡;随着密度的增大,粗粒土的剪胀性明显增强;相变应力比是粗粒土剪胀强弱的一个重要影响因素,其随密度的增加而增加,随围压的增大则呈线性减小趋势;粗粒土的剪胀性与相对密度、围压关系密切,根据试验数据得出最大剪胀率 与相对密度 、围压 之间的关系式;修正剑桥模型的剪胀方程不能反映粗粒土的剪胀性;Rowe剪胀方程在一定程度上能反映粗粒土的剪胀性,但高围压下在压缩阶段低估了其压缩性,而在剪胀阶段则高估了其剪胀性。     

Micromechanical Modelling of the Complete Stress–Strain Relationship for Crack Weakened Rock Subjected to Compressive Loading

Summary  A micromechanics-based model, able to quantify the effect of various parameters on the complete stress–strain relationship, is described. The closed-form explicit expression for the complete stress–strain relationship of a rock material containing an echelon cracks arrangement subjected to compressive loading is obtained. The complete stress–strain relationship including the stages of linear elasticity, non-linear hardening and strain softening is established. The results show that the complete stress–strain relationship and the strength of rock with echelon cracks depend on the crack interface friction coefficient, the sliding crack spacing, the perpendicular distance between the two adjacent rows, the fracture toughness of rock material and orientation of the cracks. The present model is used to evaluate the complete stress–strain relationship and strength for crack-weakened rock at the underground cavern complex of the Ertan Hydroelectric Project. The predicted strength is in agreement with that obtained by the Hoek–Brown criterion. The numerical results obtained with the complete stress–strain relationship seem to be in good agreement with the measured values. Author’s address: Xiao-Ping Zhou, School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, 443002 Chongqing, P.R. China