Internal bores in two-layer exchange flows over sills

Internal bores are a common feature of tidally modulated two-layer exchange flows through straits and over sills. Even where the forcing changes smoothly, the flow may adjust with sudden jumps in the position of the interface between the two layers. The resulting flow configuration, with a hydraulically controlled exchange flow (at the sill) coupled with a propagating internal hydraulic jump (known as a bore), is investigated with mathematical models and laboratory experiments. The study concentrates on two-dimensional flow in a rectangular channel with a sill. The parameters considered are the depth of the channel compared to the depth over the sill, the depth of the interface before the passage of the bore and the strength of the net flux through the channel.The theory is based on shallow water equations and hydraulic control theory and includes the effects of a steady net flow through the channel (driven, for example, by the tide). Once the depth of the channel is twice the depth over the sill, further changes in geometry have relatively little effect on the flow. The bore velocity and fluxes are strongly affected by the strength of any net flow. The laboratory experiments model pure exchange flows (with no net flow) and give detailed information about the bores themselves. In many cases an undular bore is produced, with a well-defined wave train on the interface behind the front of the bore. The wavelengths and amplitudes of these internal waves are quantified and a brief comparison with similar internal waves observed in the Strait of Gibraltar is presented.     

不同湍流模式下钱塘江涌潮水流三维模拟

钱塘江涌潮具有动力作用强和流速变化快等特点。涌潮水流紊动复杂,流速的垂向分布和紊动强度息息相关。通过涌潮水流实测资料的分析可以发现,涌潮作用下流速垂向分布在底部和上层存在差异。为研究涌潮作用下流速垂向分布的特征,应用基于非结构网格下有限体积法模型FVCOM对钱塘江涌潮河段水流运动进行三维数值模拟。考虑到涌潮紊动作用复杂且对流速的垂向分布起着重要影响,采用不同的湍流模式对涌潮传播过程中水流的运动特征开展研究。通过与涌潮河段实测资料的验证,复演涌潮到达前后水流运动特征,给出涌潮水流湍动能的变化过程。研究成果有助于深入认识涌潮水流紊动特征和流速的分布规律,为涌潮作用下物质输运的研究提供基础。     

钱塘江涌潮二维数值模拟

采用基于准确Riemann解的Godunov格式,求解包括底坡项的二维浅水流动方程,应用WLF(water level-bottom topogra-phy formulation)方法求解Riemann解。经实测涌潮资料验证,较好地模拟了钱塘江涌潮的发生、发展及其衰减的过程,复演了涌潮的相交、反射和一线潮等现象,对钱塘江涌潮宏观规律的认识有所加深。     

长兴岛海区波流相互作用数值模拟研究

波和流是近岸海区的主要动力因素。应用二维潮流数学模型和最新第三代近岸海浪模式SWAN,建立了非结构网格下二维情况近岸波流耦合作用数学模型。时间离散采用欧拉向前格式,空间离散采用有限体积法显式格式。通过将波浪场及潮流场进行迭代耦合计算,实现了对波流共同作用下波浪场和潮流场的数值模拟。将模型应用于矩形海湾实验和李孟国数模实验等理想地形以及大连长兴岛海区实际复杂地形算例,并用现场实测资料对计算结果进行验证,结果表明:耦合结果与实测结果吻合良好,并且要优于未耦合的结果。     

涌潮水沙动力过程现场观测研究进展

涌潮是潮波传播过程中产生的一种自然现象,是潮波非线性畸变的结果。涌潮有波状和破碎形态之分,波状涌潮是一系列平行向前传播的涌波构成的波列,破碎涌潮则是前锋陡立向前推进的水滚。基于国内外涌潮水沙动力过程现场观测的主要成果,从形成机理出发,归纳涌潮生成的必要条件,剖析潮波运动非线性和摩擦效应对涌潮生成的影响;针对典型的波状和破碎涌潮,总结潮头的自由表面特征参数、流动结构和传播演化特征;回顾涌潮局部湍流和混合过程、泥沙输运和沉积的研究进展,评述涌潮脉冲过程对河口生态环境的影响。涌潮的周期性传播引起自然系统的大规模混合,对潮汐河口区域的生态环境平衡具有重要意义。涌潮现象的研究推动潮汐学的发展,现场观测是涌潮研究的基础。随着仪器设备和分析手段的进步,涌潮多尺度生成与演化机制、涌潮多物理过程耦合作用机理和涌潮脉冲过程的生态效应定量评价是今后需要深入研究的问题。     

Internal tide in the Kara Gates Strait

We observed strong internal tidal waves in the Kara Gates Strait. Internal tides are superimposed over a system of mean currents from the Barents to the Kara Sea. Field studies of internal tides in the Kara Gates were performed in 1997, 2007, and 2015. In 2015, we analyzed data from towed CTD measurements, numerical model calculations, and satellite images in the region. An internal tidal wave with a period of 12.4 h is generated due to the interaction between the currents of the barotropic tide and the bottom relief on the slopes of a ridge that crosses the strait from Novaya Zemlya to the continent. The depths of the ridge crest are 30–40 m. A constant current of relatively warm water flows from the Barents to the Kara Sea. An internal wave propagates in both directions from the ridge. In the Barents Sea, internal waves are intensified by the current from the Barents to the Kara Sea. Internal bores followed by a packet of short-period internal waves are found in both directions from the strait. Satellite images show that short-period internal waves are generated after the internal bore. A hydraulic jump was found on the eastern side of the strait. Numerical modeling agrees with the experimental results.     

FVCOM模型关键参数的处理及其在涌潮模拟中的应用

通过改进海床阻力系数和设置合适的垂向紊动背景系数,应用FVCOM模型成功再现了钱塘江河口强涌潮的演进过程。海床阻力系数采用Manning公式形式,取值随水深、地形在0.000 2~0.002 9之间变化;垂向紊动背景系数取1×10^-4 m²/s。模拟结果较好地复演了涌潮到达时刻、涌潮高度及涌潮抬升过程、涌潮水平流速以及其沿垂向分布规律,表明阻力系数及垂向紊动背景系数等关键参数的改进和处理是合理的,可应用于涌潮三维潮流运动特征模拟。     

Breaking of a tidal internal wave on a steep shelf as inferred from temperature measurements

The structure, evolution, and breaking of a tidal internal wave on a steep shelf are discussed on the basis of the data of temperature measurements. The bottom slope at the measurement site is close to the critical slope for a tidal wave. The tidal wave and other waves are inclined coastward. The tidal-wave amplitude increases monotonically with increasing horizon depth. The tidal wave is nonlinear in amplitude and turns over on the outer shelf. On the inner shelf, the internal wave is close in shape to rectangular and generates harmonics of its own. The harmonics make the tidal wave steeper and form solitary rises similar to bilateral bores. All these features ensure a more rapid sink for the internal-tide energy.     

Internal tidal bore warm fronts and settlement of invertebrates in central Chile

We studied the occurrence of large high frequency temperature fluctuations and their potential association with settlement of intertidal invertebrates during the spring/summer period 1999/2000 at Las Cruces, on the coast of central Chile. Our results showed the existence of internal tidal bores, characterized by sharp drops in water temperature at the surface and near the bottom, and subsequent temperature increases, which occurred with a semidiurnal periodicity. Measured currents support the hypothesis of alternating onshore and offshore movement of warm-water fronts. The frequency of the events varied through the summer and their amplitude seems to be modulated by onshore winds. The strongest events were observed when strong onshore winds occurred in late afternoon hours and the entire water column showed a semidiurnal temperature signal. Highest values of chlorophyll concentration in the intertidal zone and daily settlement of bivalves, gastropods and crustaceans were observed at times when conditions were favorable for occurrence of internal tidal bores. Results suggest that internal tidal bore warm fronts could play an important role in the transport of neustonic larval invertebrates and the delivery of phytoplankton to at least some intertidal sites along the coast of Chile.     

Undular tidal bore dynamics in the Daly Estuary, Northern Australia

Measurements in the macro-tidal Daly Estuary show that the presence of an undular tidal bore contributed negligibly to the dissipation of tidal energy. No recirculation bubble was observed between a trough and the following wave crest in the lee waves following the undular bore. This differs to stationary undular bores in laboratory experiments at larger Froude numbers where a recirculation bubble exists. Secondary motions and the turbulence generated by the undular bore had no measurable influence on the sediment transport. This situation contrasts with the intense sediment resuspension observed in breaking tidal bores. The tidally averaged sediment budget in the Daly Estuary was controlled by the asymmetry of tidal currents. The undular bore may widen the river by breaking along the banks that it undercuts, leading to bank slippage. A patch of river-wide macro-turbulence of 3-min duration occurred about 20 min after the passage of the bore during accelerating tidal currents.     

Tidal Bore Dynamics Around the Similar Right-Angle Shoreline in the Qiantang Estuary,China

Tidal bores are a unique hydrodynamic phenomenon during flood tide in the Qiantang Estuary. The tidal bore propagation around the similar right-angle shoreline is rarely documented in tidal estuaries. To investigate tidal bores around this shoreline, a hydrodynamic model combined with a theoretical method is employed to reveal the characteristics of the bore propagation. The theoretical solution of the tidal bore intensity is deduced to illustrate the relationship of the incident tidal bores and...     

A numerical study of the generation and propagation of internal solitary waves in the Luzon Strait

A new composite model, which consists of a generation model of the internal tides and a regularized long wave propagation model, is presented to study the generation and evolution of internal solitary waves in the sill strait. Internal bores in the sill strait are first simulated by the generation model, and then the internal tidal field outside of the sill region is given as input for the propagation model. Numerical experiments are carried out to study the imposing tide, depth profile, channel width and shoaling effect, etc., on the generation and evolution of internal solitary waves. It is shown that only when the amplitude of internal tide at the forcing boundary of the propagation model is large enough that a train of internal solitary waves would be induced. The amplitude of the imposing tide in the generation model, shoaling effect, asymmetry of the depth profile and channel width have some effects on the amplitude of the induced internal solitary wave. The imposing tidal flow superimposed on a constant mean background flow has a great damping effect on the induced internal waves, especially on those propagate against the background flow direction. The generation and propagation of internal solitary waves in three possible straits among the Luzon Strait are simulated, and the reasons for the asymmetry of their propagation are also explained.     

Morphodynamics of intertidal bar morphology on a macrotidal beach under low-energy wave conditions, North Lincolnshire, England

The morphological changes of multiple intertidal bars (ridges) on a macrotidal beach were examined under low-energy wave conditions during a spring-to-spring tidal cycle. The morphological response was coupled to the tidal water level variations and related residence times for swash processes and surf (breaking waves and bores) over the cross-shore profile. Spring tides induced a large spatial variation in water lines and small residence times for distinct processes. Neap tides narrowed the intertidal area and increased the time for certain processes to work on the sediment at one location. The observed morphological changes could be coupled to the stagnation of processes at a certain bar crest position. The action of surf (breaking waves and bores) played the major role in the onshore migration of the intertidal bars and the simultaneous erosion of the seaward flank. Swash action, responsible for the generation and migration of intertidal bars in microtidal settings, was not the dominant process in causing the observed morphological changes. Intertidal ridges on macrotidal beaches cannot be considered swash bars as suggested by most previous investigations into these morphological features.     

A Vertical Two-Dimensional Model to Simulate Tidal Hydrodynamics in A Branched Estuary

A vertical (laterally averaged) two-dimensional hydrodynamic model is developed for tides, tidal current, and salinity in a branched estuarine system. The goveming equations are solved with the hydrostatic pressure distribution assumption and the Boussinesq approximation. An explicit scheme is employed to solve the continuity equations. The momentum and mass balance equations are solved implicitly in the Cartesian coordinate system. The tributaries are govemed by the same dynamic equations. A control volume at the junctions is designed to conserve mass and volume transport in the finite difference schemes, based on the physical principle of continuum medium of fluid. Predictions by the developed model are compared with the analytic solutions of steady wind-driven circulatory flow and tidal flow. The model results for the velocities and water surface elevations coincide with analytic results. The model is then applied to the Tanshui River estuarine system. Detailed model calibration and verification have been conducted with measured water surface elevations,tidal current, and salinity distributions. The overall performance of the model is in qualitative agreement with the available field data. The calibrated and verified numerical model has been used to quantify the tidal prism and flushing rate in the Tanshui River-Tahan Stream, Hsintien Stream, and Keelung River.     

Generation mechanisms of tidal residual circulation

Two new types of mechanism for the generation of tidal residual flow are revealed with the use of a hydraulic model experiment. A remarkable anticlockwise tidal residual circulation is formed in a model bay due to the presence of a tidal current, the Coriolis force and a horizontal boundary. A similar circulation is also formed due to the presence of a bottom slope, a horizontal boundary and a tidal current which flows normal to the inclination of the bottom slope. The residual circulation in the Sea of Iyo in the Seto Inland Sea is considered to be due to a combination of the effects of the Coriolis force, a bottom slope, a horizontal boundary and the tidal current. We classified some of the generation mechanisms of tidal residual flow which have been described to date into seven types on the basis of vorticity considerations.     

涌潮作用下桩式丁坝横向动力特性现场试验及数值分析

结合在钱塘江盐官河段对涌潮作用下桩式丁坝动力特性进行的现场测试,首次将有限差分法应用于求解桩式丁坝框架结构受涌潮瞬态荷载作用时的动力响应。其桩周土模型采用Winkler假定,应用有限差分法将桩式丁坝框架结构的各梁柱单元离散后联立起来,从而求得整个结构的动力响应。通过参数研究揭示了结构的形式、结构的刚度、土的剪切波速(即反映桩土相对刚度)对桩式丁坝框架结构横向振动的影响。通过与现场测试结果比较可知,理论计算值与实测值基本吻合,验证了该方法的精度和稳定性。该方法计算过程简单,克服了传统的静力法不能考虑结构的惯性力以及土的粘滞阻尼和动刚度的缺点,对工程实际具有一定的指导意义。     

概化弯道段潮汐模型系统设计与制作

根据典型弯曲型河口段的宽浅边界形态、水力条件及潮汐特征,依据相似理论确定模型的基本几何及水力参数.分析了河工模型的最大允许变率,借助重力和紊动阻力相似准则确定模型的各项控制比尺.模型由上游延伸段、河道试验段与下游潮汐池组成.采用w形波纹凹槽方式加糙,使模型糙率达到了试验要求.实测资料验证显示了概化模型的合理性.     

感潮水闸流量神经网络计算模型研究

感潮水闸流量的准确计算对于河网地区水闸引排水效益的分析和水闸综合管理体系的建立具有非常重要的意义。对感潮水闸的水力特性进行了详细分析,认为感潮水闸具有瞬时性和非线性等水力特点,提出采用人工神经网络理论建立其过流量的计算模型。建立了三种计算模式,应用浦东新区东沟水闸资料对不同模式进行了训练、测试和比较,推荐以水闸内外河水位、闸门开启度和上一时刻流量作为神经网络输入的计算模型为最终感潮水闸流量计算模型。研究表明,人工神经网络可以较好地隐含识别感潮水闸的多种出流类型,并具有较强的泛化和容错能力,从而为感潮河网地区水闸流量的计算提供了一种新的解决途径。     

Reef parameterisation schemes with applications to tidal modelling

A variety of analytical models is used to investigate the effects on tidal propagation of a barrier reef system. These models specify reef geometry by two parameters. They can accommodate cases where water flows over reefs, as well as through inter-reef gaps, and also incorporate quadratic bottom friction. Although based on a one-dimensional approach, adaptations of a solution by Huthnance are used to account for the additional blockage effects associated with two-dimensional flow patterns near reef barriers. The present work adopts the philosophy that only a numerical approach can cope with the wide variations in reef geometry that are encountered in areas such as the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) region of Australia. Moreover, since typical model grids cannot resolve inter-reef gaps and other features with sufficient accuracy, a parameterised approach is needed to accommodate the conflicting demands of reef geometry and an economically feasible model resolution. The formulation of the analytical models is such that they can be applied immediately to standard numerical algorithms. Numerical experiments for flow in a channel, with a reef barrier across its centre, are used to test the parameterisation schemes. Comparison of the results for parameterised reefs with those obtained using extremely fine grids, shows convincing evidence of the success of the schemes. A separate method for automatically generating reef parameters has simplified the task of applying the methodology to real reefal systems. A tidal model of the Southern GBR, a region which exhibits unusual tidal behaviour, but which also has ample field data available for model testing, is used to demonstrate the accuracy that can be attained with the parameterised approach. Although tides are considered specifically in the present work, the formulation should be applicable with equal ease to the many other significant classes of low frequency motions in the GBR.     

洋浦港平面布置方案的数值研究比选

分析了洋浦港工程的建设将有可能引起洋浦港区的潮流、泥沙运动变化,而导致部分海岸线水域的泥沙淤积,采用了COHERENS-SED模型进行区域水流模拟,从纳潮量、流向与航道的夹角方面,对不同布置方案进行比较,比选出最佳工程布置方案。