Water contamination downstream from a copper mine in the Apuseni Mountains, Romania

This paper presents the results of a study on stream and mine waters in the area of the largest porphyry copper deposit in the Apuseni Mountains (western Romania), the Rosia Poieni ore deposit. The research was focused on two aspects of environmental impact: (1) evaluation of the release of toxic elements into the environment through studying the mineralogical and chemical composition of the ore deposit; and (2) assessment of the distribution and extent of contamination through studying the chemistry of stream waters. This work proved that the Rosia Poieni mine is an active acid-rock drainage (ARD)-producing site. Waters draining freely from the ore deposit are acidic and transport large amounts of toxic elements (Al, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, As, Cd, Sr, etc.). The weathering of silicate and ore minerals represents an important source of elements. Their release was determined by speciation calculations using an EQ3/6 computer program.     

贵州万山汞矿尾矿堆及地表水的环境地球化学特征

对贵州万山汞矿区尾渣堆(主要为炉渣组成)、地表水及河流沉淀物的汞迁移进行了研究。由于赋矿岩石为白云岩，高温煅烧的炉渣中含CaO等碱性物质，炉渣的风化作用释放出汞以及碱性水．流经尾渣堆的地表水碱性强(pH10．6-11．8)、电导率高，且具有明显不同的主要离子组成．万山汞矿矿石单一，主要为辰砂，其他矿石极少，因此炉渣及其渗滤水中除汞外的重金属含量很低．尾渣堆中的汞及碱性物质是对周围环境的主要威胁．在尾渣堆下游汞含量很快降低，约300n，范围内水中的溶解汞从300—1900，ng/L降至72ng／L，而且水的碱性也被中和．但是，由于尾渣堆中的汞及碱性物质含量高，尾渣堆的长时间风化及水流的溶解会将大量汞搬运到周围的土壤及水体并对生物产生不利影响．     

Mineral formation in an acid pit lake from a high-sulfidation ore deposit: Kirki, NE Greece

Open pit mining of base-metals from the high-sulfidation epithermal type deposit of Kirki (Thrace, NE Greece) resulted in the formation of an acid pit lake by infilling of the open cast by rain and draining waters after mine closure. The high toxic metals content of the ore, the limited buffering capacity of host rocks and the direct exposure of the ore zone to weathering result in an intense release of metals into the pit lake. The acidic and oxidative pit lake waters show high concentrations of trace metals. A mineral precipitate, covering the floor of the pit lake, comprises secondary anglesite, several species of the jarosite-group, rozenite, melanterite, wroewolfeite, gypsum, bukovskyite, beaverite, scorodite and minor goethite. The mineral precipitate presents a significant heavy metal content indicating effective removal of metals from the acid waters. Compared to other pit lakes in high-sulfidation type deposits it has a higher metal load, consistent with the mineralogy and grade of ore in pit walls.     

江西武宁县石门寺钨铜矿区风化作用过程中W、Cu等元素的表生地球化学行为(之一)

以江西省武宁县石门寺钨铜矿区燕山期和晋宁期岩体风化作用过程中W、Cu等元素的表生地球化学行为为研究对象,通过反映风化程度的化学风化指数CIA、风化作用过程中组分得失的估算、不同介质中W、Cu等成矿元素的含量变化及大离子亲石元素表生地球化学行为等方法的研究表明,石门寺钨铜矿区2个时期岩体元素淋失与风化强度有关,土壤剖面中碱金属、碱土金属元素大量淋失,而W、Cu等成矿元素在土壤B层中显著富集;从岩石到土壤、再到水系沉积物风化过程中,W、Cu等成矿元素含量逐渐升高,为此,一级水系沉积物和B层土壤是赣北九岭W、Sn、Cu、Mo多金属矿集区地球化学找矿的绝佳采样介质,是矿集区内找矿新突破的有效手段。     

江西武宁县石门寺钨铜矿区风化作用过程中W、Cu等元素的表生地球化学行为（之一）

以江西省武宁县石门寺钨铜矿区燕山期和晋宁期岩体风化作用过程中W、Cu等元素的表生地球化学行为为研究对象,通过反映风化程度的化学风化指数CIA、风化作用过程中组分得失的估算、不同介质中W、Cu等成矿元素的含量变化及大离子亲石元素表生地球化学行为等方法的研究表明,石门寺钨铜矿区2个时期岩体元素淋失与风化强度有关,土壤剖面中碱金属、碱土金属元素大量淋失,而W、Cu等成矿元素在土壤B层中显著富集;从岩石到土壤、再到水系沉积物风化过程中,W、Cu等成矿元素含量逐渐升高,为此,一级水系沉积物和B层土壤是赣北九岭W、Sn、Cu、Mo多金属矿集区地球化学找矿的绝佳采样介质,是矿集区内找矿新突破的有效手段。     

Acid drainage from sulfides hosting gold mineralization (Furtei, Sardinia)

 The past mining activity for kaolin minerals left several abandoned quarries in the area of Furtei (southern Sardinia). Recently, gold mineralization has been found in association with intensely altered andesitic rocks, and an open-pit gold mine is expected to open in the near future. Twenty-one water samples were analyzed for a wide range of major and trace elements, in order to define the present hydrochemical situation before exploitation starts. Waters interacting with the altered andesitic rocks had higher salinity and metal concentrations than waters in contact with nonaltered rocks. Acid drainage and high concentrations of metals (Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, As) in solution were observed in waters leaching the mineral deposit. An environmental impact study is urgently called for since the waste material derived from the exploitation is expected to enhance acidification and metal-releasing processes, due to the increase in the specific yield, which favors the oxidation of sufide minerals. Received: 15 February 1995 · Accepted: 10 October 1995     

再论蛇屋山红土型金矿的成因

蛇屋山金矿是我国第一个大型红土型金矿床。它具有规模大、品位低、易采、易选、经济效益好等特点,是黄金矿业中建设大型露采堆浸场的理想基地。这个矿床的成矿物质来自奥陶系碳酸盐岩硅化破碎带,成矿活动以第四纪化学风化作用为主。在中更新世热带雨林条件下,在岩石的红土化过程中,金从原岩中析出,与风化产生的铁质水溶液一起,沿着红土裂隙向下渗透,停积于地下潜水面,形成似层状矿体。     

Mineralogical controls on mine drainage of the abandoned Ervedosa tin mine in north-eastern Portugal

The Ervedosa Mine, in north-eastern Portugal, has Sn-bearing quartz veins containing cassiterite and sulphides that cut Silurian schists and a Sn-bearing muscovite granite. These veins were mined for Sn and As₂O₃ until 1969. Cassiterite, the main Sn ore, has alternate lighter and darker growth-zones. The darker zones are richer in Fe, Nb, Ta and Ti, but poorer in Sn than the adjoining lighter zones. Exsolution blebs of ferrocolumbite, manganocolumbite, Ti ixiolite, rutile, ilmenite and rare wolframite were found in the darker zones. Arsenopyrite is the most abundant sulphide and contains inclusions of pyrrhotite, bismuth, bismuthinite and matildite. Other sulphides are pyrite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite and stannite. Secondary solid phases consisting mainly of hydrate sulphate complexes of Al, Fe, Ca and Mg (aluminocopiapite, copiapite, halotrichite, pickeringite, gypsum and alunogen, meta-alunogen) occur at the surface of the Sn-bearing quartz veins and their wall rocks (granite and schist), while oxides, hydroxides, arsenates and residual mineral phases (albite, muscovite and quartz) occur in mining tailings. Toxic acid mine waters (acid mine drainage AMD), which have high conductivity and significant concentrations of As, SO₄ and metal (Cu, Zn, Pb, Fe, Mn, Cd, Ni and Co), occur in an area directly affected by the mine. Surface stream waters outside this area have low conductivity and a pH that is almost neutral. Metal and As concentrations are also lower. Stream waters within the impact area have an intermediate composition, falling between that of the AMD and the natural stream waters outside impact area. Waters associated directly with mineralised veins must not be used for human consumption or agriculture.     

湖北鹤峰磷矿走马矿区岩湾矿段风化磷块岩特征及其形成的制约因素

湖北鹤峰磷矿走马矿区岩湾矿段的原生磷矿经化学风化作用后,矿层的厚度、矿石的品位、组分、类型、结构构造和其他物化特征产生了一系列变化,所形成的风化磷块岩主要特征表现为易溶的碳酸盐组分大量流失,磷酸盐组分相对富集;矿石结构疏松,呈“砂状”构造,从而使原生贫矿富集为风化富矿——风化磷块岩。形成该矿床的制约因素,除其固有的特征外,酸性地下水是风化矿形成的化学基础,适宜的气候条件以及地形、岩溶地貌等,对风化磷块岩的形成和分布有着重要的控制作用。     

百花脑花岗岩风化壳:潜在超大型的铷、铯、钇、钪、石英和钠长石矿床

研究表明，新生代滇西百花脑碱长花岗岩风化壳是一个罕见的超大型Rb,Cs,Y,Sc，石英和钠长石综合矿床，T,aNb,Sn,W等可附带回收，岩浆作用是矿床成岩与成矿的主导因素，矿床的矿石储量极其巨大，有用组分众多，易采，易选，易炼，经济潜值惊人，除Rb外，其他矿化元素品位稍偏低。在西部大开发中，反思矿床的经济－技术条件，探索采、选、冶新途径，具有重要意义。     

金厂峪金矿床围岩蚀变特征与矿床成因

为了更深入地理解金厂峪金矿床成矿作用,对该金矿床内蚀变围岩的矿物组合、成分及其变化进行了较详细的研究.蚀变带质量平衡分析表明Al₂O₃、MnO、P₂O₅等组分具不活动性.由蚀变围岩向钠长石英脉,在蚀变岩中元素无明显变化.钠长石英脉体的形成与围岩蚀变有关,但两者成因并不相同.金厂峪金矿床的形成可能与深源流体有关     

Arsenic in streams,stream sediments,and ground water,fairbanks area,alaska

Arsenic concentrations of less than 5 ppb to as large as 1,260 ppb in stream waters and from 5 ppm to 4,000 ppm in stream sediments were found in the Pedro Dome-Cleary Summit area, Alaska. Waters from three of 20 wells sampled had arsenic concentrations exceeding the U.S. Public Health Service recommended limit of 50 ppb. The high arsenic levels are a consequence of arsenic enrichment in the rocks of the area. Placer and lode-gold mining may increase the arsenic content of the waters by exposing arsenic-containing rocks to surface waters and by increasing the load of arsenic-rich sediments in the streams. Finding these disturbingly large concentrations of arsenic in the waters of the Fairbanks area was the major result of this work, inasmuch as a subsequent study (to be published) revealed arsenic concentrations as large as 10 ppm in domestic wells and prompted an extensive study by Federal and State agencies of the health hazard posed by these arsenic-rich waters.     

豫西熊耳山地区槐树坪金矿岩石-土壤找矿指示元素的确定及其应用

槐树坪金矿床位于河南省洛阳市嵩县境内,是豫西熊耳山地区近年来新发现的大型金矿床。本次研究对槐树坪金矿区地表及井下不同类型的较新鲜围岩、蚀变岩和矿石以及地表1∶20000面积性土壤采样,分析29项微量元素,从岩石和土壤两种采样介质来确定槐树坪金矿床的地球化学找矿指示元素。一方面基于较新鲜围岩的元素含量特征确定每个微量元素在该区岩石中的异常下限,进而分别计算了蚀变岩和矿石中微量元素平均含量与异常下限的比值,即异常衬度。按照异常衬度大于1.4的标尺确定了蚀变岩与矿石中明显富集的微量元素组合。另一方面,基于Au与28项微量元素在较新鲜围岩、蚀变岩、矿石三种介质中含量关系散点图直观确定了指示金成矿的微量元素组合。综合二者确定出槐树坪金矿区岩石地球化学找矿的指示元素组合为Au、Ag、As、Sb、Hg、Sn、Mo、Bi、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Nb计13项。针对地表1∶20000面积性土壤调查,采用上述岩石中异常衬度为1.4作为土壤异常下限绘制了槐树坪金矿区微量元素的地球化学异常剖析图,以槐树坪金矿区已探明鸡公山一带的主成矿段为模型确定了土壤地球化学找矿的指示元素组合为Au、Ag、As、Sb、Hg、Bi、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、B计11项。综合上述结果认为在找矿指示元素组合方面土壤对岩石具有明显的继承性。基于岩石与土壤介质中共同的10项找矿指示元素,构建了归一化的综合异常指标,以鸡公山矿段为标准对整个槐树坪矿区进行了综合评价,发现槐树坪矿区内马蹄沟、秦佛爷沟、姜疙瘩和天坪西4处具有类似鸡公山矿段的找矿潜力。     

河南省南召县水洞岭铜多金属矿床地质特征及找矿潜力

水洞岭矿床为一中型铜多金属矿床,(332)+(333)+(334)铜铅锌金属量13万余吨。笔者在收集区内已有地质勘查、科研成果资料的基础上,对矿区的地质情况进行了实地调查。通过对成矿地质特征的总结和综合研究,对矿床的成因进行了探讨。该矿床成矿的大地构造背景、赋矿岩石特征、矿体形态、近矿围岩蚀变的主要类别、矿石构造类型分带、矿石矿物组合、主要成矿元素组合及主要伴生组分等地质要素均与黑矿(VMS型)的特征基本相同;同时,矿石组构(交代文像结构、交代残余结构及矿石中呈脉状—细脉状斜切赋矿岩石片理而出现的黄铁矿化及闪锌矿化)、细鳞片状绢云母化及深色鳞片状叶绿泥石化蚀变特征等联合表明,矿床具有后期热液弱改造的痕迹。因此,水洞岭矿床的成因类型应归结为海底火山喷流沉积-弱改造类黑矿型矿床。     

川西冕宁-德昌REE矿带风化型矿床的矿石类型及成因

川西冕宁-德昌REE矿带中的风化型矿石研究相对缺乏.根据近几年的野外地质调查,采用电子探针、X光粉晶衍射、全岩分析等对大陆槽、牦牛坪和木落寨矿床中疑似风化矿的样品进行类型和成因分析.结果表明:大陆槽风化型矿石中大量粘土矿物（达40%）和矿石矿物（达60%）发育,风化程度高;相反,牦牛坪和木落寨疑似风化型矿石中几乎没有粘土矿物,风化程度低.通过对牦牛坪和木落寨疑似风化型矿石进行地球化学特征、矿物组成分析并与围岩、矿脉的组成和产状对比,表明疑似风化型矿石主要是由矿脉和围岩在强烈的构造作用下发生机械风化形成.频繁的角砾构造使大陆槽矿石发生强烈的机械风化作用,并加速了矿石发生一定的水岩反应,促进矿石发生中等强度的化学风化作用.目前整个矿带中未发现明显的生物风化作用.整个稀土矿带的风化型矿石比南岭离子吸附型稀土矿石的风化程度低,形成时间较晚（11 Ma）,氟碳铈矿大量保存,还没有形成离子吸附型矿床.      

Arsenic in groundwater from mineralised Proterozoic basement rocks of Burkina Faso

This study describes the hydrogeochemistry and distributions of As in groundwater from a newly investigated area of Burkina Faso. Groundwaters have been sampled from hand-pumped boreholes and dug wells close to the town of Ouahigouya in northern Burkina Faso. Although most analysed groundwaters have As concentrations of less than 10 μg L⁻¹, they have a large range from <0.5 to 1630 μg L⁻¹. The highest concentrations are found in borehole waters; all dug wells analysed in this study have As concentrations of <10 μg L⁻¹. Skin disorders (melanosis, keratosis and more rare skin tumour) have been identified among the populations in three villages in northern Burkina Faso, two within the study area. Although detailed epidemiological studies have not been carried out, similarities with documented symptoms in other parts of the world suggest that these are likely to be linked to high concentrations of As in drinking water. The high-As groundwaters observed derive from zones of Au mineralisation in Birimian (Lower Proterozoic) volcano-sedimentary rocks, the Au occurring in vein structures along with quartz and altered sulphide minerals (pyrite, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite). However, the spatial variability in As concentrations in the mineralised zones is large and the degree of testing both laterally and with depth so far is limited. Hence, concentrations are difficult to predict on a local scale. From available data, the groundwater appears to be mainly oxic and the dissolved As occurs almost entirely as As(V) although concentrations are highest in groundwaters with dissolved-O₂ concentrations <2 mg L⁻¹. The source is likely to be the oxidised sulphide minerals and secondary Fe oxides in the mineralised zones. Positive correlations are observed between dissolved As and both Mo and W which are also believed to be derived from ore minerals and oxides in the mineralised zones. The discovery of high As concentrations in some groundwaters from the Birimian rocks of northern Burkina Faso reiterates the need for reconnaissance surveys in mineralised areas of crystalline basement.     

江西大布铀矿床溶浸地质条件及溶浸方法研究

本文围绕溶浸采矿这个主题 ,从岩、矿石的物质成分 ;矿石结构构造 ;铀的存在形式 ;岩、矿石物理力学参数 ;矿体形态、产状、规模及矿床水文地质等诸多方面阐述了大布铀矿床溶浸的天然地质条件 ,并通过一系列矿石铀浸出工艺试验 ,获得大量溶浸工艺参数 ,提出大布铀矿床以原地破碎浸出辅以堆浸为最佳采矿方案。     

The geochemical features of terrigenous host rocks at massive sulfide deposits in the eastern Caucasus

Based on a great body of factual data, geochemical peculiarities in the distribution of rare, noble, radioactive, and other trace components in the Lower-Middle Jurassic terrigenous ore-enclosing (hereafter, host) rocks at massive sulfide deposits in the Vostochnyi (eastern) segment of the Greater Caucasus are high-lighted. Study of the Filizchai base metal massive sulfide deposit made it possible to define general regularities of element distribution in the ore body and altered wall rocks that reflect the general geochemical zonality. Concentrations of most components depend on the lithology and wall-rock alteration, distribution of rocks in the section, proximity of the contacting ore, and its mineral composition. Contents of typical elements in host rocks are closely associated with their concentrations in the ore bodies.     

贵州“红土型”金矿成因类型新说

在贵州的西南部地区已探明了几处大、中型赋存于第四系松散堆积层中残坡积型金矿床,它具有分布广,规模大及品位较低和暴露地表易采选的特点。在邻近的云南、广西地区也有发现。在此之前,其成因类型被认为红土型金矿。根据最近的成矿区划,科研,勘查等资料证实,该类型金放是微细浸染型岩金矿床作为矿源地质体经近地表风化堆积形成。矿床具有特殊的风化,堆积、保存条件。矿体形态受下伏茅口组古今岩溶喀斯特形态的制约,金的含量     

萨尔布拉克金矿床成因及其找矿前景

从大地构造背景、赋矿围岩、矿体特征、矿石物质组分、蚀变特征和流体包裹体等几方面,将萨尔布拉克金矿和穆龙套金矿进行了对比,二者有着相近的地质特征,提出萨尔布拉克金矿属于穆龙套型.该矿床矿化规模巨大,但已发现的金矿储量不大,矿体开采深度也较小.认为现在出露的只是矿床的浅部,向深部应该有品位更富、更加连续的矿体.