珠海市城区景观空间格局特征分析

本文以遥感影像、野外调查和统计资料为数据源, 在ArcGIS 支持下, 建立以珠海市主城区为起点设置的不同方向的两个空间样带, 结合景观格局指数和空间梯度分析方法, 分析了珠海市城区景观空间格局沿梯度变化的规律。结果表明:珠海市城区15 年来城乡建设用地、道路和林地的面积均呈增加趋势, 农田、裸地, 水体、灌丛和滩涂等类型面积减小, 证明了研究时段内城市扩展在城乡交界区域明显;随着空间样带由城区中心向外围移动, 样带上建设用地的面积均下降, 农田面积逐渐上升, 表明了珠海城市化的发展具有一定的梯度性和方向性。通过空间格局梯度变化特征的分析, 能够定量化地分析珠海城市化进程的发展, 对于珠海的城市规划与管理具有重要理论意义。     

Urban green space planning based on computational fluid dynamics model and landscape ecology principle: A case study of Liaoyang City,Northeast China

As a result of environmental degradation,urban green space has become a key issue for urban sustainable development.This paper takes Liaoyang City in Northeast China as an example to develop green space planning using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model,landscape ecological principles and Geographical Information System (GIS).Based on the influencing factors of topography,building density and orientation,Shou Mountain,Longding Mountain and the Taizi River were selected as the urban ventilation path...     

基于GIS的城中村改造规划绿地景观格局分析

城市绿地是改善生态环境,提高市民生活质量的公益性基础设施。武汉市城中村改造工作十分注重城市公共利益的保障,在改造规划中优先落实绿地、规划道路等强制控制用地的指标,因而必然对城市绿地空间格局产生影响。本研究以景观生态学基础理论为依据,利用地理信息系统技术,对武汉市中心城区城中村改造规划范围内的绿地空间信息进行处理,然后进行景观格局分析,进而依据分析结果对城市绿地布局规划进行评价,以期为今后的城中村改造规划编制提供一定的参考借鉴。     

Spatial Process of Green Infrastructure Changes Associated with Rapid Urbanization in Shenzhen,China

Through a case study of Shenzhen City,China,this study focused on a quantitative method for analyzing the spatial processes involved in green infrastructure changes associated with rapid urbanization.Based on RS,GIS and SPSS statistics software,the approach includes selection of the square analysis units and representative landscape metrics,quantification of the change types of landscape metrics in all analysis units through two indices and hierarchical cluster analysis of the above analysis units with different landscape metric change types(i.e.spatial attributes).The analyses verify that there is a significant sequence of continuous changes in green infrastructure in Shenzhen.They are the perforation,the segmentation,the fragmentation,the evanescence and the filling-in processes,which have a good spatio-temporal correspondence with urbanization and reflect the synthetic influence of urban planning,government policies and landforms.Compared with other studies on quantifying the spatial pattern,this study provides an alternative probe into linking the spatial pattern to spatial processes and the corresponding ecological processes in the future.These spatio-temporal processes offer many opportunities for identifying,protecting and restoring key elements in an urban green infrastructure network for areas in the early stages of urbanization or for non-urbanized areas.     

Simulation analysis on spatial pattern of urban population in Shenyang City,China in Late 20th century

The spatial distribution of urban population can reflect significantly urban functions and development status. Shenyang, as a typical old industrial city in China, has experienced considerable changes in spatial distribution of population in the process of urban transformation, resulting in the change of urban spatial structure. Based on the sub-district data of Chinese national population censuses in 1982, 1990 and 2000, this study simulates the evolution pattern of spatial distribution of urban population in Shenyang City. Using statistical method and exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA), we found that the population distribution, on the whole, has presented a balanced and decentralized trend since the 1980s, which characterizes with Chinese suburbanization. Furthermore, based on the investigation of the pattern of population distribution, it is concluded that the negative exponential model fitted the distribution best, and population concentration in the inner suburb kept increasing gradually, meanwhile, the spatial structure of population distribution has presented a polycentric feature since the 1980s. The parameters of the model show that population in the urban core concentrate significantly all the time. The increase of population in the inner suburb influences the population distribution pattern more and more importantly, but the concentration intensity of population cores in inner suburb is still low.     

Changes of urban wetland landscape pattern and impacts of urbanization on wetland in Wuhan City

In this study, remote sensing data of Wuhan City,, Hubei Province, China in 1996-2001 were selected to extract wetland landscape information. Several landscape indices were used to evaluate the changes of landscape pattern within the five years, including patch number, patch density, patch fractal dimension, landscape diversity, dominance, evenness, and fragmentation indexes. Then, transformation probabilities of wetland landscapes into non-wetland landscapes were calculated based on Markov Model, and on these grounds the relationship between changes of wetland landscape pattern and urban construction was analyzed. The results showed that fragmentation degree of all wetland types increased, lake area declined, and dominance of natural wetland decreased. The reasons for these results were mainly because of urban construction. According to the features of abundant wetland in Wuhan City, we suggested that protection of wetland landscape should cooperate with urban construction, which means wetland should become important part of urban landscape.     

济南市商品住宅价格空间分布研究

通过对济南市商品住宅价格空间分布的研究,了解济南市商品住宅价格的空间分布的特征与规律,确定影响济南市商品住宅价格空间分布的因素,为促进济南市商品住宅市场的发展,政府制定住宅产业政策,合理进行城市规划等提出合理化的建议。     

Changes of residential land density and spatial pattern from 1989 to 2004 in Jinan City,China

Urban sprawl is driven by a myriad of factors, the predominant one of which is the development of residential land. Selecting part of Jinan City for a case study, we use the landscape metric of percent of landscape (PLAND) to capture residential land growth and density changes in 1989, 1996 and 2004 to illuminate the dynamic process of residential land development. The results indicate that the moving window method and the landscape metrics method are efficient ways to describe residential land density. The residential land showed the greatest change among the built-up land with 1995.68 ha from 1989 to 2004, which is mainly transformed from agriculture land and green space. The urban center area of study area is primarily covered with medium density residential land, and surrounded by high density residential land. The development pattern of residential land exhibited both fill-in (new growth occurs through infilling the free spaces within the developed area) and sprawl processes, influenced by a series of factors, such as urban development policy, conservation of springs, recreational and aesthetic amenities. The findings of the study will help to guide urban planning with a focus on the management and protection of the environment and resources.     

Dynamics of wetland landscape pattern in Kaifeng City from 1987 to 2002

It is very significant for urban development and urban wetland protection and utilization to probe into the process and reasons of urban wetland landscape dynamics. Taking the information of remote sensing and detailed land survey data as the basic information sources, with the help of RS and GIS, according to the principles and methods of landscape ecology, this paper analyzed wetland landscape pattern dynamics and its reasons in Kaifeng City, Henan Province of China, from 1987 to 2002. The results show that the total wetland area in Kaifeng City firstly reduced by 20.1% from 1987 to 1990 and then increased from 1990 to 2002, with an average annual growth rate of 3.3%. At the same time, landscape fragment degree and landscape dominance degree increased, respectively from 0.64 to 0.72 and from 0.3754 to 0.5563, but mean patch area, maximum patch area, patch fractal dimension reduced. As far as single landscape element concerned, fi＇om 1987 to 2002, patch area, patch number, patch density, patch shape and patch location changed in varying degrees in all wetland types in Kaifeng City, among which rice field changed most and others relatively less. In the recent 20 years, rice fields, lake wetlands, puddles and ponds had a higher stability, but river and bottomland wetlands were mostly transformed to land use types. The change of wetland landscape pattern was the result of the combined action of the Huanghe （Yellow） River, urban expansion, wide cultivation of rice, and rapid development of fishery. Among them human activities were the main driving factors for wetland landscape changes.     

Spatial pattern and regional types of rural settlements in Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China

This paper principally focuses on the morphological differences,spatial pattern and regional types of rural settlements in Xuzhou City of Jiangsu Province in China.Using satellite images of Xuzhou City taken in 2007 and 2008 and models of exploratory spatial data analysis(ESDA) and spatial metrics,the paper conducts a quantitative analysis of the morphological pattern of rural settlements,and finds significant characteristics.First,rural settlements in Xuzhou City are significantly agglomerated in terms of their spatial distribution;meanwhile,there is significant variation in the geographical density distribution.Second,the scale of rural settlements in Xuzhou City is larger than the average in Jiangsu Province,and the histogram of the scale data is more even and more like a gamma distribution.There are a significant high-value cluster in the scale distribution,and local negative correlation between the scale and density distribution of rural settlements in Xuzhou City.Third,the morphology of rural settlements in Xuzhou City shows relative regularity with good connection and integrity,but the spatial variation of the morphology is anisotropic.Finally,according to the characteristics of density,scale,and form of rural settlements,the rural settlements of Xuzhou City are divided into three types:A high-density and point-scattered type,a low-density and cluster-like type and a mass-like and sparse type.The research findings could be used as the scientific foundation for rural planning and community rebuilding,particularly in less-developed areas.     

基于局地气候分区的济南市热环境空间分异及其 影响因素

城市地表覆被及空间结构不同,导致热岛效应不同,城市热环境存在空间差异。局地气候分区（LCZ）在城市热岛研究方面得到了广泛应用。合理划分LCZ、科学制定LCZ分类标准,是基于LCZ研究城市热岛的关键技术问题。本文基于济南市城市路网、DEM和建筑大数据划分LCZ,利用Landsat 8遥感影像反演地表温度,采用克里金法进行气温空间插值,以地表温度和气温综合表达城市热环境。在此基础上,采用方差分析方法研究了城市热环境的空间分异特征和LCZ类内热环境差异,采用相关分析方法研究了城市热环境的影响因素。结果表明：① 济南市地表温度和4:00、8:00、14:00的气温空间分布格局差异明显,存在较高温度异常值的LCZ数量分别占全市LCZ总数的0.25%、1.60%、4.05%和3.96%。建筑密集区域地表温度较高,同时包含分散的较高气温区,呈现热岛效应;② 不同类型LCZ的地表温度和不同时刻气温平均值存在明显差异。高层低密度、高层中密度、中层低密度等类型存在较高气温异常值的数量分别占较高异常值总数的47.37%和33.33%、9.65%,类内热岛效应明显;③ LCZ类型不同,类内热岛效应存在差异。低层低密度、中层低密度、高层低密度和高层中密度等类型所处位置高程不同,其方差分析的P值均小于0.05,热岛效应存在显著差异;④ LCZ所处位置高程不同,建筑空间分布指标对城市热环境的影响各异。总体而言,地表温度与建筑平均高度呈负相关,且达到了0.05以上的显著性水平,而气温与之呈正相关,且达到了0.001的显著性水平;城市热环境与建筑基底面积及建筑体积的平均值和标准差、建筑密度、容积率等指标的正相关性达到了0.001的显著性水平,这些指标对城市热环境的正向影响作用明显。     

基于三维GIS的济南市矿山地质环境航测调查管理系统设计与实现

随着矿产资源大规模的开发利用,加剧了地质环境的不断恶化,矿山地质环境保护迫在眉睫,传统的矿山地质环境调查技术已经显得乏力。该文以济南市矿山地质环境航测调查为例,提出了基于三维GIS的矿山地质环境调查方法,利用三维GIS的高性能空间数据引擎、直观的可视化技术和强大的空间分析能力,整合济南市高分辨率的航空影像数据、DEM数据、倾斜摄影数据和历年的监测图斑数据,重建航测调查区真实的三维地貌。结合矿山开采信息,进行航测调查区矿山开采现状图斑的提取及拓扑处理,查明矿山地质环境破坏、地质灾害隐患情况,有效监测矿山地质环境,加强重点矿山开采区的监测与管理,推动济南市矿山地质环境保护工作。     

A study on landscape mosaic structure in urban-rural area in Northwest of China with RS and GIS

At the study area of Xigu District in Lanzhou City, using RS & GIS as tools we apply Diversity, Dominance, Fragmentation, Isolation and so on to study the quantitative, fractal and spatial characters of landscapes structures in the four sub-regions divided by the morphological features. Using the Fractal Theory to establish the fractal structure models, we analyze the complexity and stability of various landscapes distribution with fractal dimension value. The spatial distribution characteristics of landscape mosaic structure are also expounded. At the end of the paper we discuss the relevant problems on the main factors which control and effect on the spatial pattern of landscapes as well as on landscape optimization and management. Foundation item: Under the auspices of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40171069). Biography: XU Jian-hua (1965 - ), male, a native of Gansu province, professor. His research interest includes Geo-computation and GIS.     

中国建设用地空间格局分析

全面准确地分析中国建设用地空间格局,是衡量城市景观的生态环境效应和制定区域发展战略的重要依据。为此,本文基于空间分辨率为12 m的2012年的全球城市足迹数据,分别在国家、经济区和城市群量化了中国建设用地空间格局。结果表明,12 m分辨率的数据能更细致和准确地刻画中国建设用地的特征。2012年中国建设用地面积为1.73×10⁵ km²,占中国陆地总面积的1.81%。从建设用地的空间格局来看,城市群尺度的建设用地破碎度最高,其建设用地平均斑块密度分别是国家和经济区平均水平的3.66倍和1.62倍。进一步分析表明,社会经济和地形因素共同影响建设用地空间格局。今后,应针对建设用地空间格局破碎问题,因地制宜地制定合理的措施,推动中国建设用地的合理发展。     

Spatial pattern evolution and casual analysis of county level economy in Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan urban agglomeration,China

In order to evaluate whether or not the county units＇ economy in the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan （Chang-Zhu-Tan） Urban Agglomeration was growing as expected, this study analyzed the spatial economy pattern at county-level by using the Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis （ESDA） method. In this process, the global Moran＇s I and local Getis-Ord Gi＊ indexes were employed to analyze indicators including per capita GDP and three industrials （i.e. primary, secondary and tertiary industry） from 2000 to 2010. The results show that： 1） the county units＇ economy in the Chang-Zhu-Tan Urban Agglomeration has exhibited a strong spatial autocorrelation and an accelerated integration trend since 2008 （Moran＇ s I increased from 0.26 to 0.56）; 2） there is a significant difference in economy development between the northern and southern county units in the Chang-Zhu-Tan Urban Agglomeration： the hotspot zone with high economic level was formed among the northern county units whereas the coldspot zone with low economic level was located in the southern areas. This difference was caused primarily by the increasingly prominent economic radiation effect of Changsha ＇upheaval＇; 3） town density, secondary industry, and the integration policy are the major contributors driving the evolution of the spatial economy pattern in the Chang-Zhu-Tan Urban Agglomeration.     

基于夜光遥感与POI数据空间耦合关系的南海港口城市空间结构研究

南海港口城市研究是南海资源环境监测的重要内容,目前对于南海港口城市空间结构特别是港口在城市空间结构中的地位缺乏研究。夜光遥感数据和POI数据均为城市空间结构研究的重要数据源,但对于2种数据的空间耦合关系与集成应用研究存在不足。针对上述问题,本文选取南海港口城市典型代表的三亚市为研究区,以研究区2016年NPP-VIIRS夜光遥感数据和POI数据为数据源,利用叠加分析将夜光遥感数据和POI核密度分析结果数据分别网格化。然后,利用双因素组合制图法对两种数据的空间耦合关系进行可视化,分析空间耦合关系相异区域和城市空间结构的关系,并在此基础上探讨港口在三亚城市结构中的地位。研究表明,三亚市夜光遥感和POI数据的空间分布总体趋势相一致,空间耦合关系相近的区域占比达85.6%;夜光遥感和POI数据空间耦合关系在三亚市内存在一定量的相异区域,如新城区、经济开发区、城市边缘区和乡镇中心等,结合2种数据的特点可以更显著地表征这些区域的城市空间结构特征;三亚市作为重要的南海港口城市,其城市的中心区域与港口密切关联。本研究为港口城市空间结构研究提供了新视角。     

禹城市农村居民点空间分布模式和景观格局

以禹城市农村居民点为研究对象,基于禹城市2000和2017年遥感影像解译数据,综合运用GIS、景观生态学及统计学理论与方法,分析了2000年与2017年禹城市乡村聚落的景观格局指数和空间演变特征。结果表明:禹城市两个时期农村居民点在空间分布特征上存在显著差异,与2000年相比,2017年禹城市农村居民点分布更加聚集;从聚集程度来看,禹城市农村居民点聚集的态势不够显著,这与禹城市当地的自然环境有密切的关系;禹城市农村居民点总体用地规模和数量虽然在减少,但部分居民点用地规模增加明显,居民点有集聚发展的态势,同时禹城市农村居民点斑块形态由复杂化向规则化转变。     

古代城市结构复原的GIS分析与应用——以北宋东京城为例

空间综合研究方法在社会科学研究中越来越受到重视,GIS正成为一种新的历史学研究工具。本文以北宋东京为例,讨论了运用GIS进行古代城市结构复原可行性。基于开封市考古发现和历史文献研究成果,运用地图学方法、GPS、GIS技术,探讨了古代城市空间结构复原的基本思路、方法和操作步骤。东京城GIS的初步实现表明:以现有考古发现和文献研究资料为基础,在GIS环境中重现古代城市空间,可以整合历史学研究成果,不仅实现历史研究成果的共享,而且为历史学研究提供一个新方法。     

The progress in urban social spactial differentiation study of China

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Evolution and spatial patterns of spheres of urban influence in China

This article presents the findings of a study of the spheres of urban influence with regard to all cities in China（not including Hong Kong,Macau and Taiwan Province of China）in the years 1990,2000 and 2009.An optimized gravity model with comprehensive time distance was used to carry out a detailed analysis of the spatial patterns of Chinese spheres of urban influence and the spatial characteristics of urban agglomerations.Such urban agglomerations are characterized by high density population and a developed economy,which are also considered as the national competition unit.This paper initially identifies four spatial patterns of urban agglomerations based on the spatial layout of city groups during their evolution.Some basic characteristics of urban agglomerations are outlined,including the number of cities,the size of cities and the functions of urban centers.These characteristics are examined by using statistical methods and Geographic Information System（GIS）.The main findings from this research are that the development stages and structures of urban agglomerations in China vary significantly.It is also clear that the stages and evolution of spatial patterns are strongly affected and dominated by both policy and location factors.