南海神狐海域地层渗透率与含水合物饱和度关系研究(英文)

本文利用取自南海神狐海域钻井岩芯进行了核磁共振测量,研究了岩石中所含水合物对地层渗透率的影响,该岩芯样品为一"孔隙充填型"水合物样品。核磁共振测量结果表明岩石中所含水合物对地层渗透率影响很大,随着含水合物饱和度的增加,地层渗透率迅速降低。通过对测量结果的进一步分析可知"孔隙充填型"水合物对地层渗透率的影响-存在多方面的因素,包括水合物对地层孔隙度、孔隙迂曲度的影响以及对水合物对孔隙喉道的堵塞等。最后本文利用Masuda下降模型建立了适用于南海神狐海域的相对渗透率与含水合物饱和度的经验公式,下降指数N=7.9718。     

静水条件下砂岩渗透性的试验研究

在TRIAXIAL CELL V3岩石三轴伺服试验机上进行了砂岩的渗透试验,采用流量法测量不同围压和渗透压作用下的砂岩渗透率,揭示了围压和渗透压对砂岩渗透率的影响规律,并给出了围压与渗透率的拟合关系式。结果表明,在相同围压下,随着渗透压差的增加,砂岩渗透率呈不同程度的增加;围压越小,渗透压差对渗透率的影响越大;当渗透压差相同时,砂岩围压一渗透率曲线变化趋势基本一致,渗透率随围压的增加而减小,显示砂岩内部裂隙的闭合程度受围压的影响较明显。     

Permeability of Triaxially Compressed Sandstone: Influence of Deformation and Strain-rate on Permeability

— The influence of differential stress on the permeability of a Lower Permian sandstone was investigated. Rock cylinders of 50 mm in diameter and 100 mm length of a fine-grained (mean grain size 0.2 mm), low-porosity (6–9%) sandstone were used to study the relation between differential stress, rock deformation, rock failure and hydraulic properties, with a focus on the changes of hydraulic properties in the pre-failure and failure region of triaxial rock deformation. The experiments were conducted at confining pressures up to 20 MPa, and axial force was controlled by lateral strain with a rate ranging from 10^?6 to 10^?7 sec^?1. While deforming the samples, permeability was determined by steady-state technique with a pressure gradient of 1 MPa over the specimen length and a fluid pressure level between 40 and 90% of the confining pressure. The results show that permeability of low-porosity sandstones under increasing triaxial stress firstly decreases due to compaction and starts to increase after the onset of dilatancy. This kind of permeability evolution is similar to that of crystalline rocks. A significant dependence of permeability evolution on strain rate was found. Comparison of permeability to volumetric strain demonstrates that the permeability increase after the onset of dilatancy is not sufficient to regain the initial permeability up to failure of the specimen. The initial permeability, which was determined in advance of the experiments, usually was regained in the post-failure region. After the onset of dilatancy, the permeability increase displays a linear dependence on volumetric strain.     

致密砂岩储层CO2驱油特征的核磁共振实验研究

利用核磁共振技术对致密砂岩储层不同渗透率级别基质岩心和裂缝基质岩心不同驱替压力下CO2驱油特征进行了研究,简述核磁共振原理及实验方法。表明:致密砂岩储层特低、超低渗透基质岩心在初始CO2驱替压力下,岩心毛细孔隙和微毛细孔隙区间的油不同程度被采出,随着CO2驱替压力增大,特低、超低渗透基质岩心毛细孔隙区间油的采出程度不断增加且累积采出程度不同。裂缝致密砂岩储层岩心,裂缝和毛细孔隙区间的油在初始CO2驱替压力下,岩心裂缝中的油及毛细孔隙中的部分油被驱替出来,CO2驱替压力提高毛细孔隙、微毛细区间油的采出程度和累积采收程度较小。致密砂岩储层特低、超低渗透基质岩心和裂缝致密砂岩储层岩心,随着CO2驱替压力增大毛细孔隙区间的部分剩余油成正比增加进入到微毛细孔隙区间改变储层剩余油分布。核磁共振技术能够深入研究致密砂岩储层CO2不同驱替压力阶段,岩心裂缝、毛细孔隙区间、微毛细孔隙区间油的采出程度和剩余油分布情况,对于研究致密砂岩储层微观驱油机理具有较重要的价值。      

Petrophysical study of faults in sandstone using petrographic image analysis and X-ray computerized tomography

Petrographic image analysis (PIA) and X-ray computerized tomography (CT) provide local determinations of porosity in sandstone. We have investigated small faults called deformation bands in porous sandstones using these techniques. Because the petrophysical properties of the fault rock vary at a small scale (mm scale), the ability of PIA and CT to determine porosity in small volumes of rock and to map porosity distribution in two and three dimensions is crucial. This information is used to recognize the processes involved in fault development and the different kinds of microstructures associated with dilatancy and compaction. The petrophysical study of fault rock in sandstone permits one to make predictions of the hydraulic properties of a fault and thereby evaluate the sealing or fluid transmitting characteristics of faulted reservoirs and aquifers. The results of this study indicate that faulting in sandstone alters the original porosity and permeability of the host rock: the porosity is reduced by an order of magnitude and the permeability is reduced by one to more than seven orders of magnitude for faults associated with compaction.     

泥质砂岩液相渗透率计算新方法

液相渗透率描述了岩石的渗流特性,是评价储层与预测油气产能的重要参数.液相渗透率是指盐水溶液在岩石孔隙中流动且与岩石孔隙表面黏土矿物发生物理化学作用时所测得的渗透率;液相渗透率的实验测量条件更加接近实际地层泥质砂岩的条件,使得液相渗透率更能反映地层条件下泥质砂岩的渗流特性;然而,现有的液相渗透率评价模型较少,且模型未能揭示液相渗透率与溶液矿化度之间的关系.基于此,开展了液相渗透模型推导与计算方法研究;文中首先将岩石等效为毛管束模型,推导建立了液相渗透率与比表面、喉道曲折度、总孔隙度、黏土束缚水孔隙度等参数之间的关系;其次,根据岩石物理体积模型,推导建立了黏土束缚水孔隙度与阳离子交换容量、溶液矿化度等参数的关系;最终,将黏土束缚水孔隙度引入液相渗透率计算公式,建立了基于总孔隙度、阳离子交换容量、溶液矿化度、比表面、喉道曲折度等参数的液相渗透率理论计算模型.液相渗透率计算模型与两组实验数据均表明,液相渗透率随阳离子交换容量的增大而降低,随溶液矿化度的增大而增大.然而,液相渗透率理论计算模型的实际应用中喉道曲折度、比表面等参数求取困难,直接利用理论模型计算液相渗透率受到限制.在分析液相渗透率与孔隙渗透率模型的基础上,建立了液相渗透率与空气渗透率之间的转换模型,形成了利用转化模型计算液相渗透率的新方法.为进一步验证液相渗透率与空气渗透率转化模型的准确性,基于两组实验数据,利用转换模型计算了液相渗透率;液相渗透率计算结果与岩心测量液相渗透率实验结果对比显示,液相渗透率计算结果与实际岩心测量结果吻合较好,文中建立的液相渗透率与空气渗透率转化模型合理可靠.     

低渗砂泥岩地层的声波测井波形特征

用于低渗砂岩油气开发的压裂需要地层的纵横波时差参数;压裂形成的人工裂缝或砂泥岩中的自然裂缝是油气流入井中的主要通道.声波测井是测量地层的纵横波时差、探测连通裂缝的有效方法.本文给出了新设计的偶极子组合声波测井仪器在低渗砂泥岩地层所测量的波形.新仪器利用声波在井内传播的固有频率设计探头,利用探头阻抗随频率的变化曲线设计匹配电路,有效地提高了声发射功率,在井下采用16位A/D转换器提高了原始波形的采样精度.测量的波形比通常的声波测井波形所含的地层信息丰富.单极子长源距声波测井波形中除了通常的纵、横波和Stoneley波外,还发现了起始于纵波首波的反射波以及随深度改变其到达时间的后续波.通过与其它测井曲线综合对比发现:其反射波与井眼扩径有关,使测量的声波时差加大;后续波在显示地层特征的同时,与横波混叠在一起,使横波时差的提取变得困难.另外,在偶极子所测量的低频波形中也发现了明显的反映地层连通裂缝的反射波,该反射波可以用于指示低渗砂岩地层中的连通裂缝.     

低渗砂岩储层渗透率各向异性规律的实验研究

应用1摩尔/升的盐水作为孔隙介质,采用液体压力脉冲法对采自鄂尔多斯盆地某油田三叠系延长组低渗砂岩样品进行了渗透率随有效应力的变化规律实验研究.在围压0～100MPa,孔隙压力0～12MPa范围内,样品的渗透率变化范围在0～60×10-18 m2之间,实验结果表明样品的渗透率随有效应力的增加而减少.通过拟合实验结果,得到渗透率随有效应力的变化规律较好的符合幂函数关系,相关系数介于0.903～0.984之间.同时对同一样品的X,Y,Z相互垂直三个方向的渗透率随有效应力的变化进行了比较,结果表明渗透率的各向异性同样是压力的函数,且随着有效应力的增加,不同平面内的渗透率各向异性表现出了不同的变化规律.但在实验压力范围内,渗透率各向异性皆为正值,表明在有效应力为100MPa范围内孔隙内流体的流动方向未发生改变.研究结果为鄂尔多斯盆地低渗(超低渗)油气田开发,特别是对深部油气田开发过程中开发方式的选择与设计,充分利用渗透率各向异性的特点,提高采收率提供了新的岩石物性资料.     

Acoustic and petrophysical relationships in low-shale sandstone reservoir rocks

This paper describes the measurements of the acoustic and petrophysical properties of two suites of low‐shale sandstone samples from North Sea hydrocarbon reservoirs, under simulated reservoir conditions. The acoustic velocities and quality factors of the samples, saturated with different pore fluids (brine, dead oil and kerosene), were measured at a frequency of about 0.8 MHz and over a range of pressures from 5 MPa to 40 MPa. The compressional‐wave velocity is strongly correlated with the shear‐wave velocity in this suite of rocks. The ratio V_P/V_S varies significantly with change of both pore‐fluid type and differential pressure, confirming the usefulness of this parameter for seismic monitoring of producing reservoirs. The results of quality factor measurements were compared with predictions from Biot‐flow and squirt‐flow loss mechanisms. The results suggested that the dominating loss in these samples is due to squirt‐flow of fluid between the pores of various geometries. The contribution of the Biot‐flow loss mechanism to the total loss is negligible. The compressional‐wave quality factor was shown to be inversely correlated with rock permeability, suggesting the possibility of using attenuation as a permeability indicator tool in low‐shale, high‐porosity sandstone reservoirs.     

The Investigation of Aquifer Parameters Using Multiple Piezometers

In order to investigate the aquifer parameters of a fissured layered sandstone aquifer, it was found necessary to construct and test an abstraction borehole using laboratory, double packer, geophysical and pumping test techniques. Good correlation was found between the techniques when the aquifer was represented by a fissured layered aquifer with low permeability bands separating layers of higher permeability. The use of multiple piezometers proved to be the only way of obtaining sensible results for field pumping tests and has given storage coefficients for both the confined and unconfined sections of the aquifer.     

Axial and Radial Permeability Evolutions of Compressed Sandstones: End Effects and Shear-band Induced Permeability Anisotropy

The influence of hydrostatic and uniaxial stress states on the porosity and permeability of sandstones has been investigated. The experimental procedure uses a special triaxial cell which allows permeability measurements in the axial and radial directions. The core sleeve is equipped with two pressure samplers placed distant from the ends. They provide mid-length axial permeability measure as opposed to the overall permeability measure, which is based on the flow imposed through the pistons of the triaxial cell. The core sleeve is also equipped to perform flows in two directions transverse to the axis of the sample. Two independent measures of axial and complementary radial permeability are thus obtained. Both Fontainebleau sandstone specimens with a porosity of about 5.8% to 8% and low permeability ranging from 2.5 mD to 30 mD and Bentheimer sandstone with a porosity of 24% and a high permeability of 3D have been tested. The initial axial permeability values obtained by each method are in good agreement for the Fontainebleau sandstone. The Bentheimer sandstone samples present an axial mid-length permeability 1.6 times higher than the overall permeability. A similar discrepancy is also observed in the radial direction, also it relates essentially to the shape of flow lines induced by the radial flow. All the tested samples have shown a higher stress dependency of overall and radial permeability than mid-length permeability. The effect of compaction damage at the pistons/sample and radial ports/sample interfaces is discussed. The relevance of directional permeability measurements during continuous uniaxial compression loadings has been shown on the Bentheimer sandstone until the failure of the sample. We can efficiently measure the influence of brittle failure associated to dilatant regime on the permeability: It tends to increase in the failure propagation direction and to decrease strongly in the transverse direction.     

热处理对致密岩石物理性质的影响

致密气藏低孔低渗和超低含水饱和度等特征使其潜在水相圈闭损害严重,致密天然气产出表现为多尺度特征.选取泥页岩、致密砂岩和致密碳酸盐岩岩心,开展了100~600℃高温处理对岩心渗透率、孔隙度、重量、长度、直径和声速的影响实验.实验结果表明,碳酸盐岩、致密砂岩和泥页岩的热开裂阈值分别在300~400℃、300~500℃和500~600℃;高温处理后,岩心重量和密度降低,体积增加,泥页岩岩心孔隙度和渗透率提高幅度最显著,600℃处理后声波时差比常温时岩心声波时差提高了1.3倍.热处理消除了水相圈闭和粘土矿物膨胀损害,提高岩石孔隙度和渗透率,恢复或改善致密储层多尺度传质,有利于致密天然气资源开发,但同时高温使岩石破裂,扩展天然裂缝或产生新裂缝,导致工作液漏失,因此,热致裂给勘探开发致密天然气提出了机遇与挑战.     

Comparative study of models for predicting permeability from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) logs in two Chinese tight sandstone reservoirs

Based on the analysis of mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experimental data for core plugs, which were drilled from two Chinese tight sandstone reservoirs, permeability prediction models, such as the classical SDR, Timur-Coates, the Swanson parameter, the Capillary Parachor, the R10 and R35 models, are calibrated to estimating permeabilities from field NMR logs, and the applicabilities of these permeability prediction models are compared. The processing results of several field examples show that the SDR model is unavailable in tight sandstone reservoirs. The Timur-Coates model is effective once the optimal T _2cutoff can be acquired to accurately calculate FFI and BVI from field NMR logs. The Swanson parameter model and the Capillary Parachor model are not always available in tight sandstone reservoirs. The R35 based model cannot effectively work in tight sandstone reservoirs, while the R10 based model is optimal in permeability prediction.     

特低渗透砂岩储层水驱油CT成像技术研究

通过水驱油岩心的CT成像技术,动态、定量、可视化地研究了特低渗透砂岩储层水驱油岩心的微观孔隙结构、含水饱和度分布、吸水能力及微观孔隙结构对驱油效率的影响.研究表明,实验岩心的CT值分布在1819~1961之间,与标准的Berea砂岩相比高出15%左右,属于典型的特低渗透砂岩储层.储层微观孔隙结构是影响油水分布的主要因素.特低渗透砂岩储层开发要高度重视无水采收率.储层致密和微裂缝发育的不均一性是特低渗透砂岩油田驱油效率低的根本原因.     

多尺度CT成像技术识别超低渗透砂岩储层纳米级孔喉

以鄂尔多斯盆地X地区长6储层为研究对象,利用多尺度CT成像技术、聚焦离子束扫描电镜技术,结合Avizo软件的强大数据处理和数值模拟功能,对研究区目的层岩石样品进行不同尺度孔喉分维数重构,建立三维超低渗透砂岩储层纳米级孔隙结构模型.研究表明,微米尺度下,超低渗透砂岩储层孔喉形态呈点状、球状和条带状及管状.储集空间类型以溶蚀微孔为主且多孤立分布,局部孔隙为片状,连通性较差.纳米尺度下,超低渗透砂岩储层孔喉系统整体较发育,孔喉形态呈球状、短管状.远离裂隙处多为孤立状,连通性较差,仅具有储集能力.微裂缝、粒间缝发育部位多为短管状,有一定连通性,相当于喉道.微观非均质性较强,岩样整体较致密,局部相互连通,溶蚀孔及裂隙对储集能力、渗滤能力具有控制作用.数值计算求得目的层A、Y、C三个样品的孔隙度分别为6.95%、5.55%、4.44%,渗透率分别为0.828×10^-3μm^2、0.115×10^-3μm^2、0.00065×10^-3μm^2.聚焦离子束扫描电镜与多尺度CT成像技术相结合能够定量表征超低渗透砂岩储层微、纳米级孔隙结构.     

Porosity, permeability, and fluid flow in the Yellowstone geothermal system, Wyoming

Cores from two of 13 U.S. Geological Survey research holes at Yellowstone National Park (Y-5 and Y-8) were evaluated to characterize lithology, texture, alteration, and the degree and nature of fracturing and veining. Porosity and matrix permeability measurements and petrographic examination of the cores were used to evaluate the effects of lithology and hydrothermal alteration on porosity and permeability. The intervals studied in these two core holes span the conductive zone and the upper portion of the convective geothermal reservoir. Variations in porosity and matrix permeability observed in the Y-5 and Y-8 cores are primarily controlled by lithology. Y-8 intersects three distinct lithologies: volcaniclastic sandstone, perlitic rhyolitic lava, and non-welded pumiceous ash-flow tuff. The sandstone typically has high permeability and porosity, and the tuff has very high porosity and moderate permeability, while the perlitic lava has very low porosity and is essentially impermeable. Hydrothermal self-sealing appears to have generated localized permeability barriers within the reservoir. Changes in pressure and temperature in Y-8 correspond to a zone of silicification in the volcaniclastic sandstone just above the contact with the perlitic rhyolite; this silicification has significantly reduced porosity and permeability. In rocks with inherently low matrix permeability (such as densely welded ash-flow tuff), fluid flow is controlled by the fracture network. The Y-5 core hole penetrates a thick intracaldera section of the 0.6-Ma Lava Creek ash-flow tuff. In this core, the degree of welding appears to be responsible for most of the variations in porosity, matrix permeability, and the frequency of fractures and veins. Fractures are most abundant within the more densely welded sections of the tuff. However, the most prominent zones of fracturing and mineralization are associated with hydrothermal breccias within densely welded portions of the tuff. These breccia zones represent transient conduits of high fluid flow that formed by the explosive release of overpressure in the underlying geothermal reservoir and that were subsequently sealed by supersaturated geothermal fluids. In addition to this fracture sealing, hydrothermal alteration at Yellowstone appears generally to reduce matrix permeability and focus flow along fractures, where multiple pulses of fluid flow and self-sealing have occurred.     

Seismoelectric measurements in a porous quartz‐sand sample with anisotropic permeability

Seismoelectric coupling coefficients are difficult to predict theoretically because they depend on a large numbers of rock properties, including porosity, permeability, tortuosity, etc. The dependence of the coupling coefficient on rock properties such as permeability requires experimental data. In this study, we carry out a set of laboratory measurements to determine the dependence of seismoelectric coupling coefficient on permeability. We use both an artificial porous “sandstone” sample, with cracks, built using quartz‐sand and Berea sandstone samples. The artificial sample is a cube with 39% porosity. Its permeability levels are anisotropic: 14.7 D, 13.8 D, and 8.3 D in the x‐, y‐, and z‐directions, respectively. Seismoelectric measurements are performed in a water tank in the frequency range of 20 kHz–90 kHz. A piezoelectric P‐wave source is used to generate an acoustic wave that propagates through the sample from the three different (x, y, and z) directions. The amplitudes of the seismoelectric signal induced by the acoustic waves vary with the direction. The highest signal is in the direction of the highest permeability, and the lowest signal is in the direction of the lowest permeability. Since the porosity of the sample is constant, the results directly show the dependence of seismoelectric coefficients on permeability. Seismoelectric measurements with natural rocks are performed using Berea sandstone 500 and 100 samples. Because the Berea samples are nearly isotropic in permeability, the amplitudes of the seismoelectric signals induced in the different directions are the same within the measurement error. Because the permeability of Berea 500 is higher than that of Berea 100, the amplitude of the seismoelectric signals induced in Berea 500 is higher than those in Berea 100. To determine the relative contributions of porosity and permeability on seismoelectric conversion, we carried out an analysis, using Pride (1994) formulation and Kozeny–Carman relationship; the normalized amplitudes of seismoelectric coupling coefficients in three directions are calculated and compared with the experimental results. The results show that the seismoelectric conversion is related to permeability in the frequency range of measurements. This is an encouraging result since it opens the possibility of determining the permeability of a formation from seismoelectric measurements.     

S wave attenuation based on Stokes boundary layer

Biot theory was based on two ideas: the coupling factor to quantify the kinetic energy of fluid and Darcy permeability to quantify the dissipation function. As Biot theory did not well predict attenuation of ultrasonic S wave, we modify the theory to better characterize the S wave attenuation. The range of the coupling factor is at first estimated in view of fluid mechanics. Application of the original theory to water-saturated Boise sandstone and brine-saturated Berea sandstone shows that the model prediction significantly underestimates the S wave attenuation ultrasonically measured. For this reason, we replace Darcy permeability with variable permeability to improve the fluid momentum equation. The new model yields predictions of phase velocity and the quality factor both close to the ultrasonic measurements. The reason why the improved model is superior to Biot theory is that variable permeability is based on the Stokes boundary layer at the fluid–solid interface, thus accurately quantifying the viscous stress between the two phases. Finally, the length scale of the viscous stress is calculated in the mesoscopic sense.     

Experimental research on seismoelectric effects in sandstone

The seismoelectric effects induced from the coupling of the seismic wave field and the electromagnetic field depend on the physical properties of the reservoir rocks. We built an experimental apparatus to measure the seismoelectric effects in saturated sandstone samples. We recorded the seismoelectric signals induced by P-waves and studied the attenuation of the seismoelectric signals induced at the sandstone interface. The analysis of the seismoelectric effects suggests that the minimization of the potential difference between the reference potential and the baseline potential of the seismoelectric disturbance area is critical to the accuracy of the seismoelectric measurements and greatly improves the detectability of the seismoelectric signals. The experimental results confirmed that the seismoelectric coupling of the seismic wave field and the electromagnetic field is induced when seismic wave propagating in a fluid-saturated porous medium. The amplitudes of the seismoelectric signals decrease linearly with increasing distance between the source and the interface, and decay exponentially with increasing distance between the receiver and the interface. The seismoelectric response of sandstone samples with different permeabilities suggests that the seismoelectric response is directly related to permeability, which should help obtaining the permeability of reservoirs in the future.     

动电测井实验研究Ⅰ:渗透率的评价

本文针对流体饱和孔隙介质的动电效应,在砂岩模型井中开展了动电测井实验研究.记录到渗透率不同模型中单极源动电测井的全波波形,清晰地观测到了伴随纵波、横波和斯通利波的动电转换信号,给出了本文实验条件下,动电测井全波中各分波的幅度,并通过电声比的大小说明了各分波的动电转换能力.实验结果表明:孔隙介质动电效应与渗透率密切相关,动电信号的幅度随着地层渗透率的增大而增加,在高渗透率地层中记录动电信号的幅度较大,这一特性可用于地层渗透率的井下动电评估.本文实验结果还验证了动电测井的可行性,同时指出:与声波测井相比,动电测井信号对地层渗透率更加敏感,这为渗透率等地层参数的井下动电测量奠定了实验基础.